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Background The Behavior Problems Inventory-Short Form (BPI-S), which assesses behavior problems in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID), is a shorter version of the BPI-01. This study investigated the reliability and validity of the BPI-S Japanese version (BPI-S-J) for adolescents/adults with ID and behavior problems. Methods The test–retest reliability included participants with ID and behavioral problems who were enrolled in welfare services. For test–retest reliability, 42 caregivers independently responded to the BPI-S-J every two weeks. Inter-rater reliability was independently assessed using the BPI-S-J by two caregivers who were familiar with the 42 participants. The participants of the validity assessment were 227 students from special needs schools or patients with ID admitted to medical institutions. The total frequency total score was compared based on the degree of ID. To examine the criterion-related validity, we analyzed the total frequency score, the total score of the Criteria for Determining Severe Problem Behavior (CDSPB) and the total score of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Japanese version (ABC-J). Results The BPI-S-J of test–retest reliability was satisfactory (intra-class correlation; ICC) = 0.954), and the total score significantly (ICC = 0.721) represented good inter-rater reliability. For the validity, the BPI-S-J score of participants who had severe and profound ID was significantly higher than those who had mild and moderate ID. Significant correlations were observed between the BPI-S-J score and CDSPB score (r = 0.499), and the ABC-J score (r = 0.699), indicating adequate criterion-related validity. Conclusion This study showed the utility of the BPI-S-J to assess behavior problems in the Japanese ID population.

Electricity grids around the world are rapidly changing to accommodate an increasing penetration of renewable generation. Grid ancillary services, such as frequency response, are important tools an electricity system operator has at their disposal for maintaining grid stability. In Great Britain, the electricity system operator recently proposed new frequency response services (dynamic regulation, dynamic moderation, dynamic containment, and static containment) designed for the future needs of the system. Here we analyse the efficacy of these new services using a month-long case study and use the current services as a comparison. We calculate that the total frequency response capacity needed is 450 MW of high response (needed when Δf > 0) and 550 MW of low response (needed when Δf < 0), including 150 MW of dynamic regulation and 150 MW of dynamic moderation to reproduce frequency volatility levels seen currently. We also investigate how the new services perform in a future reduced inertia scenario, developed using National Grid ESO’s Future Energy Scenarios. The inertia in this future scenario is provided by nuclear and demand only and has a median value 5 times smaller than current values. We find that the new services can successfully mitigate against the reduced inertia with a 50 MW addition of capacity to dynamic regulation.

Objective To explore the acupoint selection rules of acupuncture for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) based on complex network. Methods The articles on clinical research of acupuncture for TN published up to March 2019 were searched from the databases, i.e. CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct. A prescription database of acupuncture for TN was established. Using complex network, the core acupoints and acupoint selection rules were analyzed for TN treated with acupuncture. Results A total of 304 articles, including 272 acupoint prescriptions were obtained. The complex network constructed for TN treated with acupuncture was in compliance with the small world effect. Using k-core analytic hierarchy process, 36 acupoints were screened, and the total frequency of acupoints is 1175. Regarding the meridian distribution, the points of yangming meridians of hand and foot were predominated, accounting for 50.21% of the overall (590/1175). In terms of acupoint location, the acupoints on the head and face were predominated, accounting for 52.51% (617/1175). For the types of acupoint, the specific acupoints were predominated, accounting for 71.32% (838/1175) and the majority was the intersecting points, accounting for 33.87% (398/1175). Based on community structure partition, the treatment of TN with acupuncture was divided into the treatment for symptoms, etiological treatment, and mind regulation. Besides, the supplementary acupoints based on the involved nerve branches of TN and those based on syndrome differentiation were recommended. Conclusion The core acupoints of acupuncture for TN are Hegŭ (合谷LI4), Xiaguān (下关ST7), Taichōng (太冲LR3), Fēngchi (风池GB20) and Sibai (四白ST2). In clinical treatment, the main therapeutics include the local analgesia for the symptoms and etiological treatment, associated with mind regulation.

