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Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) directly utilizing Zn metal anode have been regarded as a promising candidate for the next generation commercial batteries featuring high safety, high theoretical capacity, and appealing chemical stability. However, narrow electrochemical stability windows of aqueous electrolytes, uncontrolled dendrite and limited reversibility still plague its practical applications. Herein, we present a strategy via engineering dilute aqueous Zn(OTf)2 solutions electrolytes with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) network, which substantially decreases the activity of water molecules, and simultaneously enables smooth Zn deposition with a (002) textured and a favorable ZnF2-rich SEI. As a result, symmetric cells with PEG-H2O system show record high cyclic performance (9000 h and 8000 h at current densities of 1 and 2 mA cm−2, respectively), superior interfacial stability and dendrite-free morphology after repeated plating/stripping. Additionally, Zn||70%PEG||V2O5 full batteries also deliver a remarkable energy density of 324.3 W h Kg−1 at a power density of 466.9 W Kg−1 and maintain 84.3% of the capacity over 500 cycles at a high current density of 15 A g−1. All these comprehensive results demonstrate that this electrolyte structural engineering can provide a promising direction for designing high reversibility, long-cycling life aqueous Zn metal batteries.

Internet addiction (IA) is associated with adverse consequences, especially for younger people. Evidence indicates that IA is associated with depression, but no studies have yet investigated potential common vulnerability between them.IA (measured by the Young's 20-item Internet Addiction Test Scale) and depressive symptoms (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Scale) among 12 043 undergraduates were surveyed at baseline and at a respective 12 month follow-up for each participant. Application of a cross-lagged panel model approach (CLPM) revealed an association between IA and depression after adjusting for demographic variables.Rates of baseline IA and depression were 5.47% (95% CI: 5.07%, 5.88%) and 3.85% (95% CI: 3.51%, 4.20%), respectively; increasing to 9.47% (95% CI: 8.94%, 9.99%) and 5.58% (95% CI: 5.17%,5.99%), respectively, at follow-up. Rates of new-incidences of IA and depression over 12 months were 7.43% (95% CI: 6.95%, 7.91%) and 4.47% (95% CI: 4.09%, 4.84%), respectively. Models in the present analysis revealed that baseline depression had a significant net-predictive effect on follow-up IA, and baseline IA had a significant net-predictive effect on follow-up depression.The follow-up survey response rate was moderate (54.69%) in this analysis of university students. Moreover, the IAT-20 scale did not allow differentiate between specific forms of Internet activity.Common vulnerability and bidirectional cross-causal effects may both contribute to the association between IA and depression, with common vulnerability likely playing a more significant role than cross-causal effects.

Electrochromic batteries (EBs) have been developed as a technical breakthrough to solve the energy issues of storage and saving. Multivalent-ions (Zn2+, Mg2+ and Al3+) have recently demonstrated attractive properties for EBs due to their multiple-electron redox nature. However, still now, reported multivalent-ion EBs are typically assembled with a small-area metallic anode and a large-area electrochromic cathode. Non-uniformity of coloration and unstable metal plating/stripping hinder the developments of these devices. Additionally, insufficient energy/power density of EBs is a huge technical challenge needed to be overcome. In this work, we demonstrated a new aqueous aluminum-ion electrochromic full battery (AIEFB) to overcome the challenges. Systematic studies of density functional theory calculation, molecular dynamics simulation, electrochemical analysis, and mechanical measurements were conducted to optimize electrode materials and electrolyte. A water-in-salt (WIS) Al(OTF)3 electrolyte and a new electrochromic material couple of anodic amorphous WO3 (a-WO3) and cathodic indium hexacyanoferrate (InHCF) were exploited for AIEFB. The AIEFB demonstrated advantages of a high average discharge potential (1.06 V), an attractive energy density of 62.8 mWh m−2 at a power density of 2433.8 mW m−2, a high transmittance modulation of 63% at 600 nm, and a distinct transparent-to-deep blue coloration during the Al-ion shuttling processes.

As a potential low-cost and high energy density energy storage technology, rechargeable Mg batteries (RMBs) have shown renaissance in the last decade, since the first realization of Mg electrochemical deposition nearly a century ago. Based on the Chervel phase Mo6S8 cathode, metal Mg anode, and organohaloaluminate electrolyte, the first RMB prototype was constructed, and more and more investigations are being committed to advance RMB system after that. In this review, we first overview the current status and challenges of Mg-ion techniques. Recent developments on critical components of RMBs, i.e., cathode and anode materials, are then analyzed systematically. Based on these understandings on the state-of-the-art RMBs, potential improving strategies are proposed to provide insights on future development of RMBs.

