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In vitro flow-induced mechanical stimulation of developing bone tissue constructs has been shown to favor mineral deposition in scaffolds seeded with cells directly exposed to the fluid flow. However, the effect of fluid dynamic parameters, such as shear stress (SS), within 3D bioprinted constructs is still unclear. Thus, this study aimed at correlating the SS levels and the mineral deposition in 3D bioprinted constructs, evaluating the possible dampening effect of the hydrogel. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were embedded in 3D bioprinted porous structures made of alginate and gelatin. 3D bioprinted constructs were cultured in an osteogenic medium assessing the influence of different flow rates (0, 0.7 and 7 ml/min) on calcium and collagen deposition through histology, and bone volume (BV) through micro-computed tomography. Uniform distribution of calcium and collagen was observed in all groups. Nevertheless, BV significantly increased in perfused groups as compared to static control, ranging from 0.35±0.28 mm

In this work, a generalized unsteady magnetohydrodynamic transport of a rate type fluid near an unbounded upright plate is analyzed under Newtonian heating and non-uniform velocity conditions. The vertical plate is suspended in a porous medium and is encountering the radiation effects. Three different fractional models for Maxwell fluid are established by using the modern definitions of Atangana–Baleanu, Caputo–Fabrizio, and Caputo fractional operators. Triple fractional analysis is conducted to reach out to the solutions of consequent flow and energy equations. Laplace transform and Stehfest’s numerical algorithm are jointly applied to solve each fractional model. Shear stress and heat transfer rate are measured at the solid–fluid interface in the form of skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number respectively. The physical significance of associated parameters in velocity and energy boundary layers is investigated and graphs are provided to discuss the relevant physical arguments. A tabular analysis is performed to demonstrate the influence of physical parameters on shear stress and heat transfer rate. An empirical comparison between fractional and classical solutions indicates that fractional operators provide a better explanation of the physical features of the model. It is also analyzed that for Newtonian heating and non-uniform velocity conditions, the Atangana–Baleanu fractional operator is the finest fractional model to describe the memory effect of velocity and energy distribution. The velocity of a Maxwell fluid is always higher for constant velocity condition as compared to the ramped velocity condition. Furthermore, the heat transfer rate declines for increasing values of the fractional parameter α and a minimum value is witnessed for the classical model but, it follows an inverse trend when the radiation parameter R d increases.

Previous experimental and computational results have confirmed that the thermal conductivity of a two-dimensional (2D) material can be considerably affected by strain. Numerous attention has been paid to explore the relevant mechanisms. However, the strain effects on the interfacial thermal conductance (ITC) of 2D heterostructure have attracted little attention. Herein, the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations were conducted to the graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (GR/h-BN) heterostructure to investigate the strain effects on the ITC. Three types of strains were considered, i.e., tensile strain, compressive strain, and shear strain. The results indicate that the strain can adjust the ITC for the GR/h-BN heterostructure effectively, and the strain loading direction also influences the ITC. Generally, the tensile strain reduces the ITC of the heterostructure, in addition to the BN-C system at small tensile strain; both the compressive strain and shear strain increase the ITC, especially at a small strain. For the NB-C system, it is more sensitive to the strain loading direction and the yx shear strain of 0.06 is the most effective way to strengthen the ITC. Our results also show that the out-of-plane deformation weakens the in-plane vibration of atoms, leading to a reduction of the interfacial thermal energy transport.

YAG (Y3Al5O12) transparent ceramics have attractive application prospects for transparent armor protection modules because of their excellent light transmittance and anti-ballistic capability. Understanding the fracture behavior and damage mechanism of YAG is necessary for armor design. To explore the damage characteristics of YAG under compression and tension, shock compression and shockless spalling experiments with soft recovery technique are conducted. The spall strength of YAG is obtained and the recovered samples are observed by CT and SEM. It is shown that the macroscopic damage characteristic of YAG under compression is vertical split cracks with oblique fine cracks distributed in the entire sample, while that under tension is horizontal transgranular cracks concentrated near the main spall surface. The cracks generated by macroscopic compression, tension and shear stress extend in similar tensile form at the microscale. The proportion of transgranular fractures on spall surfaces is higher than that of cracks induced by macroscopic compression. Meanwhile, higher loading rate and longer loading duration increase the transgranular fracture percentage.