Student drinking during the college years can result in many adverse outcomes. Emotion-based decision-making (EBDM), or the use of emotional information to influence future plans and behavior, may lead to increased harmful consequences of alcohol. The current study examined both the number of types and total frequency of alcohol consequences as a function of EBDM. Undergraduate students from three large universities (n = 814) were assessed on EBDM and typical weekly drinking during their 2nd year of college, and alcohol-related consequences during their 2nd, 3rd, and 4th years. Alcohol-related consequences were operationalized both as unique types of consequences and total consequences experienced in the previous year. Latent growth modeling used EBDM in year 2 to predict unique and total alcohol consequences in years 2, 3, and 4. Students who endorsed higher levels of EBDM experienced a significantly increased total frequency of consequences over the three years, without differences in trajectory between students high and low on this construct. Participants with higher levels of EBDM experienced a significantly greater number of unique consequences at all time points, but these consequences increased at a significantly lower rate than individuals lower on this construct. Findings of this study indicate Emotion-Based Decision-Making may be a useful predictor of harmful consequences of student drinking over time.

Over the past two decades, there has been surge of interest in research on teacher cognition in L2 education. Although a variety of issues concerning teacher cognition have been investigated, this line of inquiry has not addressed the question of how L2 teachers' cognitive development can be supported. To address this gap, the present study aims to investigate how novice L2 teachers' pedagogical knowledge base might grow as a result of expert mentoring initiatives. To this end, four novice and four experienced teachers participated in the study. The four novice teachers received a mentoring program consisting of Video-Recorded Performance Analysis, Expert-Teacher Observation and Critical Friendship initiatives offered by the experienced teachers. Sample classroom performances of novice teachers before and after the mentoring program were video-recorded; the teachers were then interviewed regarding the thought units underlying their instructional moves using stimulated recall technique. Audio-recorded recollections of their performances were then transcribed and the underlying thought units were identified and categorized. Comparisons of the pedagogical thought units underlying their performance before and after the mentoring program revealed significant differences in both the total frequency with which they produced/expressed pedagogical thought units and the relative dominance of pedagogical thought categories.

The determinants of the intake of high-fat products are not well recognized, but fat preference may be one of them. The aim of this study was thus to determine whether intake of different types of high-fat food is associated with fat preference in people with normal and increased body weight. Participants aged 20-40 years [n = 421] were enrolled in Poznań, Poland in 2016-2018. Fat preference was measured using the Fat Preference Questionnaire. Self-reported preference for fat taste (TASTE) and fat restraint (DIFF) scores were calculated. The frequency of consuming high-fat food was measured with an application for mobile devices using ecological momentary assessment. TASTE was positively associated with calorie intake and total frequency of eating high-fat food in both the normal weight and the overweight/obese groups. Overweight and obese people had lower DIFF (p 0.001) than normal weight people. DIFF was negatively associated with total calorie intake and total intake of high-fat food, but only in normal weight people (β = -0.16, p 0.01 and β = -0.26, p 0.001, respectively). DIFF was negatively associated with the frequency of eating sweet (β = -0.33, p 0.000) and meat high-fat food (β = -0.25, p 0.001) in the normal weight group. The frequency of consumption of high-fat food and calorie intake are positively associated with self-reported preference for fat taste. In normal weight subjects fat restraint is negatively associated with calorie intake and total frequency of high-fat food intake, as well as with intake of different types of fatty food. Fat preference measures are thus associated with high-fat food intake, but these associations differ by body weight status.

Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between frequency of gesture use and language with a consideration for the effect of age and setting on frequency of gesture use in prelinguistic typically developing children. Method Participants included a total of 54 typically developing infants and toddlers between the ages of 9 months and 15 months separated into two age ranges, 9-12 months and 12-15 months. All participants were administered the Mullen’s Scale of Early Learning and two gesture samples were obtained: one sample in a structured setting and the other in an unstructured setting. Gesture samples were coded by research assistants blind to the purpose of the research study and total frequency and frequencies for the following gesture types were calculated: behavior regulation, social interaction, and joint attention ( Bruner, 1983 ). Results Results indicated that both age and setting have a significant effect on frequency of gesture use and frequency of gesture is correlated to receptive and expressive language abilities; however, these relationships are dependent upon the gesture type examined. Conclusions These findings further our understanding of the relationship between gesture use and language and support the concept that frequency of gesture is related to language abilities. This is meaningful because gestures are one of the first forms of intentional communication, allowing for early identification of language abilities at a young age.

Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) are protected in the UK by the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981). Understanding the impact of anthropogenic pressures is fundamental for effective protection under this act and successful conservation generally. Land-based observations (n = 146) were conducted over a three-month period, during which, porpoise presence, behaviour, vessel type, and locations were recorded. A total of 2461 behavioural observations were recorded, along with a total frequency of marine vessels of 1377. Principal Component Analysis (76.44%, p = Using measures outlined by the European Commission, the impacts recorded here make this population of porpoises eligible for possible protection under a Special Area of Conservation or for inclusion within the Torbay Marine Conservation Zone as a “priority species”.

Interest in methodologies for sensory product characterization by consumers is increasing, and check-all-that-apply questions (CATA or checklists) have gained some popularity. This research studied bias pertaining to: (i) the order in which sensory attributes are placed within a CATA question, and (ii) the order of a sensory CATA question within an extended product assessment ballot (including product-elicited emotions, purchase intention and overall liking). In three studies including 335 consumers and using fresh fruit as samples, evidence of attribute order bias was established. In each study, two ballot versions were used in a between-subjects design. Primacy effects linked to attribute salience could explain some of the results. For example, differences in frequency of use of an attribute would be higher on the ballot version where it was placed nearer to the top of the list. However, this type of bias was not sufficient to explain all observed effects. It was found that a random ordering of sensory attributes in a CATA question reduced the total frequency of usage of terms compared with when attributes were grouped with similar terms (e.g. flavour/taste terms grouped together and texture terms grouped together). Some evidence was obtained to suggest that listing sensory attributes in the order that approximate the time when they would be perceived during the course of consuming the sample is necessary unless consumers are given explicit instructions to recall all sensory perceptions and evaluate attributes on the list from that point of reference. It was also found that conclusions regarding differences between samples depended on which ballot version was used. Few order effects were uncovered when the sensory CATA question was prior to or subsequent to other product evaluations (product-elicited emotions and purchase intention). There was no significant effect on hedonic scores of the tested products linked to the attribute order within the sensory CATA question. This research can help to inform best practices in the design of CATA questions for sensory product characterization.

The main goal of this review paper is to analyze the total frequency of the core damage of the Iranian Heavy Water Research Reactor (IHWRR) compared with standard criteria and to determine the strengths and the weaknesses of the reactor safety systems towards improving its design and operation. The PSA has been considered for full-power state of the reactor and this article represents a level-1 PSA analysis using System Analysis Programs for Hands-On Integrated Reliability Evaluations (SAPHIRE) software. It is specifically designed to permit a listing of the potential accident sequences, compute their frequencies of occurrence and assign each sequence to a consequence. The method used for modeling the systems and accident sequences, is Large Fault Tree/Small Event Tree method. This PSA level-1 for IHWRR indicates that, based on conservative assumptions, the total frequency of accidents that would lead to core damage from internal initiating events is 4.44E−05 per year of reactor operation.

This study investigates the effects of noradrenaline injection on a range of immunological activities in Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata). Noradrenaline caused a decrease in most of the immunological parameters tested. Phenoloxidase activities in both whole hemolymph and serum decreased significantly within the first 60 min of noradrenaline injection, as did the total frequency of hemocytes in hemolymph, differential hemocyte frequencies, the frequency of phenoloxidase positive cells and phagocytic activity. All of these parameters started to return to normal levels within 120 min. In contrast, the total protein content of hemolymph, which also decreased after noradrenaline injection continued to decline throughout the experimental period. In vitro studies found that superoxide and peroxide production by hemocytes increased in the presence of noradrenaline, but acid phosphatase activity decreased significantly. Additional experiments showed that noradrenaline secretion was stimulated by altered salinity, altered temperature and physical agitation. This suggests that stressors commonly associated with oyster farming may result in noradrenaline-based stress responses that suppress immunological activity.