Summary With amazing progress in the state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated by laboratory-scale spin-coating methods, upscaling the PSCs via printing friendly techniques is becoming more and more important toward the future deployment of large-scale and stable perovskite modules. Here, we demonstrate the room-temperature meniscus coating of high-quality perovskite films incorporated with a multifunctional sulfobetaine-based zwitterionic surfactant. Systematic in situ studies uncover the perovskite crystallization pathway and emphasize the surfactant’s synergistic role in film construction, crystallization kinetics modulation, defect passivation, and moisture barrier protection. This strategy is applicable across perovskite compositions and device architectures with the enhanced power conversion efficiencies up to 22%. Upscaling the device area to 0.8 cm2 has negligible deterioration in the performance. This represents one of the highest records for the upscaling coated PSCs, not limited in room-temperature coated PSCs. In addition, this approach significantly improves the stability of perovskite films and devices under different aging conditions.

SummaryUnlike mRNA vaccines based only on the Spike protein, inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines should induce a diversified T cell response recognizing distinct structural proteins. Here we performed a comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells in healthy individuals following vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 or mRNA vaccines. Relative to Spike mRNA vaccination, inactivated vaccines elicited a lower magnitude of Spike-specific T cells, but the combined Membrane, Nucleoprotein and Spike-specific T cell response was quantitatively comparable to the sole Spike T cell response induced by mRNA vaccines, and they efficiently tolerate the mutations characterizing the Omicron lineage. However, this multi-protein specific T cell response was not mediated by a coordinated CD4 and CD8 T cell expansion but by selected priming of CD4 T cells. These findings can help in defining the role of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the efficacy of the different vaccines to control severe COVID-19 after Omicron infection.

Fluorescent carbon nanodots (CNDs) have exhibited attractive potential for biomedical applications due to their intriguing luminescent properties and good biocompatibility. One interesting properties of CNDs is that they typically show different emission colors upon optical excitation using different wavelengths. However, it is still a challenge to obtain emissions covering the entire visible spectrum with comparable intensity with only one type of CND. Herein, CNDs with tunable full-color luminescence is successful prepared by a solvothermal approach, show broad absorption (200–700 nm) and fluorescence emission (nearly cover the entire visible region: from 400 to 700 nm) with comparable fluorescence intensities. The oxidation (o-CNDs) and reduction (r-CNDs) of CNDs surface would lead to the shifting of photoluminescence band into blue/green and red-light region, respectively. Further spectroscopic analyses and structural characterizations of CNDs (pristine state), o-CNDs (oxidation state) and r-CNDs (reduction state) demonstrate that O-related defect states (C O) and N-related defect states (C N) on surface of CNDs should be responsible for blue/green and red fluorescence emissions, respectively. Moreover, the CNDs are found to be biocompatible, as verified by in vitro cells assay and in vivo histological analysis. In vivo fluorescence imaging assay demonstrates that CNDs can be excreted through intestine and bladder system. The tunable full-color emission, good biocompatibility and metabolism suggest that the CNDs are promising fluorescent probes for biomedical applications.

Unlike mRNA vaccines based only on the spike protein, inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines should induce a diversified T cell response recognizing distinct structural proteins. Here, we perform a comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in healthy individuals following vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 or mRNA vaccines. Relative to spike mRNA vaccination, inactivated vaccines elicit a lower magnitude of spike-specific T cells, but the combination of membrane, nucleoprotein, and spike-specific T cell response is quantitatively comparable with the sole spike T cell response induced by mRNA vaccine, and they efficiently tolerate the mutations characterizing the Omicron lineage. However, this multi-protein-specific T cell response is not mediated by a coordinated CD4 and CD8 T cell expansion but by selective priming of CD4 T cells. These findings can help in understanding the role of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the efficacy of the different vaccines to control severe COVID-19 after Omicron infection.