Tectonism often plays an important role in the mineralization process, which is generally thought to be the main controlling factor in the accumulation of economic materials (e.g., gold, coal, oil and gas) through deformation. However, numerous experimental and theoretical studies have suggested that tectonic stress not only causes deformation (physical changes) in rocks and minerals but also promotes their chemical changes by acting directly on chemical bonds and causing bond scission or regeneration, called tectonic stress chemistry (TSC). In recent years, TSC actions caused by tectonic activities have provided new ideas and evidence for explaining the chemical structural evolution of coal, hydrocarbon formation, organic (coal-derived) and inorganic graphitization and hydrothermal mineralization under shear stress. These background studies have provided incentives and insights into how tectonic stress affects the chemical structures of minerals, rocks and even ore-forming fluids in the process of mineralization. In this paper, we briefly review: (1) the concept of TSC; (2) the TSC process in the formation of shear zone type gold deposits from stress concentration, brittle fracturing, sudden reduction of fluid pressure, and flash vaporization to gold precipitation; (3) mechanisms of the macromolecular structural evolution of coal and gas generation under shear stress from deformation experiments and molecular dynamic simulations; (4) coal-derived graphitization caused by preferred orientation and extension of the basic structural units (BSUs) under shear stress; and (5) some preliminary experimental explorations on inorganic graphitization in carbonate-hosted shear zones. In addition, some existing problems and possible solutions for these processes are also discussed. Finally, we propose additional potential TSC processes in extensive geological processes, e.g., the relationship between deformation and metamorphism and trigger mechanisms of slow-slip earthquakes. To further explore these processes, a combination of experiments and molecular dynamic simulations should be undertaken by researchers.

Tungsten as a material exhibits broad and increasingly important applications; however, the characterization of its ductile-to-brittle transition (BDT) is currently limited to large-scale scenarios and destructive testing. In this study, we overcome this challenge by implementing small-scale techniques to provide a comprehensive understanding of the BDT behavior of pure tungsten. In order to predict the failure mode at various temperature ranges, the practical fracture analysis diagram has been proposed to describe the resistance to shear flow and cracking behavior with temperature. High temperature nano-indentation tests have provided the inherent mechanical responses corresponding to the maximum shear stress at various temperatures, which is required for dislocation activities in an atomic scaled activation volume. On one hand, atomistic simulations have provided the temperature dependence of brittle fracture stress, where the atomic bonds break due to intergranular or intragranular fracture. We considered four tungsten specimens having various microstructures prepared using different processing conditions of cold-rolling and post-annealing, and their BDT ranges were inferred using the obtained fracture analysis diagram with the statistical data processing. The fracture analysis diagram of each specimen obtained were compared with the direct observation of fracture responses in macroscopic mechanical tests, which conclusively indicated that the small-scale inherent mechanical properties are greatly relevant to the macroscopic BDT behavior in pure tungsten. Based on the BDT estimations by small-scale characterization, we provided further insights into the factors affecting the BDT behavior of tungsten, focusing on the contributions of different types of dislocations.

A learning-based approach for solving wall shear stresses from Shear-Sensitive Liquid Crystal Coating (SSLCC) color images is presented in this paper. The approach is able to learn and establish the mapping relationship between the SSLCC color-change responses in different observation directions and the shear stress vectors, and then uses the mapping relationship to solve wall shear stress vectors from SSLCC color images. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can solve wall shear stress vectors using two or more SSLCC images, and even using only one image for symmetrical flow field. The accuracy of the approach using four or more observations is found to be comparable to that of the traditional multi-view Gauss curve fitting approach; the accuracy is slightly reduced when using two or fewer observations. The computational efficiency is significantly improved when compared with the traditional Gauss curve fitting approach, and the wall shear stress vectors can be solved in nearly real time. The learning-based approach has no strict requirements on illumination direction and observation directions and is therefore more flexible to use in practical wind tunnel measurement when compared with traditional liquid crystal-based methods.