Free radicals produced by exposure to heavy particles have been found to produce motor and cognitive behavioral toxicity effects in rats similar to those found during aging. The present research was designed to investigate the effects of exposure to 56Fe particles on the ability of male Sprague-Dawley rats to detect novel arrangements in a given environment. Using a test of spatial memory previously demonstrated to be sensitive to aging, open field activity and reaction to spatial and non-spatial changes were measured in a group that received a dose of 1.5 Gy (n=10) of 56Fe heavy particle radiation or in non-radiated controls (n=10). Animals irradiated with 1.5 Gy of 56Fe particles exhibited some age-like effects in rats tested, even though they were, for the most part, subtle. Animals took longer to enter, visited less and spent significantly less time in the middle and the center portions of the open field, independently of total frequency and duration of activity of both groups. Likewise, irradiated subjects spend significantly more time exploring novel objects placed in the open field than did controls. However, irradiated subjects did not vary from controls in their exploration patterns when objects in the open field were spatially rearranged. Thus, irradiation with a dose of 1.5 Gy of 56Fe high-energy particle radiation elicited age-like effects in general open field exploratory behavior, but did not elicit age-like effects during the spatial and non-spatial rearrangement tasks.

A stated-preference study was conducted to investigate user satisfaction with public transport services. A convenience sample of 95 public transport users participated. The results of a previous large-scale survey were replicated in showing that overall satisfaction is related to satisfaction with treatment by employee, reliability of service, simplicity of information, and design. It was further shown that the total frequency of negative critical incidents affected overall satisfaction whereas the frequencies of different types of negative critical incidents selectively affected attribute-specific satisfaction. In both cases relative rather than absolute frequency was important.

Acoustic plate mode (APM) sensors have been used to detect immunochemical reactions in on-line measurements. In order to determine the exact mechanisms of interaction involved and to enhance reproducibility, both metallized and non-metallized devices have been investigated. The metallization is found to reduce total frequency shifts by 40–50%, an effect which must be attributed to either acoustoelectric interaction with the protein layer or different mass sensitivities for the different surface boundary conditions. In spite of the lower frequency shifts, metallized sensors may be advantageous for detecting biochemical reactions in ionic solutions because spurious signals are found to be effectively eliminated.

In nine salamanders from different Slovenian populations of the urodele Proteus anguinus , including three specimens of its ‘black’ variety, P anguinus parkelj , thresholds of an overt avoidance response to electrical field stimuli were estimated as a function of frequency (continuous sine-waves in water). Thresholds down to 0.3 mV/cm ( ca 100 nA/cm 2 ) and up to 2 mV/cm (670 nA/cm 2 ), at ‘best frequencies’ of around 30 Hz were found. Sensitivity covered a total frequency range of below 1 Hz, excluding DC, up to 1–2 kHz with up to 40 dB higher thresholds. Thresholds and tuning curves are compared with those of a Proteus population raised in captivity for more than 35 years. The biological significance and the apparently still ongoing evolution of the electrical sense in urodeles, ie in the genus Proteus , are interpreted in terms of comparative sensory physiology and ethological ecology as a result of more recent evolutionary diversification during and since glaciation in the Pleistocene.

