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Effectiveness of oseltamivir versus peramivir in influenza-infected children remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate their effectiveness in young children (ages 0-5 years) infected with severe influenza A virus (IAV) or influenza B virus (IBV).We analyzed a cohort of 1662 young children with either IAV (N=1095) or IBV (N=567) who received oseltamivir or peramivir treatment from January 1, 2018 to March 31, 2022. Propensity score matching methods were applied to match oseltamivir-treated versus peramivir-treated children.IAV-infected and IBV-infected children shared similar features such as influenza-associated symptoms and comorbidities at baseline. Among IAV-infected children with bacterial coinfection, the recovery rate was significantly greater in oseltamivir-treated children than in peramivir-treated children (15.6% versus 4.4%, p=0.01). The median duration of hospitalization was also shorter in oseltamivir-treated children. Among IAV-infected children without bacterial coinfection, the recovery rate was greater in oseltamivir-treated children than in peramivir-treated children (21.1% versus 3.7%, p=0.002). However, oseltamivir and peramivir offered similar recovery rates and duration of hospitalization (p0.05 for both) among IBV-infected children.Oseltamivir and peramivir exhibit similar effectiveness in young children with severe influenza B, whereas oseltamivir demonstrated improved recovery and shorter hospitalization in the treatment of severe influenza A in hospitalized children.

The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) decreases the amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere while enabling a closed carbon cycle. Herein, iron oleate was used as a precursor to produce oleic acid-coated triiron tetraoxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@OA NPs) by pyrolysis, which was then assembled with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and doped with dicyandiamide as a nitrogen source to obtain nitrogen-doped iron carbide nanoparticles assembled on rGO (N-Fe3C/rGO NPs). The catalyst prepared by nitrogen doping at 800 °C with an Fe3O4@OA NPs to rGO weight ratio of 20:1 showed good activity and stability for the CO2RR. At −0.3 to −0.4 V, the H2/CO ratio of the product from the catalyzed CO2RR was close to 2; thus, the product can be used for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The results of a series of experiments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the synergy between the C N and Fe N groups in the catalyst can promote the reduction of CO2 to CO. This work demonstrates a facile method for improving the catalytic reduction of CO2.

Cholesterol concentration is one of the most significant indicators to assess health status. Lanthanide metal-organic framework (Ln-MOF) has a unique luminescence mechanism which makes it possess great potential in monitoring the variation of cholesterol. Thus, on the basic of intramolecular charge transfer theory, quenching theory, we aim to create a metal-organic framework (MOF) doped by europium to respond ratiometrically to the cholesterol in serum. The successful synthesis and the sensing mechanism of fluorescent probe were explained in detail by cross-corroborating by experiment and calculation and the high sensitivity of this fluorescent sensor is explained at the molecular level via DFT calculations. Under the excitation wavelength of 295 nm, the emission peaks at 614.5 nm and 532 nm, corresponding to Eu3+ and MIL-53(Fe), appeared quenching and enhancement respectively, and the ratiometric probes are constructed with favorable linearity. The probe has an ultrasensitive (limit of detection 0.33 mmol/L), significant stability and selectivity in response to the alteration of cholesterol. To investigate the emission law, by combining theoretical calculations and experimental results, a possible mechanism is proposed, in particular, the density of states and partial density of states were used to explain the internal electron migration of the probe when cholesterol interacts with it and the possible mechanism leading to quenching. The results showed the electron transfer efficiency of MIL-53(Fe) was enhanced after Eu3+ doping, which enhanced response sensitivity to the alternation of cholesterol. Meanwhile, based on the rules of electron arrangement outside the nucleus, it is proposed that the preferential filling arrangement of electrons in the transition from excited to ground state will lead to fluorescence quenching at Eu center. We anticipate our research to be an emerging method in cholesterol clinical tests and have further development in all walks of life.

A new carrier containing three hydrophobic octadecyls was employed to improve the yield and purity of the synthesized oligosaccharides, and the applicability of hydrophobic carrier for HASP (hydrophobically assisted switching phase) was also explored. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the purity of oligosaccharides and improve the elution efficiency. Elution system was optimized and replaced by isopropyl alcohol and water, in which the excess donor and other impurities had a better solubility than that in methanol.