This study aims to characterise the interface creep behaviour between geomembrane and geotextile (i.e. GM-GT) in the liner system. Two types of GM (i.e. smooth SGM and textured TGM) and two types of GT (i.e. nonwoven NWGT and woven WGT) were investigated using the conventional direct shear apparatus for four combinations of GM-GT. The interface friction angles ( φ i n ) between GM-GT were firstly determined at the normal stresses ( σ n ) of 25, 50, 100 and 200 kPa. The results show that TGM-NWGT has a much larger φ i n (23.9°) than the other three combinations which ranged from 9.5° to 11.1°. Subsequently, creep tests were conducted at three shear stress ( τ ) levels (i.e., 30, 50 and 70% of the peak stress ( τ p ) under each normal stress). The creep test results of the four combinations were analysed and a power equation of time was used to estimate creep displacement ( δ c p ) . The coefficients A and B in the power equation were found to be functions of Young's modulus of the composite material ( E c ), time, σ n , τ , τ p , and φ i n . The tertiary creep stage was not observed in the test and it is recommended that longer duration GM-GT interface creep tests should be conducted for in-depth understanding of the interface creep mechanism.

In the current century, hybrid nanofluids are considered one of the modified forms of heat transferring fluids because of their advanced thermal characteristics. The main motive of this article is the formulation of two different fractional models to explain flow patterns and thermal behavior of sodium alginate (NaAlg/SA) based hybrid nanofluid. The improvement in the thermal performance of NaAlg due to the addition of molybdenum-disulfide ( MoS 2 ) and cobalt (Co) nanoparticles is also analyzed. The ramped motion of an unbounded inclined plate leads to execute the flow of hybrid nanofluid through a porous material. The considered hybrid nanofluid also encounters magnetic effects. The heat transfer process starts due to the application of the ramped heating condition at the inclined boundary and thermal radiation, shape factor of nanoparticles, and heat injection/suction also affect this process. The mathematical modeling of the considered problem is carried out and two different fractional models are developed through Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) and Atangana-Baleanu (AB) fractional derivatives. Using the powerful Laplace transform technique, double mathematical and fractional analysis is performed to establish the analytic solutions. To clearly understand the heat transfer mechanism and behavior of shear stress, numerical simulations are performed for temperature and velocity gradients at the boundary. For a comprehensive physical investigation, several graphs and tables are furnished to evaluate the role of involved thermal and physical parameters in developing the flow patterns and temperature field. This study concludes that even dispersion of Co and MoS 2 nanoparticles in NaAlg enhances the heat transfer rate of host fluid up to 21%. Comparative analysis suggests that AB fractional derivative is more adequate to describe the flow patterns and temperature field. Furthermore, maximum values of Nusselt number are observed when both nanoparticles are considered of blade shape.

In vivo studies on association between wall shear stress (WSS) and intracranial plaque are deficient. Based on the three-dimensional T1-weighted high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (3DT1 HR-MRI) data of patients with low-grade stenotic (

Wall shear stress (WSS), the spatial gradient of flow velocity at luminal surface, has been employed for aneurysmal hemodynamic analysis, but it is sensitive to surface irregularities and noise. We devised a volumetric approach to evaluate discriminant power of intra-dome flow velocity distribution and modal analysis in rupture status determination compared with previously described WSS analysis.Catheter three-dimensional rotational angiographic datasets matched for volume were segmented in 20 sidewall aneurysms (10 ruptured), computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed, and velocity distributions were extracted from mesh-independent isometric sampling followed by moment analysis (mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis). Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to evaluate discriminant performance of velocity moments. Sensitivity of velocity moments and WSS was evaluated to bleb presence and surface irregularity using digital bleb removal and surface noise addition.Velocity moments of ruptured aneurysms showed higher skewness (2.45 ± 0.57 vs. 1.36 ± 0.82, P = 0.003) and kurtosis (11.83 ± 4.77 vs. 6.05 ± 4.65, P = 0.01) with lower mean (0.019 ± 0.01 vs. 0.038 ± 0.02, P = 0.03) compared with unruptured lesions; in multivariate modeling, skewness alone emerged as best predictor (area under the curve = 0.88). Bleb removal increased low WSS by 548%, and surface noise decreased it by 85.8% while having a smaller (7%) effect on velocity skewness and kurtosis.High aneurysm dome flow velocity skewness and kurtosis suggest an exponential distribution in ruptured lesions, with high peaks at low velocities, consistent with areas of slow flow. In contrast to WSS-based techniques, this approach is robust against surface variations, with promising improved rupture status discriminant performance that requires further validation in expanded future studies.