Diseases are often accompanied by abnormal expression of gaseous signaling molecules including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (Hsub2/subS). Sensing these gaseous markers is thus important for identification and investigation of pathological processes. In contrast to conventional approaches, such as electrochemical, chromatographical methods, etc., optical imaging shows merits including high sensitivity, good spatiotemporal resolution, and ideal selectivity. Especially, optical molecular probes with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties have good potential for bio-detection since they show maintained optical signals in the aggregated state. Recently, many AIE molecular probes have been developed for imaging disease-related gaseous signaling molecules. Generally, these probes recognize the analytes through turn-on or ratiometric approaches. This review summarizes the recent progress in organic probes with AIE properties for sensing gaseous markers and relative disease diagnosis applications. Based on the types of analytes, the probes are divided into three groups: NO, CO and Hsub2/subS sensors. Molecular designs and sensing mechanisms of these AIE probes are highlighted. Their gaseous signaling molecules detection applications at cellular and animal levels are presented. Finally, some existing problems and future promising development directions are discussed with the hope to inspire further developments of AIE probes for precise disease diagnosis.

Comparative study of fast focus mode (FFM) and slow focus mode (SFM) of INTI Plasma Focus device at 12 kV, based on Lee Model, are presented in this paper. Results of numerical experiments for D, Ne, and Ar gases at different pressure ranges show that as a rule-of-thumb, diameter-optimized SFM is considered to occur when fast plasma stream speed generated by pinch column is equal to the peak axial phase speed. SFM occurs at the high-pressure range of operation when beam ion energy is typically less than a few keV. Results of speed factor, fast ion beam energy, FPS energy, FIB damage factor, plasma footprint radius for FFM and SFM at different pressures of D, Ne, and Ar are presented. These results may be used to predict different applications of both modes: for example, the intense beam and flow energetics in FFM may be of interest in irradiation of surfaces for damage studies; whilst in SFM, the larger area of reduced intensity of plasma flow and very low energy per beam ion result in more uniform irradiation over a larger area of target. This larger more uniform area of irradiation has distinct advantages in nanophase material synthesis by diameter-optimized SFM.

Hierarchical ZnCo2O4 particles hosted by 3D graphene network were synthesized through a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis approach. The as-synthesized ZnCo2O4-graphene composites showed an outstanding overall electrochemical performance as an anode of lithium ion batteries with high specific capacity and excellent cycling stability, i.e., a reversible capacity of 1920 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1000 mA g−1 after 300 cycles. In particular, at an elevated current density of 4000 mA g−1, a high capacity of 1100 mAh g−1 could still be achieved, and it dropped by only 34% to 730 mAh g−1 after 2000 cycles. The synergistic roles of the hierarchically nanostructured ZnCo2O4 and highly-conductive 3D graphene networks in improving the specific capacity, rate performance, and cycling stability were discussed.

To tackle the issue of insufficient adhesion low wear resistance of diamond coated WC-Co inserts during machining Al-13 wt% Si alloy, nanocrystalline diamond films were deposited by HFCVD employing electrostatic self-assembly seeding strategy. The diamond film adhesion, wear resistance, tool lifetime and surface quality were extraordinary enhanced by increasing the diamond nucleation density via stabilizing the seeding solution by [2‑(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (TMAEMC). Due to the unprecedented high nucleation density of 1.2 × 1011 cm−2 on the tools, obtained with this stabilizing agent at pH 4, its flank wear after 90 min machining is at least 15 times lower than the commercially diamond coated insert and the diamond coating seeded without additive. The tool lifetime of the diamond film seeded with TMAEMC at pH 4 was at least 7 times higher than uncoated one and 4 times higher than the untreated one. A long tool lifetime with long phase of nearly constant low flank wear (46 μm till 150 min) was achieved at a diamond nucleation density higher than 1011 cm−2. Meanwhile, the surface roughness of the workpiece machined by optimized insert was 4 times lower than the untreated one. Therefore, the self-assembly seeding approach with the assistance of organic molecule represents a potent solution in order to achieve adherent and high wear resistant diamond coatings for industrial applications.