Introduction Medical exposure is the major contributor of manmade radiation to the population. Knowing the frequency and levels of doses in each medical exposure procedure as a national level is recommended. Purpose The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency and the associated radiation dose during medical examinations in Sudan and to identify the procedures of major contributor to the total collective dose. Materials and Methods Radiation dose was measured in 50 hospitals for a total number of more than 3000 patients over the country. The frequency of procedures was estimated from a representative number of governmental and private hospitals. Results The frequency of diagnostic procedures was 301 per 1000 population. The ‘estimated total annual collective and total annual per caput effective dose were 6800 man Sv and 0.15 mSv, respectively. CT abdomen was the major contributor to the collective dose (18%) from diagnostic procedures with frequency of 5% .The estimated total annual frequency of diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures was 6.14 per 1000 population. The estimated total annual collective and total annual per caput effective dose were 16.3 man Sv and 0.001 mSv, respectively. The major contribution to the collective dose was from bone scan procedures (58%) with frequency of 34%. to the total frequency of nuclear medicine procedures .The most frequent treated radiotherapy site was breast (47%) with average prescribed dose of 42.4 Gy to the target volume in 15 fractions. Conclusion This study presented information about the magnitude and distribution of medical exposure in Sudan. Disclosure Authors confirm no any relationship bias their presentation.

The reanalysis of 1496 p n → 2π + 3π − annihilations at rest of the Rome-Syracuse collaboration has shown that this reaction is dominated by the production of a 4π resonance with M = 1386 MeV/ c 2 , Γ = 310 MeV/ c 2 and quantum numbers I G J PC = 0 + 0 ++ . This result is in disagreement with a previous analysis, which, assuming ρρ decay, found preference for J P = 2 + . The name proposed for the resonance is S 0 (1390). The dominant decays of this resonance are into ϱϱ and σσ, σ being the I = 0 S-wave 2 π interaction. The upper limit for other decays is estimated to be 20%. The ϱ 0 ϱ 0 -σσ interference reproduces the distributions of the like pion combinations 2 π + , 2 π − and 3 π − . This indicates that the interference between resonance and daughters could be one of the dynamical mechanisms which generate the Bose-Einstein correlation. Furthermore, an evaluation of the five-prong frequencies is reported. Using these values, the total frequency of the annihilation p n → S 0 (1390)π − is estimated to be between 15% and 20%.

The age effect on coherence has been studied in control (98) and learning-disabled (LD, 54) school-aged children (from 6.0 to 16.8 years old). The EEG recordings were made at rest in 15 leads, and 105 pairwise combinations for coherence were calculated (each lead was compared with all the rest) for delta, theta, alpha, beta and total frequency bands. A significant increase of coherence with age was found in both groups, witha different pattern of maturation. In the control group, a significant increase with age was found in the coherences between posterior regions and vertex (Cz). A significant decrease with age in the coherence between frontal areas was observed, especially in the theta band. The LD group showed a different pattern: no significant relation with age was found in the coherence between any lead and vertex. A high effect of age on coherence between temporal regions was observed with a predominance of the left side in comparison with the contralateral and the ipsilateral. No decrease in frontal coherence was found: in the same region where the control group showed negative values with age, the LD groups had no age effect. The results obtained are discussed as differences in brain organization, in myelogenesis and synaptogenesis and an explanation of the etiology of LD is proposed.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to study the sleep quality in women with preeclampsia with a special reference to nocturnal body movement activity. STUDY DESIGN: Sleep quality was evaluated in nine women with preeclampsia and eight women with normal term pregnancy by means of questionnaires and by recording the nocturnal body movement activity with the static charge-sensitive bed. RESULTS: Subjective sleep complaints were similar in both groups. The total movement time and the total frequency of body movements in bed were, however, significantly increased in the preeclamptic group. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that sleep is impaired in preeclamptic subjects.

Female rats aged 3 and 14 months were exposed to single X-ray irradiation at a dose of 4 Gy. Total frequency of neoplasms and that of malignant tumors in the younger age group amounted to 78 or 42%, and in the older age age group to 66 and 31% respectively, while in the corresponding age groups the figures were as follows: 48 or 7% (p less than 0.05). The comparative analysis of the carcinogenic effect of irradiation in young and old rats has revealed that sensitivity of the mammary gland epithelium, ovarian tissue and thyroid epithelium to malignant actions of irradiation decreases with age. The paramount importance in modification of tissue sensitivity to carcinogenic action of irradiation in ageing is suggested to be related to age-dependent changes in the proliferative activity of the target tissues.

