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Microbial infections are a general public health problem worldwide, and their resistance to antibiotics has increased rapidly. The prevention of microbial growth on the surface of cotton fabric is essential to control skin-related infections. In this work, we evaluated A.calamus- zinc oxide nanoparticle (AC-ZnONPs) coated cotton fabrics for antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. The formulated AC-ZnONPs were characterized by UV-spectrophotometer, SEM, EDX, FT-IR, and TEM studies. The AC-ZnONPs amalgamation into the cotton fabrics was done by the dipping technique. The antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic activity were executed by standard approaches. The results of UV-spectrophotometer, TEM, and SEM, and EDX proved the formation and existence of AC-ZnONPs on the fabrics' surface. FT-IR results demonstrated the existence of numerous functional groups. AC-ZnONPs efficiently suppressed the growth of the pathogenic microbes with a maximum inhibition at 60 μg of AC-ZnONPs against E.coli and S.aureus. The AC-ZnONPs coated fabrics also prevented microbial growth with maximum inhibition against P.aeruginosa, K.oxytoca, and A.baumanii. In addition, AC-ZnONPs efficiently suppressed the viability of SK-MEL-3 cells. Altogether, our findings disclosed that the AC-ZnONPs coated fabrics displayed excellent antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic microbes and could be utilized in the medical fields in the future.

Microalgal biomass is an enhanced resource of energy and competent in meeting the universal demand for fuels in transports. It appeared as solitary of the most encouraging origin for the production of biofuel. The current study concerned the prevalence of Cyanobacteria, and Green algae from fifty water and algal sample of paddy fields of Rasipuram, Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India. An entirety of 262 cyanobacterial taxa of 25 genera delineating 7 families and 157 taxa of green algae of 23 genera depicting 15 families were documented. Among them, the dominant species reported were Oscillatoria sp. Synechocystis sp. Aphanocapsa sp. Scenedesmus sp. Spirogyra sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. Among the 25 genera of cyanobacteria, 6 were heterocystous and 19 were non-heterocystous. Among them, the dominant and fast-growing microalga was identified morphologically as Synechocystis sp. The microalgal growth rate, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycobilins were resolved. The microalga was executed with 16 s rRNA amplification, sequenced, and NCBI BLAST seek was accomplished, showed 99% similarity, and identified as S. aquatilis strain mn27. It was deposited in Genbank and KY120320 is the accession number. The tree of Phylogeny was inferred through the approach of Neighbour Joining with MEGA 5. The content of hydrocarbon in S. aquatilis was executed with GC-MS. The chief hydrocarbons were Dibutyl phthalate and Ethanol, 2,2′-oxybis-. Microalga is a gainful choice for the production of biofuel, while its accessibility, inexpensive, simple to cultivate, and curtail Carbon dioxide emission in the ambiance. Microalgal biomass is one of the greater resources of energy.

Devitalized cellular structure replacement, tissue remodeling is a complex process in wound healing. To search the new antibiotics for the rapidly emerging multidrug-resistant bacteria and other nosocomial infectious diseases since it is a bit challenging to the upcoming scientists. A bestowed and prestigious position in the field of herbal medicine was given to Boswellia serrata resin or Salai guggal. The resin powder of B. serrata was extracted consecutively with ethanol and aqueous by microwave-assisted extraction method, which was the novel, potential, cost-effective, natural medicament towards the sore curing on the wound bed. Ten samples were collected in sterile polypropylene bottles after swabbing from the skin and wound sores of patients of hospitals in and around the Namakkal district to examine the antibacterial activity in vitro. Phenotypic screening of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is done via gram staining and biochemical test. In disk diffusion assay, the average zone of inhibition of gram -ve and gram + ve are 12–15 mm and 14–28 mm respectively. Bioactive compounds identified structurally and qualitatively by GCMS in the resin extract of B. serrata. In the case of antibacterial activity, different concentrations of the extract against nosocomial pathogens range from 20 µg to 60 µg were done in which Klebsiella Pneumoniae showed the lowest MIC (0.7) values against the ethanolic extract of B. serrata. In ligand–protein interaction, the target beta-lactamase protein binding with methyl diacetyl chenodesoxy cholate bioactive compound (C29H46O6) by docking software AutoDock 4 shows low binding affinity (-8kcal/mol) from K. pneumoniae with reference antibiotic tetracycline with a binding affinity (-7kcal/mol). This paper proves that the antibacterial activity of Boswellia serrata resins induces a rapid, infection-less, steady wound healing process for both excision and incision wounds.