Excess PbI2 management is critical to the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, typical post treatment method remains the nature of instability induced by the photolysis of PbI2. Herein, by forming robust self-assembled supramolecules ([BMIM]PbI2X5 and [BMIM]PbX3) with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids ([BMIM]X), we report a novel “Ionic Liquid assisted Supramolecular Complex engineering” (ILaSC) approach to effectively modulate the unreacted PbI2. The formation process and mechanism of supramolecules are elucidated. With effective Pb interstitial defects passivation and tensile strain relaxation simultaneously, the ILaSC approach achieves significant enhancements in both PCE (from 21.9% to 23.5%) and device stability (retaining 95% of the initial PCE after 4080 h in ambient dry-air storage, and 80% after 1400 h continuous light illumination). The generality of the supramolecular complex engineering methodology in broader ionic salt systems is further demonstrated, representing a new direction towards highly stable and efficient PSCs.

Development of efficient agents for NIR-II fluorescence imaging (NIR-II FI) offers opportunities to facilitate NIR-II FI in biomedicine and life science. Although semiconducting polymers (SPs) are proved to be excellent candidates for NIR-II FI, their fluorescence quantum yields are generally low mainly because of the accelerated nonradiative decay by the vibrational overlap between the ground state and excited state due to the small energy gap of NIR-II SPs. We herein propose a side chain engineering of SPs for enhanced NIR-II FI and imaging-guided photothermal therapy (PTT). The fluorescence optimization is realized by tuning the conformation and bulk of side chains of SPs, which demonstrates that the bulky branched side chains remarkably contribute to the fluorescence enhancement relative to linear or short branched side chains. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation indicates that bulky branched side chain-attached SP (P3) has the largest dihedral angle between electron donor and acceptor units, which suggests the largest intramolecular steric hindrance that restricts the free rotation in the molecule, thus boosting the radiative decay to generate fluorescence. Water-dispersible nanoparticles with high tumor specificity fabricated from the optimal P3 are employed for in vivo applications, which show excellent NIR-II FI performance and PTT efficacy toward tumor. Our study therefore proposes a feasible molecular guideline to amplify the NIR-II brightness of SPs for improved phototheranostics.

Self-healing hydrogel systems usually suffer from poor mechanical performance stemmed from weaker and reversible non-covalent interactions or dynamic chemical bonds, which hamper their practical applications. This issue is addressed by adopting a double-crosslinking design via employing both dynamic Schiff base bonds and non-dynamic photo-induced crosslinking. This leads to the formation of a special topological structure which simultaneously provide good self-healing capability (healing efficiency of 73.5%) and good mechanical performance (good elastic recovery and tensile modulus of 157.4 kPa, close to modulus of native skin). The quaternary ammonium and protonated amino groups can provide superior antibacterial capability, while Schiff base formation between residual aldehyde groups and amino groups on tissue surface contribute to hydrogel’s good adhesion to tissues (5.9 kPa). Furthermore, the multifunctional hydrogel with desirable mechanical performance, self-healing capability, superior antibacterial capability and good tissue adhesion can significantly promote healing of infectious cutaneous wound, tissue remodeling and regeneration.

A water-soluble europium complex (EuL1), with the chromophore conjugated with both the Eu3+ ion and the aza-18-crown-6 ether moiety (receptor), were synthesized and its photophysical properties were studied. Saxitoxin (STX) selectively binds to EuL1 and induced a 4-fold enhancement in europium emission in the presence of a variety of metal ions. A mechanistic study indicated that the luminescence enhancement could be triggered by a two-interaction binding mechanism, in which the initial interaction between STX and the aza-18-crown-6 ether moiety of EuL1 induces the secondary interactions between STX and the Eu3+ ion, which resulted in displacement of the coordinated water molecule on Eu3+ ion.

There are few long-term studies on suicide in psychiatric settings in China. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long term suicide risk and its associated factors after the initial psychiatric assessment. Demographic and clinical data of adult subjects receiving psychiatric assessment between 1996 and 2000 in a district hospital in Hong Kong were retrieved from the hospital computer system. Data were matched with completed suicides before June 30 2015 as recorded by the Coroner's Office. From a total of 4078 subjects identified, there were 152 (3.7%) recorded suicides; one-fifth of suicides occurred within one year, and half within 5 years. Cox regression analysis revealed that the risk of suicide after the initial psychiatric assessment was positively associated with deliberate self-harm (Hazard ratio = 2.1; 95%CI = 1.5-3.0; p