Disfluencies produced by 24 young stuttering and nonstuttering boys (4 to 5 years old) interacting in three dyadic sessions were analyzed. Each child interacted with his own mother, an unfamiliar mother of a stutterer, and an unfamiliar mother of a nonstutterer. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences were found in the number and types of disfluencies emitted by the two groups of children. Stuttering children with more severe disfluency problems differed quantitatively from those with less severe problems. Total frequency of disfluency was highly consistent for both groups of children. Only two disfluency types (tense pauses and whole-word repetitions) showed significant variability across sessions. This research demonstrates the feasibility of differential diagnosis of young stuttering children.

Play of domestic lambs (Ovis aries) was recorded from birth to l0 weeks during two lambing seasons. A higher proportion of males than females mounted and butted; females were more likely than males to gambol. No differences were evident between the behaviour of females from same-sex twins and females from mixed-sex twins. The ontogeny of play followed a bimodal course, with little play in the first week of life, peaks of play during weeks 2 to 3 and 8 to 9, and a trough of activity between the peaks. Concurrently circulating hormones probably do not contribute to the sex differences or the development of play in lambs. The ontogeny of play may reflect ancestral adaptations to natural selection. This paper describes certain juvenile activities ('play') of domestic sheep (Ovis aries) from birth to l0 weeks, in order to enlarge the comparattve base for discussions of sex differences in behavi- oural ontogeny. The most extensive relevant studies on non-human mammals are those on rhesus macaques (Phoenix et al. 1968; Goy & Phoenix l97l). Data on sex differences in play are available for several other species including domestic dog (Beckoff 1974), black bear (Henry & Herrero 1974), Stellar sea lion (Gentry 1974), horse (Schoen et al. 1976) and several primates (Poirier & Smith 1974). Interpretation of the data from some studies is limited by the lack of identification of individual animals. In such cases, apparent sex differences in the total frequency of behaviour may stem from different proportions of response by each sex or frotn different frequencies of response by similar pro- portions. Despite systematic observation of many aspects of the social behaviour of domestic sheep (e.g. Scott 1945; Banks 1964), feral sheep (Grubb & Jewell 1966; Grubb 1974), and some of their wild congeners (Geist 1971), few quan- titative data are available on the juvenile activities of lambs that are not mother-orientated. With a reputation for vigorous play, domestic lambs appeared advantageous to observe.

Detailed knowledge of the birth frequency or the cumulative incidence over all ages of genetic diseases in human populations is a prerequisite for assessing the magnitude of possible genetic hazards caused by environmental mutagens. However, both theoretical and practical difficulties are involved in precisely measuring the total frequency of these diseases. Two sets of data from large-scale population studies, one from Northern Ireland and the other from British Columbia, are compared with each other and with the results from ad hoc surveys for individual monogenic disorders. With due allowance for differences in approach, examination indicates that the data from the large-scale population studies are inadequate. However, it could provide a crude estimate of the total frequency of genetic diseases and a fairly reliable estimate of the individual frequency of certain genetic disorders with early onset that are familiar and readily diagnosed. In addition to environmental mutagens, there are a number of factors associated with current human activity that may change the incidence of genetic diseases. In order to monitor the human population for environmental mutagens, the change in frequency of sporadic cases of those genetic diseases that arose from fresh mutation and that can be easily detected as early as possible should be followed closely. The mechanism of data collection currently being employed in some countries for childhood cancers, certain congenital malformations, and inborn errors of metabolism could be extended to include the so-called sentinel phenotypes. The rationale and feasibility of using retinoblastoma and Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma) as examples of such population monitoring are described.

Five hundred patients receiving one of three different formulations of etomidate were observed on the 2nd and 3rd days after operation for possible venous sequelae. The total frequency of sequelae was 8% or more, the greatest being with the propylene glycol formulation (23%). Formulation of the drug and total dose employed were the most important factors influencing venous sequelae, which were not related to pain on injection.

