1. Mechanical properties of harbor seal skin and blubber − a test of anisotropy
- Author
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Molly Grear, Stephanie B. Crofts, Michael R. Motley, Petra Ditsche, Adam P. Summers, and Amanda E. Witt
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Subcutaneous Fat ,Phoca ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Marine mammal ,Dermis ,Skin Physiological Phenomena ,Blubber ,Ultimate tensile strength ,medicine ,Animals ,Composite material ,Skin ,biology ,Anatomy ,biology.organism_classification ,Elasticity ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Anisotropy ,Harbor seal ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Stress, Mechanical ,Material properties - Abstract
The skin and blubber of marine mammals provides protection from the surrounding environment, whether that be temperature, microbes, or direct mechanical impacts. To understand the ability of harbor seals' (Phoca vitulina) skin and blubber to resist blunt force trauma, we tested the material properties of these tissues. We quantified two mechanical properties of the tissue: tensile strength and tensile stiffness, at two test speeds, three sample orientations, and two age groups. We found significant differences in material properties between test speeds, orientation, and age of the animal, but did not find a large difference with orientation. From this analysis, we conclude that harbor seal skin and blubber should be modeled as an isotropic non-linear elastic material with strain rate dependence. Moreover, we were interested in the effects of freezing on the biomechanical properties. The material was tested fresh and after being frozen for four months. Frozen data revealed an increase in stiffness and strength for the skin (epidermis and dermis), but did not show a conclusive trend in the blubber material properties. While the availability of frozen marine mammal tissue is greater than that of fresh material, frozen tissue of harbor seals, especially the skin, cannot serve as an accurate replacement for testing of fresh material.
- Published
- 2018