Multiferroics have broad application prospects in various fields such as multi-layer ceramic capacitors and multifunctional devices owing to their high dielectric constants and coupled magnetic and ferroelectric properties at room temperature. In this study, cobalt ferrite (CFO)/barium calcium titanate (BCT) composite fibers are prepared from BCT and CFO sols by an electrospinning method, and are then oriented by magnetic fields and sintered at high temperatures. The effects of magnetic fields and CFO contents on the nanostructures and magnetoelectric properties of the composites are investigated. Strong coupling between magnetic and ferroelectric properties occurs in CFO/BCT composites with magnetic orientation. More interestingly, the dielectric constants of CFO/BCT composites with magnetic orientation are found to be enhanced (by ∼1.5–3.5 times) as compared with those of BCT and CFO/BCT without magnetic orientation. The boost of dielectric constants of magnetic-field orientated CFO/BCT is attributed to the magneto-electrical coupling between CFO and BCT, where the polar domains of BCT are pinned by the orientated CFO. Therefore, this work not only provides a novel and effective approach in enhancing the dielectric constants of ceramic ferroelectrics, which is of tremendous value for industrial applications, but also elucidates the interaction mechanisms between ferromagnetic phase and ferroelectric phase in multiferroic compounds., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • The BCT/CFO composite fibers are prepared by a facile synthesis route. • BCT/CFO with magnetic orientation treatment shows strong magneto-electrical coupling. • The dielectric constants of CFO/BCT are enhanced by magnetic orientation treatment. • The mechanisms of magneto-electrical coupling between CFO and BCT are elucidated.

This paper focuses on a tuning-less model predictive control (MPC) strategy with unbalanced fault-ride-through capability for a three-phase modular multilevel converter (MMC). Three individual control stages are designed to cater for the multiple control objectives in MMC without the need for any weighting factor tuning. A conceptually simple power regulation approach which requires neither synchronous coordinate transformation nor grid-voltage phase angle detection is introduced into the proposed MPC. Meanwhile, two alternatives are proposed to the power regulation stage to adapt to the special needs under unbalanced grid fault. Neither of the alternatives involves any tuning work. In addition, a modified sorting algorithm is presented to resolve the problem of unnecessary switching transitions, which is inherent in conventional sorting algorithm. The proposed tuning-less MPC is capable of direct active and reactive power control, circulating current minimization, submodule capacitor voltage balancing, switching frequency reduction, and great resilience under balanced and unbalanced grid conditions. The presented simulation results confirm the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control method.

We report two donor-acceptor type blue luminophores based on an azaryl-ketone derivative, phenyl(3-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)methanone (pBZ), as respectively emitter and host materials for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The two new compounds pBZ-TPA and pBZ-DPA having varying lengths of phenylene linkers are prepared through a facile synthetic method and systematically investigated with thermal, photophysical, electroluminescent, and theoretical studies. They exhibit obvious aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characters. The electron-deficiency pBZ and the electron-rich arylamine (triphenylamine or diphenylamine) respectively serve as electron acceptor and donor, rendering bipolar electronic properties. The two AIE luminophores (AIEgens) exhibit obvious charge transfer character evidenced by positive solvatochromic effect in their photoluminescence. It is also found that the (bi)phenylene π-linker attached in donor would tune the molecular conjugation and degree of charge transfer. The versatility of pBZ-TPA and pBZ-DPA is demonstrated in blue OLEDs as emitters and in red phosphorescent devices as hosts with decent performance and mild efficiency roll-offs.

The measured current wave shapes of PF1000 plasma focus discharged at 16 kV in deuterium in the pressure range 1.05–1.2 Torr are fitted to the computed current wave shapes using the Lee model code. Very good fit is achieved which suggests that the code is configured very well for the PF1000 for these shots. This is borne out by the computed neutron yield arising from each shot agreeing well with the measured yield. The computed average yield of 8 shots at 1.2 Torr is 1.78 × 109 neutrons per shot (n/sh) compared to the measured average yield of (1.75 ± 0.2) × 109 (n/sh). The computed average yield of 16 shots at 1.05 Torr is 2.33 × 109 (n/sh) compared also to the measured average of (2.29 ± 0.2) × 109 (n/sh). The conclusion is that the neutron production of the PF1000 is well estimated by the Lee Code simply by fitting the computed current wave shape to the measured current wave shape.