Deformation behavior of a FeCrNi medium entropy alloy (MEA) prepared by powder metallurgy (P/M) method was investigated over a wide range of strain rates. The FeCrNi MEA exhibits high strain-hardening ability, which can be attributed to the multiple deformation mechanisms, including dislocation slip, deformation induced stacking fault and mechanical twinning. The shear localization behavior of the FeCrNi MEA was also analyzed by dynamically loading hat-shaped specimens, and the distinct adiabatic shear band cannot be observed until the shear strain reaches ~14.5. The microstructures within and outside the shear band exhibit different characteristics: the grains near the shear band are severely elongated and significantly refined by dislocation slip and twinning; inside the shear band, the initial coarse grains completely disappear, and transform into recrystallized ultrafine equiaxed grains by the classical rotational dynamic recrystallization mechanism. Moreover, microvoids preferentially nucleate in the central areas of the shear band where the temperature is very high and the shear stress is highly concentrated. These microvoids will coalesce into microcracks with the increase of strain, which eventually leads to the fracture of the shear band.

Hypothesis Flow curve measurement is commonly used to characterize the flow behavior of concentrated suspensions. However, dynamic changes in the suspension inner microstructures under highly sheared conditions have not been correctly understood even though they strongly affect the measured shear stress. We hypothesize that the real particle dynamics during shearing could be effectively revealed by a systematic investigation that combines macroscopic flow curve measurements with operando microstructural observation employing an optical coherent tomography (OCT) apparatus and surface interaction measurements with the colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (AFM) method. Experiments The model system was spherical SiO2/toluene suspensions stabilized by polyethyleneimine (PEI) partially complexed with different fatty acids. Inner structures of the suspensions during flow curve measurements were observed by the OCT technique. The surface-surface interactions in toluene were analyzed using the colloidal probe AFM method. Findings Operando OCT observations revealed that during flow curve measurements, the suspensions can have completely different microscopic flow modes depending on the fatty acid species complexed to PEI and the solid concentrations. These microscopic flow modes could not be recognized using the typical flow curve measurements alone. The different flow modes can be explained by surface interactions measured by the colloidal probe AFM method.

INTROUCTION Hemodynamic effects on the retrograde visceral reconstruction (RVR) for TAAA treatment by anastomotic angle remains unclear. This study aims to qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the effects of different anastomotic angles on hemodynamics and patency. METHODS Three RVR models with 45-degree, 60-degree and 90-degree anastomotic angles were reconstructed respectively by manipulating apostoperative patient-specific model. The manipulated models of the RVRs were numerically simulated and analyzed in terms of hemodynamics including theinstant and cumulative patency, flow pattern and indicators based on wall shear stress (WSS). RESULTS Although a smaller anastomotic angle may decrease the patency rate of common iliac arteries, it can improve the visceral perfusion during a cardiac cycle. More importantly, RVR with the smallest anastomotic angle experienced a minimal low time-averaged wall shear stress(TAWSS), high oscillatory shear index(OSI) and relative residence time(RRT) in the anastomosis region, whereas the largest anastomotic angle can introduce more unfavorable WSS in the graft trunk. Furthermore, a spiral flow pattern was observed in the proximal graft trunk of all three models, where no high-risk shear distribution was detected in this region. CONCLUSION A smaller anastomotic angle may have more benefits of hemodynamic environment in RVR, especially the wall shear stress (WSS) distribution and flow pattern in the graft trunk. We may also suggest that additional stents or an extended cuff for the graft can be used to induce spiral flow intentionally, which can further improve local hemodynamic environment and long-term prognosis.

This study performed a bridge pier collar comparison for the purpose of reducing scour, while introducing a new collar design. The new collar, referred to as Collar Prototype Number 3, was designed based on an equilibrium scour hole and provides a method of controlling the horseshoe vortex. Numerical modelling was utilized to show the flow field and bed shear stress as a result of using Collar Prototype Number 3. A prototype model of Collar Prototype Number 3 and a flat plate collar were constructed for the purpose of comparing both experimentally under different flow conditions. Collar Prototype Number 3 proved to be an effective device as it reduced scour in terms of the maximum depth downstream of the pier and overall volume, in some instances, by up to 69.7% and 75.7%, respectively. Furthermore, Collar Prototype Number 3 outperformed the flat plate collar, especially because, unlike the flat plate collar, Collar Prototype Number 3 did not experience undermining.

