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Rice production is adversely affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses, brown planthopper (BPH) majorly affects the rice yield. Comprehending the genome and candidate players is essential for the resistance to BPH. This holistic study aimed to dissect the complex BPH resistance mechanism of the host against pathogen. Transcriptome analysis of six samples comprising of two-resistant (PTB33, BM71) and one-sensitive (TN1) genotypes under control and stress conditions was carried-out. A total of 148 million filtered reads were generated after quality check. Among these, 127 million filtered reads were aligned to the rice genome. These aligned reads were taken for further analysis. A total of 14,358 DEGs across the genotypes under stress were identified. Of which, 4820 DEGs were functionally annotated from 9266 uniquely mapped DEGs. Fifty-five potential BPH stress players were selected from the in-silico analysis of DEGs. qRT-PCR results revealed key players were differentially regulated in both resistant and sensitive genotypes. Spatio-temporal and hormone level expression signature of 55 BPH associated players were analyzed and noted their differential expression in tissues and hormones, respectively. This study inferred the significant differences in gene expression signatures may contribute to the process of BPH resistance mechanism in rice.

The coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-Population Balance Model (PBM) and the Gibbs-energy minimization based thermodynamic model are presented for the continuous supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of nanopartices. The coupled model is tested with published experimental data of ceria nanoparticle synthesis. Three different flow configurations of the T-mixer are evaluated based on the mixing index, an average temperature of the mixture, product particle size distribution (PSD), and time scales for various stages of nanoparticle production. The product PSD is broader, when back-mixing is dominant, whereas it is narrower when mixing is limited over a small volume. Time scale analysis reveals that the overall synthesis process can be either reaction controlled or mixing controlled based on the flow configuration and operating conditions. Further, scaling relationships between an average particle size and the process conditions are derived for three flow configurations, which are useful for design and optimization of the hydrothermal process for nanoparticle production.

The hydrothermal method is one of the most commonly employed techniques for synthesis of metal oxides, metals, and metal composites with different crystalline structures and morphologies, that are in the form of fine particles. The hydrothermal synthesis of nanoparticles involves hydrolysis of metal salt and condensation of metal hydroxide to produce ultrafine metal or metal oxide particles. We propose a Thermodynamic Modeling Framework for predicting the stability of the chemical species under the hydrothermal conditions. This can help in identifying the feasible regions for the hydrothermal synthesis of materials. The method is based on the integration of the Gibbs free energy equation, modified Bromley model for predicting activity coefficients, and the revised Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers (HKF) model for estimating the standard-state thermodynamic properties of the species. The framework is tested with published experimental data for the synthesis of boehmite under subcritical temperature and supercritical conditions. The stability diagrams are generated for ceria and boehmite. The effect of pressure on the stability of the ceria species is studied. The proposed thermodynamic framework is useful for determining and identifying the process conditions under which the metal complex of interest is thermodynamically stable.

Every application which has client and server, which has sensitive data security and privacy Is the major concern. This means any other user than authorized user can access the data no matter what happens and why. There are great deal of Authentication strategies which are created and utilized over years. Most frameworks use Cookies and sessions which make servers statefull which gives obstructions for scaling and different issues. In this paper, survey on various previous authentication techniques with their advantages and disadvantages are done. Also a new authentication scheme Json Web Token(JWT) introduced by OAuth2.0 framework is also discussed and why to adopt this method other than the ones above mentioned are the key elements of the paper.

Carbon black has diverse industrial applications such as a reinforcing agent in tires and as a black pigment in printing inks. Flame aerosol synthesis is the commonly employed route for large scale production of carbon black. A coupled flame dynamics – monodisperse population balance model for the synthesis of carbon black in an aerosol flame reactor is presented here. The population balance model was incorporated into the commercial computational fluid dynamics software CFX to simulate the effect of flame dynamics on particle synthesis. The model was tested with published experimental data for acetylene black synthesis through oxidative thermal decomposition of acetylene with oxygen in a premixed flame reactor. The predicted axial temperature profiles at different equivalence ratios (actual acetylene/oxidizer ratio divided by stoichiometric acetylene/oxidizer ratio) were reasonably close to experimental data. The effect of the equivalence ratio on process parameters like maximum temperature of the flame, specific surface area of particles and flame structure was investigated. It was observed that the maximum temperature of the flame and specific surface area of carbon black particles decrease upon increasing the equivalence ratio which is in agreement with published experimental studies. Simulation results are also presented for carbon black synthesis in a diffusion flame reactor with different burner designs.