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The aim of this study is to propose a method to evaluate the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) identity of a firm. Using this method, based on a fuzzy expert system (FES), it is possible to generate a comprehensive rating for the assessment of the sustainability of a firm. Up to now, measurement has been hampered by a lack of clarity in theoretical frameworks and empirical methods for the Corporate Social Responsibility construct. The algorithm of the Fuzzy Expert System aggregates multicriteria evaluations of a problem. The assessments of behavior and the resulting decisions are represented in blocks of rules, drawn up by an inference engine in fuzzy logic. The Fuzzy Expert System unites the ability of an expert system to simulate the decision-making process with the uncertainty typical of human reasoning, present in fuzzy logic. Despite the spread of Corporate Social Responsibility practices among firms, there is not a commonly accepted method of measuring sustainability. Moreover, although Environmental social governance (ESG) rating agencies provide Corporate Social Responsibility ratings, their methods have certain weaknesses. Considering the growing importance of socially responsible financial markets, this topic could be of vital importance for decision-makers in the management of their investments, by remedying deficiencies in methods used by sustainability rating organizations. The outcome of the application is a system designed to measure the CSR identity of a firm. On the management side, the possibility to identify the determinants of the different Corporate Social Responsibility intermediate indicators making up the final Corporate Social Responsibility index would allow CSR-compliant managers to use this information for decision-making purposes.

The comprehension of the businesses’ impact to sustainable development requires consideration of the different factors that affect firms’ behavior, such as corporate governance, non-financial regulation, and the external environment. The contribution of business and management scholars to the discussion surrounding the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their impact for business organizations has grown exponentially in the last years. This review systematically examines, through bibliometric and systematic literature review methods, the scientific knowledge about SDGs and the business sector, analyzing (after fine-tuning) 266 articles published in leading journals between 2012 and 2019. The results reveal the existence of four research themes: technological innovation (cluster 1), firms’ contributions in developing countries (cluster 2), non-financial reporting (cluster 3), and education for SDGs (cluster 4). The main insights from the analysis of the papers are discussed, future research directions and practical implications for the field of study are provided.