Addendum variation effects on the Short Carbon Fiber (SCF) reinforced Polyamide66 (PA66) composite spur gear. By using percentage variations of 00,10,20,30,40,50,60 by weight of SCF in PA66. The addendum variation coefficients are considered in steps from a lower negative value to a higher positive value. The lower limit value is called an undercutting limit, and the higher value is called a peaking limit. Different addendum variation values of −0.4, −0.2, 0, +0.2 and + 0.4 mm and different percentage of SCF in PA 66. The performance parameters of spur gears like total deformation, Von-Mises, maximum principle, shear stress, and factor of safety are evaluated by using FEM analysis. The results show that when the addendum decreases, Von-Mises, maximum principal stress decrease, and total deformation, Shear stress, FOS increases. When the addendum increases, Von-Mises, shear stress, FOS decreases, and total deformation, maximum principal stress increases. Maximum principal stresses at the gear root on the tensile side were used to assess the bending strength of the gear. High deformation causes high shear stresses and is useful for the selection of gear material of particular applications. Based on the analysis results, Von-Mises stress and cyclic loading were instrumental in predicting deformation and gear failure.

The effect of a catheter on blood flow and heat transfer characteristics of a Carreau fluid model is investigated mathematically using the perturbation method involving appropriate small parameters. Physically, this study relates to the surgical technique when a catheter is injected eccentrically into an artery. The model describes fluid flowing in the gap between eccentric tubes where the inner tube is uniform and rigid representing the moving catheter while the other tube represents an artery with overlapping stenosis. A complete perturbation solution up to the first order is presented whereby a validation exercise carried out shows that previously published solutions involving Newtonian fluids may have some typographical errors. The present results obtained show that the axial velocity, wall shear stress, and temperature in the case of the eccentric catheter are higher than that of the concentric catheter. The average Nusselt number is enhanced with increasing catheter radius and the velocity of the catheter while it decreases with increased Weissenberg number, Prandtl number, and Eckert number. These results agree with physiological observations that the risks and complications associated with catheterization are alleviated when the eccentric position of the catheter is considered.

This paper investigates the accuracy of different design equations given in design specifications and literatures in determining the block shear strength of the lean duplex stainless steel fillet welded connections with base metal fracture. It points out the problem inherent in the block shear provision specified in the North American cold-formed design specification, which does not consider shear strain hardening. The previous test results have found that full shear strain hardening can be assumed for the carbon steel and ferritic stainless steel welded connections, but not applicable to the thin-walled lean duplex stainless steel welded connections with a higher ratio of the tensile strength to yield stress. Based on the results of finite element analysis including ductile damage simulation, this study reveals that the block shear strength of the lean duplex stainless steel specimens can be determined accurately using the mean between the shear yield stress and the shear ultimate stress. This paper also investigates the effect of stress triaxiality incorporated in the block shear equations found in the literature through comparative analysis with the bolted connection. The effect is shown to be negligible for the thin-walled lean duplex stainless steel welded connection, although higher stress triaxiality is developed in welded connection than in bolted connection. This paper recommends a block shear equation assuming the normal tensile stress in the net area in conjunction with partial shear strain hardening. The recommended equation was found to be more accurate than other equations for determining the block shear strength of the thin-walled lean duplex stainless steel welded connections.

In this study the glass fiber is reinforced in Iso-polyester, Epoxy & vinyl ester resin with different percent fiber and resin combination. The composites were prepared with the hand lay-up technique followed by compression. After preparing specimens as per ASTM standard these specimens are tested on the computerized universal testing machine for flexural strength and inter-laminar shear stress (ILSS). The experimental data is used to compare and find the best percentage combination of resin and fiber for different applications of composite.

Keeping in view of the complex fluid mechanics in bio-medicine and engineering, the Burgers’ fluid with a fractional derivatives model analyzed through a rotating annulus. The governing partial differential equation solved for velocity field and shear stress by using integral transformation method and using Bessel equations. The transformed equation inverted numerically by using Gaver-Stehfest’s algorithm. The approximate analytical solution for rotational velocity, and shear stress are presented. The influence of various parameters like fractional parameters, relaxation and retardation time parameters material constants, time and viscosity parameters are drawn numerically. It is found that the relaxation time and time helps the flow pattern, on the other hand other material constants resist the fluid rotation. Fractional parameters effect on fluid flow is opposite to each other. Finally, to check the validity of the solution there are comparisons for velocity field and shear stress for obtained results with an other numerical algorithm named Tzou’s algorithm.