Lablab bean (Lablab purpureus) is a popular vegetable crop in Bangladesh, but farmers growing this crop experience significant losses to insect pests despite heavy reliance on conventional insecticides. We conducted field studies to improve pest management in lablab bean by testing biorational insecticides as alternatives to conventional insecticides for the control of pod borers (Maruca vitrata) and aphids (Aphis craccivora), and characterizing flower-inhabiting thrips as an emerging pest in this crop. In field experiments, spinosad was the most promising biorational we tested, suppressing pod-boring caterpillars more effectively than thiamethoxam or quinalphos. In contrast, azadirachtin (neem) did not significantly suppress any of the insect pests we measured, although target aphid populations were generally low at our research site. Using DNA barcoding at the coxI locus combined with morphological identification, we found eight thrips taxa inhabiting lablab bean flowers, dominated by Megalurothrips usitatus and M. distalis/peculiaris. A preliminary regression analysis indicated that these flower-inhabiting thrips reduced lablab bean yield. Our results suggest that spinosad may be useful within lablab bean IPM programs, and that these programs will likely need to incorporate tactics against thrips to effectively protect yield. Finally, we found that DNA barcoding was a valuable tool for pest identification in an understudied crop and region, but that to reach its full potential will require an investment in more comprehensive reference libraries.

Chinese mustard is an important leafy vegetable, which is grown in about 5% of total vegetable area in major vegetable producing provinces of Cambodia. Production of Chinese mustard is severely hampered by the insect pests especially lepidopteran caterpillars and the flea beetles. Chinese mustard producers predominantly rely on the application of chemical pesticides for management of these pests and produce blemish free produce. In order to reduce the extensive reliance on pesticides, efficacy of biopesticides (Bacillus thuringiensis and Metarhizium anisopliae formulations, and neem extract), either alone and in combination (as an IPM package) against diamondback moth, common armyworm, cabbage webworm and striped flea beetle on Chinese mustard was assessed in three different provinces of Cambodia during 2015–2018. The bio-pesticides reduced the incidence of diamondback moth, common armyworm, cabbage webworm and the damage by striped flea beetle to the levels equivalent to chemical pesticide (abamectin) during trials in 2015 and 2016. Although the yield was significantly higher in bio-pesticide treated plots than untreated plots in 2015, the yield did not differ among the treatments in 2016 trials. Multi-location trials during 2016–2018 confirmed that the performance of the bio-based IPM package was on par with farmers’ practice of calendar-based pesticide application in reducing the damages by target pests, leading to significant yield gains. Hence, the bio-based IPM package can be a better alternative to chemical pesticides in managing the key insect pests on Chinese mustard in Cambodia.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by a hydrothermal process at 120 ∘C. XRD results reveal that the sample product is crystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite phase. TEM results confirm that the morphology of the annealed ZnO is rod shaped with an aspect ratio (length/diameter) of ∼3.2. We also investigate the crystallite development in nanostructured ZnO by X-ray peak broadening analysis. The individual contributions of small crystallite sizes and lattice strain to the peak broadening in as-prepared and annealed ZnO nanoparticles were studied using Williamson-Hall (W–H) analysis. All other relevant physical parameters including strain, stress and energy density value were calculated more precisely for all the reflection peaks of XRD corresponding to wurtzite hexagonal phase of ZnO lying in the range 20∘–65∘, from the modified form of W–H plot assuming the uniform deformation model (UDM), uniform stress deformation model (USDM) and uniform deformation energy density model (UDEDM). The root mean square (RMS) lattice strain 〈 e R M S 〉 calculated from the interplanar spacing and the strain estimated from USDM and UDEDM are different due to consideration of anisotropic crystal nature. The results obtained show that the mean particle size of ZnO nanoparticles estimated from TEM analysis, Scherer’s formula and W–H method are highly inter-correlated. All the physical parameters from W–H plot are tabulated, compared, and found to match well with the value of bulk ZnO.