Three new anthracene-based emitters, 4-(10-(9,9′-spirobi[fluoren]-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)benzonitrile (SBF-AnCN), 4-(10-(9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)benzonitrile (DPF-AnCN) and 4-(10-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)benzonitrile (DMF-AnCN) are developed for deep blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Their photophysical properties, thermal properties, molecular configurations and device performances have been systematically investigated. As verified by crystallographic study, these anthracene derivatives possess highly twisted configuration, leading to deep-blue light emission by restraining π-conjugation extension. Furthermore, the difference in the molecular packing manner may influence the photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) in solid state and the proportion of singlet exciton harvested by triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) process. A nondoped device fabricated using DPF-AnCN as emitter exhibits a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.1% with insignificant efficiency roll-off (6.6%@1000 nit) and Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage (CIE) index of (0.149, 0.104), approaching the standard blue index of the National Television System Committee (NTSC) of (0.14, 0.08). It is demonstrated that TTA is responsible for the excellent electroluminescence (EL) performance. In comparison with doped OLEDs, transient EL decay measurements demonstrate that TTA process is more efficient in the nondoped device. This work would provide an efficient method for designing deep-blue nondoped EL materials.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have attracted more attention as successful light harvesting materials for solution-processed semiconductors and exhibit remarkable optoelectronic properties. Here photomultiplication-type photodetectors based on perovskite CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 are demonstrated. By introducing suitable interlayers at the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 /electrode interfaces, the performance of the photodetector is significantly improved. The optimized device with a N ,N′-di(naphthalene-1-yl)- N ,N′-diphenylbenzidine anode interface layer and [6,6]-phenyl-C 60 -butyric acidmethyl ester cathode interface layer shows a broadband response with a high photocurrent gain of about 177 and a high detectivity of 4.6 × 10 13 Jones, which are higher than the reference device. Besides, the response speed of the device is also increased. The improvement is attributed to the improved charge carrier collection efficiency and suppressed dark current of the device.

In this work, exciplex-based OLEDs (ExOLEDs) are fabricated with 1,1-bis((di-4-tolylamino)phenyl)cyclohexane (TAPC) as the donor and a series triazine derivatives, e.g., 2,4,6-tris(biphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (T2T), 2,4,6-tris(3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (3P-T2T), and 2,4,6-tris(m-(diphenylphosphinoyl)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (PO-T2T), as the acceptors. With different acceptors and mole ratios of donor:acceptor, the effects of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), charge carrier balance, and exciton lifetime on the EQE and efficiency roll-off are systematically investigated. It is found that the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the ExOLEDs is primary determined by the PLQY of the mixed donor:acceptor film and tuned in a certain extent by the charge carrier balance. Furthermore, the efficiency roll-offs of different ExOLEDs are all less than 20%, which are simultaneously determined by the photoluminescence (PL) lifetime and the charge carrier balance.

To increase the fluorescence quantum yield of hybrid local and charge-transfer (HLCT) material, we introduce a symmetric linear D- π -A- π -D structure into molecular design and synthesized a new blue emitter, 2,2'-(2′,3′,5′,6'-tetrafluoro-[1,1':4′,1″-terphenyl]-4,4″-diyl)bis(1-(4-( tert -butyl)phenyl)-1 H -phenanthro[9,10- d ]imidazole) ( 4FBTPI ). Organic light-emitting devices employing 4FBTPI as a dopant emitter show good performances, with CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Enclairage) coordinates of (0.15, 0.09), which is very close to NTSC blue light standard (0.14, 0.08), current efficiencies (CE) of 6.03 cd A −1 , external quantum efficiencies of 6.94%. This performance is comparable to those of recently reported state-of-the-art deep-blue materials with CIE y

In this work, damage results of four 12 mm × 12 mm × 5 mm PLANSEE double forged tungsten target samples exposed in INTI PF device at different distances from anode operating in the fast focus mode at 12 kV, 2.5 Torr deuterium are presented. SEM and EDX images and analysis show the extent of damage on the exposed tungsten surface. Micro-cracks up to 300 nm and 500 nm to 5 μm holes together with signs of melting are found on the tungsten exposed surfaces depending on their distances from the anode top. Current waveforms fitting using Lee Model Code show yields of 3 × 106 neutrons and 8.5 × 1014 ions per shot with average ion energy of 56 keV per ion at pinch exit, generating heat flux of 1.8 × 1014 Wm−2 and damage factor (also called heat flux factor) of 1.6 × 1010 Wm−2s0.5 on a target at pinch exit.