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Background The objective of this study was to describe the case literature of human coronavirus infections in the nervous system of children, including from SARS-CoV-2, and to provide guidance to pediatric providers for managing the potential long-term effects on neurodevelopment of human coronavirus infections in the nervous system. Methods Using a structured strategy, the PubMed and Ovid:Embase databases were queried for articles about the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of coronavirus infections in the nervous system of children and young adults, aged 0 to 24 years. Results Of 2302 articles reviewed, 31 described SARS-CoV-2 infections in the nervous system of children and 21 described other human coronaviruses: HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1. Excepting MERS-CoV, we found cases of neurological disease in children from each human coronavirus. Children with non-SARS-CoV-2 infections have suffered acute flaccid paralysis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, encephalitis, and seizures. In addition, cases of ischemic, hemorrhagic, and microvascular strokes have occurred in children with SARS-CoV-2. Patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children have suffered encephalitis, stroke, pseudotumor cerebri syndrome, and cytotoxic lesions of deep brain structures. Despite these reports, few articles evaluated the impact of human coronavirus infections on long-term neurodevelopmental domains including cognitive, language, academic, motor, and psychosocial outcomes. Conclusions Neurological manifestations of human coronavirus infections can cause severe disease in children. The case literature suggests a critical gap in knowledge of the long-term effects on child neurodevelopment of these infections. As the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues, this gap must be filled to facilitate optimal outcomes in recovering children.

Fingertip trauma commonly presents to pediatric emergency departments. Most injuries can be managed at the bedside with anesthesia, irrigation, soft tissue repair, immobilization, and follow-up. A comprehensive team approach allows for a nurse practitioner as the first point of contact with involvement of a hand surgeon and hand therapist as necessary to provide optimal care. This topical review provides an anatomical framework to assist first-line providers in the appropriate diagnosis and management of common pediatric fingertip injuries as well as identify and rule out conditions that warrant time-sensitive surgical intervention such as Seymour fracture, tendon laceration/avulsion, or dysvascular digit.

Radiotherapy (RT) can be used to palliate cancer-related symptoms and improve quality of life (QoL). Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) could be a reliable, minimally invasive method to monitor patients after palliative radiotherapy. This review was performed to provide an overview of the way PROMs are currently used in follow-up after palliative RT, regarding the goal of the PROM, the type of PROMs, PROM selection, PROM completion as well as the follow-up schemes and patient adherence and attrition. Pubmed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for articles published between 2008 and 2020. Titles and abstracts were reviewed to find relevant studies, which were advanced to full-text review. The reference lists of review articles were screened for correctness of the search and additional studies. No meta-analysis was performed. This search strategy identified 5733 studies, with 94 ultimately selected for inclusion in this topical review. We discovered a great variety of studies that used PROMs after palliative RT. We found no articles describing PROMs in routine clinical care. PROMs were exclusively used as a benchmarking tool and never to improve symptom control or QoL for individual patients. The selection process for the questionnaires, completion method and/or follow-up scheme was seldom described. We did not find any studies referencing patients' experience on PROMs. Although clear guidelines on the use of PROMs in palliative RT may be difficult to establish, more attention should be paid to the PROM aspect when writing study protocols. Furthermore, efforts should be made to introduce PROMs in routine clinical care in the context of palliative RT. ispartof: RADIOTHERAPY AND ONCOLOGY vol:149 pages:94-103 ispartof: location:Ireland status: published

This is a topical review on advanced lithographic methods used to create 3D topographies. We start the discussion with the principal capabilities of grayscale electron beam lithography and multi-photon lithography for initial patterning. The innovative structures in this work become only possible by combining the initial patterns with methods to reshape them. By this, new functionalities such as aspheric, freeform and ultra-smooth surfaces can be provided. All the covered methods have in common that they exploit a specific material contrast that enables a post-processing and thus a transformation of the initial pattern by polymer reflow into a new surface topography or shape. To enhance the understanding of current reflow methods, we review the history of polymer reflow and discuss its simulation. In-depth examples cover optical and biomimetic applications. Furthermore, we provide new results and new insights into dynamic material changes during thermoplastic reflow. An outlook on emerging 3D MEMS fabrication using thermoplastic polymer reflow for actuation will illuminate the way towards smart, i.e, stimuli responsive 3D structures. This review is mainly meant for applied scientists and engineers.

Gait symmetry is important in measuring gait pattern alterations for establishing the level of functional limitation due to pathology, observing its changes over time and evaluating rehabilitative intervention effects. The aim of this topical review is twofold: 1) to present used symmetry measures and summarize their application to a diverse range of gait data and to demonstrate their capabilities in their utilization in research and practice, 2) to expose newly developed symmetry measures and highlight their perspectives. We divided symmetry measures into four subgroups: symmetry indices, complete gait cycle symmetry measures, statistically-based measures and approaches, and nonlinear measures. For each, we will discuss their advantages and limitations and raise new questions and recommendations about their development and clinical use.