It has been suggested that an assay for sperm morphology might prove useful as an initial screen in evaluating men at risk for an increased frequency of sperm chromosomal abnormalities. In this study, the technique for analysis of human sperm chromosomes after penetration of hamster eggs was employed to determine whether there is an association between the frequency of chromosomally and morphologically abnormal sperm. 30 healthy men of proven fertility were studied. The ages of the donors ranged from 22 to 55 years. The analysis was performed “blindly” so that the technician analysing the chromosome spreads had no knowledge of the age of the donors or of the individual frequencies of morphologically abnormal sperm. There was no significant relationship between the proportion of morphologically abnormal sperm and the proportion of chromosomally abnormal sperm when controlled for age. This was true for the total frequency of chromosomal abnormalities and also for numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities. These results suggest that an assay of morphology is not a good indication of chromosomal normality in human sperm.

Male and female undergraduates who were either high (HFD) or low (LFD) indating frequency were matched with opposite sexed partners in a 2×2 design and compared on behavioral, self-report, and partner rating measures of social competence and attractiveness. Neither total frequency nor reciprocal behavioral measures produced any between group differences. Physical attractiveness discriminated significantly between HFD and LFD groups. The importance of negative self-evaluations was supported in males rather than a social skill deficit hypothesis. By contrast, LFD females seemed characterized by a social skill deficit rather than overly negative self-evaluations. Discussion centered on issues in behavioral assessment and models of social inhibition.

In anaesthetized cats, the discharge of single spindle primary endings of flexor and extensor muscles was studied during sinusoidal stretches of the muscle (3–4 mm peak-to-peak, 1–5 Hz). In the response to each stretch, two main components could be distinguished; they were related respectively to the speed and to the amplitude of lengthening. By analogy with the usual definitions of the ‘dynamic index’ (d) and ‘position sensitivity’ (s) during ramp stretches of the same amplitude at a velocity of 35–60 mm/sec, a ‘sinusoidal dynamic index’ (D) and a ‘sinusoidal position sensitivity’ (S) were defined. Stimulation of dynamic fusimotor fibres increased D and d, S and s, while stimulation of static fusimotor fibres decreased D and d and had a less consistent effect on S and s. The total frequency variation during a sinusoidal stretch was always increased by a dynamic fusimotor action while it could be either decreased or increased by a static fusimotor action, depending on the stretch frequency and on the rate of fusimotor stimulation. These results were obtained in various muscles, without any significant difference related to their flexor or extensor function. It is concluded that in order to identify a fusimotor effect as static or dynamic during sinusoidal muscle stretch, it is necessary to use, as here, stretch parameters which elicit a dynamic component in the primary afferent response.

Aggression in Xenopus is expressed behaviourally by the approach, the push and the nip which represent increasing intensities of aggression in the order given. There is an inverse relation between intensity of the aggression and frequency of occurrence. A category designated as “unclassified” represents contacts in which no aggression is visible, and the total frequency of such contacts is as great or greater than all other types combined. Heavier frogs display aggressive behaviour more frequently than do lighter ones and more aggressive frogs eat more than less aggressive animals. Individuals eat least when isolated, more when placed with one other frog and most when placed with eleven others. Differences between the isolated and paired situations are not significant, but total individual consumption in groups is significantly greater than either the isolated or paired conditions.

The temperature dependence of the optical phonon frequencies in ZnSe and ZnTe and the L.O. phonon linewidth in ZnSe has been measured in the temperature region from 340°K to 2°K. The total frequency shift of the L.O. phonon in ZnSe (ZnTe) in this region is 5.4 cm−1 (3.7 cm−1 ± 1 cm−1. This shift is found to be about a factor of six (four) greater than that predicted by the Gruneisen theory. The results are compared to recent measurements of the pressure dependence of the optical phonon frequencies. An attempt has been made to fit the linewidth and frequency shift in terms of three and four phonon interactions.