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The single-gate (SG) and dual-gate (DG) organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) performances have been analyzed by using high dielectric constant material. The dielectric and gate electrode material variation does the comparative study on SG (bottom-gate bottom-contact configuration) and DG-based OTFTs. Variation in thickness of the dielectric layer (step size 2) and channel length (step size 10) results in a deviation in the performance parameters like threshold voltage, mobility, ION/IOFF current ratio, subthreshold swing, trans-conductance, etc. Such variations in the performance of OTFT have been observed by using 2D numerical devices ATLAS simulator. Subsequently, it is analyzed that reduction in channel length from 50 µm to 10 µm leads to an increase in the drain current from −9.88 × 10−10 A to −5.8 × 10−9 A (in case of DG-OTFT) and from −9.84 × 10−11 A to −5.3 × 10−9 A (in case of SG-OTFT). Similarly, the reduction in dielectric layer thickness from 10 nm to 2 nm leads to an increase in the drive current/the current ratio from 3.9 × 1012 to 1.3 × 1013 (in case of SG-OTFT) and from 1.8 × 105 to 1.5 × 106 (in case of DG-OTFT). So achieving a better result, we switch to DG- OTFT compared to SG-OTFT, which would be helpful in various future applications like chemical sensors, circuits, RFIDs, etc.

Objective Epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones have been described in Ghana, but so far, no typical livestock-associated MRSA isolates (CC398) have been found. In this study we provide baseline information on antimicrobial resistance, population structure, and virulence gene content of S. aureus isolates from livestock and farm attendants. Methods Nasal samples were collected from cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, and farm attendants from three farms. Staphylococcus aureus was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using VITEK II (Biomerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) and interpreted according to EUCAST guidelines. Whole-genome sequencing was performed using the Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA MiSeq Platform. Results In total, 401 nasal swab samples were obtained from 57 farm attendants, 208 pigs, 30 goats, 26 sheep, and 80 cattle. The S. aureus isolates (n = 25) recovered (farm attendants: n = 10; pigs: n = 8; and goats: n = 7) were frequently resistant to penicillin (68%), tetracycline (44%), and ciprofloxacin (32%); two human isolates were MRSA. Twelve isolates (48%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) (>3 classes). Genome sequencing of the isolates revealed ST152-t355, ST9-t1430, and ST133-t8662 as dominant clones among farm attendants, pigs, and goats, respectively. The two MRSA isolates detected belonged to ST8-t334 and ST152-t355. The scn and sak genes associated with human-adaption were detected in 10 isolates; 9 from humans and 1 from a goat. Typing results provided evidence of a single potential transmission event (t861, PVL-, scn+). Conclusion No MRSA was detected among livestock, perhaps because of low intensive farming; however, the relatively high prevalence of MDR isolates may be a result of inappropriate antibiotic usage in Ghanaian livestock production.

Acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoid leukemia differ substantially in response to therapy and course, and accurate differentiation of the two is fundamental to therapeutic decisions. Immunophenotyping is used for this purpose, and various guidelines have been proposed regarding a minimal screening antibody panel. Most of them have been found inefficient.Eighty-two cases of consecutive acute leukemias reporting to this hospital over a period of two years were included in the study. Peripheral blood smear, bone marrow aspirate, and bone marrow biopsy were studied using morphology, cytochemical stains, and relevant immunohistochemical stains on selected biopsy specimens. Flowcytometry analysis was carried out using Indian consensus screening panel and our proposed minimal screening panel (PMSP) for comparison.Immunophenotyping using PMSP resulted in 95.12% accurate diagnosis versus Indian consensus minimal screening panel (ICMSP) with an accuracy of 92.68%. This result was statistically significant as per Chi Square tests.PMSP can be used as a substitute for ICMSP, since it includes lineage-specific cytoplasmic antibodies, as well as lesser number of monoclonal antibodies, and enables us to diagnose mixed lineage leukemia. Fewer markers can be linked to a lower cost as well, which is relevant in a developing economy.

The present study offers a novel approach in measuring Household Energy Poverty Index (HEPI) using National Sample Survey unit level data, employing a robust set of 15 key energy indicators representing multiple dimensions of energy and assigning weights by using principal component analysis (PCA). Grouping households into four different categories such as ‘least energy poor’, ‘less energy poor’, ‘more energy poor’ and ‘most energy poor’, it emerges from the study that more than 1/4th of total households in the country, falls under ‘most energy poor’ category, and 65% households in the country are in the ‘more and most energy poor’ groups implying the wide-scale prevalence of energy poverty in the country. In addition, analysis based on geographical spread of energy poverty reveals that eastern states and north-eastern states are more vulnerable in terms of energy poverty, hence requires strategic policy actions at all layers of governance. The HEPI can form a rigorous analytical basis for energy policy making in India – both the federal scale as well as at the state level.

Controversies concerning the reduction of chromosome number from 48 to 46 in humans by putative fusion of two ape chromosomes still persist. Nevertheless, abundant evidence suggests that human chromosome 2 was derived by fusion. Consequently, the recent availability of the human MYCN gene probe which was localized to 2p24.3 facilitated our search for its location in the human equivalent chromosome(s) of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). In all three species, the human MYCN gene was localized to the long arm of chromosome 12 band 12q24 which is the corresponding band equivalent of the short arm of human chromosome 2. The conservation of MYCN gene in higher primates at the equivalent chromosome locus that corresponds to that of the human provides additional prevailing view towards tracing the evolutionary pathways concerning the origin of chromosome 2, though we recognize that there are conceptual problems concerning human descent.