Gold and uranium mining has resulted in elevated concentrations of As and U contaminants in groundwater and soil, which has become a paramount concern for the environment and public health. Nanocleaning technology is one of the few permanent treatment alternatives to remove metal contaminants from soils. In recent years, nano-sized FeS, a washing solution that uses nanocleaning technology, has elicited extensive interest in environmental remediation because it does not produce secondary pollution. In this study, As and U were removed from contaminated soil by employing nano-sized FeS washing solution biologically synthesized by the iron-reducing bacteria Acidiphilium cryputum JF-5 and sulphate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio vulgaris miyazaki SRB. After cleaning with a nano-sized FeS suspension solution, culture-medium and pure-water for three cycles, the concentration of As in the nano-sized FeS experiment was higher than that of U, suggesting that the cleaning effect for As was better than that for U. The As and U removal rates of the nano-sized FeS cleaning experiment were 12% and 1.59%, respectively, over the three cycles. By using the sequential extraction method, the nano-sized FeS cleaning experiments mainly removed the As fraction bound to Fe/Al oxides. An ATR-FTIR spectral analysis indicated that the band observed at 461 cm−1 was attributed to the ν 4 symmetric stretching mode of AsO 4 3 − . The obvious vibrations observed at 798 cm−1 and 778 cm−1, were assigned to the ν 1 vibration of AsO 3 3 − . The band at 834 cm−1 was assigned to the weak vibration of UO2 while the band at 949 cm−1 was attributed to the Fe–O–D bending vibration. The results of this study provide helpful information and references for designing long-term and efficient bioremediation strategies for As- and U-containing soils.

Natural gas hydrate, which forms and agglomerates under the condition of low temperature and high pressure, can easily affect production or even lead to serious accidents. In order to prevent hydrate agglomeration in a pipeline, the industries generally add seriously excess inhibitor with experience, which causes serious environmental pollution and huge costs. However, due to the uncontrollable production and environmental conditions, hydrate plugging in a pipeline still occurs. According to the issues above, the method, for hydrate agglomeration online monitoring in a natural gas pipeline based on acoustic active excitation, has been presented in this paper. The method is to monitor and locate the hydrate agglomeration in a pipeline in order to take measures in time. Both the modeling and the experimental results show that the method can monitor and locate the hydrate agglomeration online at different locations with good accuracy.

Curcumin, a phytochemical agent in the spice turmeric, has received increasing attention for its anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, application of curcumin has been limited due to its insolubility in water and poor bioavailability both clinically and experimentally. In addition, the protective effects and mechanisms of curcumin in eye diseases have been poorly studied. In the present study, we synthesized a curcumin analog, 1, 5-bis (2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1, 4-pentadien-3-one (C3), which displayed improved protective effect against acrolein-induced toxicity in a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19). At 5 μM, curcumin completely protected against acrolein-induced cell oxidative damage and preserved GSH levels and mitochondrial function. Surprisingly, C3 displayed a complete protective effect at 0.5 μM, which was much more efficient than curcumin. Both 0.5 μM C3 and 5 μM curcumin induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and Nrf2 target genes transcription similarly. Experiments using Nrf2 siRNA showed that the protective effects of curcumin and C3 were eliminated by Nrf2 knockdown. Additionally, both curcumin and C3 activated the PI3/Akt pathway, however, Nrf2 activation was independent of this pathway, and therefore, we hypothesized that both curcumin and C3 activated phase II enzymes via directly disrupting the Nrf2/Keap1 complex and promoting Nrf2's nuclear translocation. Since acrolein challenge of ARPE-19 cells has been used as a model of smoking and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), we concluded that the curcumin analog, C3, may be a more promising drug candidate for its potential application for the prevention and treatment of eye diseases, such as AMD.

Microarrays have been extremely useful for investigating binding interactions among diverse types of molecular species, with the main advantage being the ability to examine many interactions using small amount of samples and reagents. Microarrays are increasingly being used to advance research in the field of glycobiology, which is the study of the nature and function and carbohydrates in health and disease. Several types of microarrays are being used in the study of glycans and proteins in glycobiology, including glycan arrays to study the recognition of carbohydrates, lectin arrays to determine carbohydrate expression on purified proteins or on cells, and antibody arrays to examine the variation in particular glycan structures on specific proteins. This review will cover the technology and applications of these types of microarrays, as well as their use for obtaining complementary information on various aspects of glycobiology.