Herein, we present a topical review of the advances and the mechanisms involved in achieving superlubricity - the regime of friction in which the coefficient of friction (COF) is less than 0.01. In light of the race towards achieving superlubricity on an industrial scale, this review gives a brief overview of the friction dissipating mechanisms at an atomic scale and the atomistic models devised over the years to explain the phenomena of superlubricity. Furthermore, specific emphasis is given to the mechanisms discovered yet to achieve superlubricity on both micro and macro scales in accordance with their physical fundamentals. Additionally, a brief overview of certain obstacles in the course of the same to guide the emerging directions of research is also discussed in the later section. This review provides better guidance for understanding the basics and advancements over the years in the domain of superlubricity facilitating, its transition from laboratories to engineering scale applications.

Sports and exercise are prominent practices in prisoners' everyday lives, yet their spatial importance in prison surroundings has not been thoroughly studied across the world. The role and involvement of prisoners in prison life have become critical issues in sports competitions. Therefore, this paper proposes a Meta-analysis framework (MAF) to evaluate the barriers to prisoners' participation in sports competitions. MAF is assessed with a survey from 11 focus groups with prisoners (N = 55) and experts (N = 34). MAF is organized to explore the various forms of prisoner engagement and participation in one prison. The prisoners' interactions and procedures to improve or restrict the participation of prisoners in sports competitions are analyzed based on the survey taken. A topical review of these data shows that different formal and informal participatory programs exist, yet there are several obstacles to interact among prisoners, prison staff, and prison administration. The organizational and cultural improvements are necessary to implement and increase the participation and engagement of prisoners in sports activity. The MAF helps involve the prisoner in sports activity and enhances mental ability with 22.76% mental pressure reduction.

Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) have opened an exciting venue to sustainably harvest electrical energy from the environments, which have led to multifunctional applications in different fields. More recently, a paradigm shift has directed to the emerging artificial intelligence (AI) in PENG and TENG, aiming to address the challenges of the nanogenerators in analysis, design, fabrication, and application. AI-PENG and AI-TENG are envisioned to enhance and optimize the mechanical-to-electrical performance of the nanogenerators to a favorable behavior. However, an overview on the topic of AI-PENG and AI-TENG has not yet been exploited in the literature. In this review article, we showcase the recent progress of PENG and TENG and discuss the future trends of AI-enhanced nanogenerators with desirable electrical performance, i.e., using AI-enabled design models as a viable tool to design, predict, and optimize the structures and materials of PENG and TENG. This topical review explains why the nanogenerators are extensively considered as one of the promising energy solutions and are especially suitable for certain applications in engineering and life science, how to surpass the limitations of PENG and TENG by AI-based structural design and material discovery, and what technological avenues that AI-PENG and AI-TENG may provide for green energy in future innovations.

Although considerable progress has been made in developing ablation approaches to cure atrial fibrillation (AF), outcomes are still suboptimal, especially for persistent and long-lasting persistent AF. In this topical review, we review the arrhythmia mechanisms, both reentrant and nonreentrant, that are potentially relevant to human AF at various stages/settings. We describe arrhythmia mapping techniques used to distinguish between the different mechanisms, with a particular focus on the detection of rotors. We discuss which arrhythmia mechanisms are likely to respond to ablation, and the challenges and prospects for improving upon current ablation strategies to achieve better outcomes.

Journal of electron spectroscopy and related phenomena 204, 237 - 244 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.elspec.2015.06.012, Interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) is a decay mechanism occurring in loosely bound matter, e.g. in systems bound by van der Waals-forces or hydrogen bonds. In many such cases the decay time is similar to the time scale of nuclear motion during the decay. As the efficiency of ICD strongly depends on the internuclear distance of the atoms or molecules involved in the decay, an overall non-trivial temporal decay behavior arises. The progress of examining the time-domain aspects of interatomic Coulombic decay is summarized in this short topical review with a special emphasis on experiments that are now feasible due to the developments of free-electron lasers., Published by Elsevier, New York, NY [u.a.]

Summary Background Simulation based training is now widely used in health professions education to train both individuals and teams. Initially, most of these training initiatives were conducted in simulation centres, but over time concepts such as in situ and mobile simulation were developed. The idea is to train locally using the normal equipment. In this topical review, we will identify and elaborate on the major factors of importance for learning in the different settings. Facts and fiction of how to conduct cost effective training in the simulation centre, in situ and using mobile simulation will be discussed. Examples of how simulation can be used as a research tool will be presented. Last, this topical review will focus on suggestions for how to optimize training conditions in the different types of settings. Method A search of publications was carried out in January 2012. Discussion and summary Simulation based training in situ/mobile and in centres both have advantages and disadvantages. It is recommended to carefully consider the purpose of training and consider the opportunities (financial, technical and human resources) and based on this to create the training cost effectively. In situ simulation can be used as a diagnostic tool to identify technological, organisational and human challenges.

