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Background and aim Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known to be associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Age is factor associated with different clinical features of OSA. There is limited data on clinical differences of young DM patients with OSA versus older DM patients with OSA. This study aimed to find clinical differences of DM coexisting with OSA between young age group and older. Methods This is a retrospective, analytical study conducted at Srinagarind Hospital, Thailand. The inclusion criteria were adult patients diagnosed as DM with OSA. The study period was between January 2008 and December 2019. The diagnosis of OSA was made by presence of apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of ≥5 times/hour by polysomnography. Clinical predictors of OSA in young DM patients with age under 40 years were executed. Results There were 56 patients in the young diabetes mellitus group, while there were 137 patients in the older diabetes mellitus group. The mean (SD) age of diagnosis for diabetes mellitus of both groups were 31.61 (6.53) and 54.68 (7.62) years, respectively. There were three independent predictors for DM in the young: atrial fibrillation (AF), body mass index (BMI) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Presence of AF perfectly predicted DM with OSA in age over 40 years. The adjusted odds ratio for BMI and GFR were 1.29 (95% CI 1.05, 1.58) and 1.06 (1.01, 1.13). The BMI over 32 kg/m2 and GFR over 77 ml/min/m2 gave sensitivity of 80.00%. Conclusions Young DM patients with OSA had more severe OSA, were more obese, had better renal function, and had fewer AF than the older ones.

Eosinophilic meningitis (EOM) is an emerging infectious disease worldwide. The most common cause of EOM is infection withWe retrospectively retrieved reported cases of EOM from all provinces in Thailand and quantified them by month and year. Data were retrieved from Ministry of Public Health database. We developed a website application to explore the EOM cases in Thailand including regions and provinces using box plots. The website also provided the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models and Seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) models for predicting the disease cases from nation, region, and province levels. The suitable models were considered by minimum Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The appropriate SARIMA model was used to predict the number of EOM cases.From 2003 to 2021, 3330 EOM cases were diagnosed and registered in the national database, with a peak in 2003 (median of 22 cases). We determined SARIMA(1,1,2)(2,0,0)[12] to be the most appropriate model, as it yielded the fitted values that were closest to the actual data. A predictive surveillance website was published on http://202.28.75.8/sample-apps/NationalEOM/.We determined that web application can be used for monitoring and exploring the trend of EOM patients in Thailand. The predictive values matched the actual monthly numbers of EOM cases indicating a good fit of the predictive model.

Acute severe headache is the main presentation of eosinophilic meningitis (EOM) caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Oral corticosteroid treatment is effective in reduction of duration of headache but may be contraindicated in particular patients. This study investigated clinical features and clinical course of eosinophilic meningitis caused by A. cantonensis if left untreated. Additionally, factors associated with duration of headache were evaluated. We conducted a retrospective study between 1997 and 2019 at a university hospital in Thailand. The inclusion criteria were adult patients who were diagnosed with EOM, had a positive serological test for A. cantonensis, received only supportive treatment, and had the complete clinical course documented. Factors associated with duration of headache were executed by multivariate linear regression analysis. A total of 54 patients were used in the final analysis. Of those, 39 patients (79.2%) were male and the mean ± SD age of all patients was 33.7 ± 12.2. The mean ± SD duration of headache was 16.0 ± 12.4 days with the longest duration of 49 days. The only factor associated with duration of headache was gender (p = 0.036). The male gender had a coefficient of −8.4 (95% CI: −16.2, −0.6). The median duration of headache in male and female patients was 11 and 20 days, respectively. In conclusion, A. cantonensis eosinophilic meningitis can cause long lasting headache, and gender may be associated with duration of headache.

Motorcycles are the most common type of vehicle involved in traffic deaths in developing countries. Although helmets can provide protection against injury, there is limited evidence available regarding which type of helmet best protects against head and neck injuries in this setting. This review was conducted based on articles in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. We compared full-face helmets with other types of helmet with regard to head and neck injury prevention in road accidents involving motorcyclists. Of 702 studies, six were eligible with a total of 6,529 participants. When compared with partial and open helmets, the odds ratio of full-face helmets was 0.356 (95% CI of 0.280, 0.453) and 0.636 (95% CI of 0.453, 0.894), respectively, for reduction of head and neck injuries. In conclusion, full-face helmets reduced head and neck injuries in motorcycle accidents to a greater extent than other types of helmet. Policy makers should recommend that motorcyclists use full-face helmets.