Low-frequency radio observations offer unique diagnostics of the solar corona and solar wind. After a prolongued hiatus, there is renewed interest in this important frequency regime. Two new ground-based instruments will provide critical new low-frequency observations: the low-frequency array (LOFAR) and the frequency agile solar radiotelescope (FASR). This brief topical review summarizes low-frequency radio phenomena that will be accessible to detailed study by LOFAR and FASR in the coming decade. Energy release, drivers of space weather, and studies of the solar wind are emphasized. Both instruments are expected to play important roles in both basic research problems and national and international space weather capabilities. While FASR is a solar-dedicated instrument, LOFAR is not. Solar observing requirements for LOFAR are briefly discussed.

Much emphasis has been devoted recently to the experimental determination of absolute electron-impact ionization cross sections of molecules and radicals because of the importance of these cross sections in many applications (e.g. as input parameters to modeling codes for various purposes). Supporting theoretical calculations have been lagging behind to some extent. Because of the inherent complexity of such calculations, simplistic additivity rules and semiempirical methods have often been used in place of more rigorous calculation schemes, particularly in applications where a larger number of cross section data were needed with reasonable precision. Although these methods have often proved to be quite successful as descriptive tools (i.e. reproducing existing experimental ionization cross sections reasonably well), their ability to calculate cross sections for species for which no experimental data are available (predictive capabilities) tend to be limited or questionable. This topical review describes recent progress in the development of more rigorous approaches for the calculation of absolute electron-impact molecular ionization cross sections. The main emphasis will be on the application of the semiclassical Deutsch–Mark (DM) formalism, which was originally developed for the calculation of atomic ionization cross sections, to molecular targets, and on the binary–encounter–Bethe (BEB) method of Kim and Rudd. The latter is a simpler version of the more rigorous binary–encounter–dipole (BED) theory, which was also first developed for the calculation of atomic ionization cross sections, and based on the methods developed by Khare and co-workers. Extensive comparisons between available experimental cross sections and the predictions of these theoretical models will be made for 31 molecules and free radicals (H 2 , N 2 , O 2 , S 2 , C 2 , C 3 , O 3 , H 2 O, NH 3 , CO 2 , CH 4 , CH 3 , CH 2 , CH, CF 4 , CF 3 , CF 2 , CF, NF 3 , NF 2 , NF, SiF 3 , SiF 2 , SiF, TiCl 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 6 , C 6 H 6 , SiF 6 , C 2 F 6 , CH 3 OH).

This topical review and analysis seeks to provide others with some insight to strategies for the development of new process technologies in the 21st century which align with the traditional desires of green and/or environmental chemistry. Rather then dwelling on existing approaches or step-wise developments, guidance is offered about those targets and approaches which offer the greatest reward and green benefits. Catalysis and catalysts are a key parts of multiple approaches, but those approaches must be taken with some anticipation about the vitality of the technological alternative that is considered in view of overall issues of economics, politics, societal demands, and total energy requirements. The importance of considering energy usage in designing and modifying new chemical processes will be emphasized. Examples will be given to illustrate the importance of considering the total energy input and output of any new alternative process. When this is done, it becomes apparent that several popular approaches are not really so green. Opportunities for improvement to existing products are discussed with a focus on seeking dramatic, breakthrough process improvements with minimal energy and materials costs.

The journal is proud to enter 2006 in its strongest ever position. The impact factor has grown in excess of 10% (usually more than 20%) in every year of the last 7. We have the highest average growth in impact factor for any established journal in the cardiovascular area over this period. This is despite a phenomenal growth in submitted manuscripts; from 300 per year in 1998 to more than 1800 per year this year. We have already published on the topics of major interest to our readers [1], and commented on the need to follow trends not only in citations but also in download requests. The latter is much more dynamic and more up to date as it reflects interest in research as it happens rather than after experiments are repeated and either confirmed or refuted as the case may be, one of the more appropriate drivers of citation rates. The most up-to-date statistics on downloads demonstrate the dynamism in this measure with new papers entering the list every month. The range of topics remains broad with top spot going to a head to head comparison of 4 different statins in a 3140 patient randomised controlled trial [2]. Spot numbers 2 and 3 both went to topical review articles; one on clinical aspects of ischaemia/reperfusion injury [3] and the other on the clinical pharmacology of statin use in renal disease [4]. Two previously highly requested topics then follow: the risk of harm from Herbal medicine use and its drug interactions [5], and a review of Brugada syndrome [6]. Original articles then follow on a variety of topics: endurance training in doxorubicin-treated mice [7], Sildenafil therapy in children [8], and the effects of exercise training on cytokines [9] along with reviews on the management of non-valvular atrial fibrillation [10]