Martensitic stainless steels (MSS) are often used to manufacture fasteners such as bolts that are used to secure critical components operating at high temperature environments. Particularly, it is often observed that AISI 431 MSS bolts fractured by shear when force is applied to untighten it during maintenance. This experimental study aims to investigate the shear strength and hardness of AISI 431 MSS after subjected to high temperature heating and deduce the failure mechanism of the material when shear load is applied. Double shear test and hardness test were conducted on numerous AISI 431 MSS rod samples after subjected to heating that ranged from room temperature (RT) to 900 °C while fracture morphology was studied by means of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). Results showed that shear strength after heating was almost consistent with little changes up to 500 °C followed by a slight degradation of strength between 500 °C and 700 °C. As for the heating above 700 °C, a significant increase in strength was observed. Adding on, the notable decrease of hardness between 500 °C and 700 °C suggested that this is the tempering temperature region where ductility is enhanced. Fracture morphology showed that failure is contributed by a mixed mode of brittle and ductile failure with ductile failure by dimple rupture being the final failure mechanism.

This paper presents the results of hydrodynamic performance and wake assessment for a horizontal axis tidal current turbine. The three-dimensional instantaneous flow field is resolved utilizing the Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) turbulence model and polyhedral mesh. The rotor rotation is simulated by employing the sliding mesh approach. The simulation results using turbulence model of k-ω Shear Stress Transport are also presented for comparison. The simulated thrust and power coefficients and wake characteristics are validated against published experimental results. It is shown that the performance and wake velocity predicted by IDDES are closer to the experimental values than those predicted by k-ω Shear Stress Transport model. In determining the pressure coefficient, only IDDES captures the time-varying fluctuations pertaining to blade generated turbulence. The oscillations in phase-averaged performance coefficients are substantially larger for IDDES because the inflow turbulence in this model is more realistically resolved using Synthetic Eddy Method. The IDDES predicts more detailed vortex structures which has impact on accurate determination of blade pressure distribution and also energy dissipation rate and downstream flow field. It is demonstrated that the IDDES model is capable to satisfactorily simulate the hydrodynamics of a horizontal axis tidal current turbine.

The particle-laden turbulent flow over a two-dimensional dune bathymetry is studied by means of Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The 4-way coupling regime for particle–particle and particle-flow interactions is applied and an appropriate empirical formula is used to estimate the bedload transport. The flow conditions correspond to river flow in laboratory scale at a Reynolds number equal to 17 , 500 with respect to the maximum water depth and bulk velocity. The dune-shaped bed is introduced within a Cartesian grid by means of the Immersed Boundary Method. A particle cloud consisting of spherical particles is released within the carrier fluid under the influence of the Stokes drag and gravity forces. Three different types of particles are examined: acrylic, glass and steel particles. The particle volume fraction is significant and a hard-sphere model is deployed to account for particle–particle collisions in a 4-way coupling regime. Closure parameters for the collision model have been adopted for each type of the examined particles, based on experimental works in literature. Results focus on the effect of the particle inertia on their kinematics, the velocity field and the shear stress along the dune bed which modifies bedload transport. Using the numerical simulations presented, it can be observed that when larger particle-to-fluid density ratios were examined, larger slip velocities between the fluid and particle phases were recorded.

Epicyclic gears also known as Planetary Gears is a system which consists of planet gears, a sun gear, and a ring gear. The Sun gear is mounted and rotated about the centre and meshed with planet gears which are connected with the help of a carrier. These planet gears are meshed with ring gear. This type of gear has a wide range of application in wrist watches, automobiles, and hoist. This paper focus on epicyclic gear In Wind Turbine. Necessary calculation for design is done and the Gear System is modelled in Solidworks. Analysis of the gear system carried out through Ansys. Simulation for total deformation, von-Mises stress, Shear stress for two cases for two different materials. Finally results were concluded on the best material.

A drag-type, vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine, partially embedded in a relatively shallow channel streambank, has been introduced to mitigate side wall erosion while producing energy [1,2]. The turbine is deployed at river mid-depth to minimize the interaction with erodible bed and biota, floating debris, ice and logs, and it operates at low tip speed ratio, which is relatively safe for fish. To quantify the turbine performance and wake characteristics and to improve its design, we conduct high fidelity large-eddy simulations (LES) in an open channel flow under different operating conditions and blade geometry. The complex turbine geometry, including the rotor and housing structure, are captured by the immersed boundary method, while the coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid method is used to compute the free surface. The resulting power coefficients at different tip speed ratios are compared against results obtained in a reduced scale prototype experiment, carried out at the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, for validation. Quantifying the near wake flow structures generated by the turbine and their contribution to the side wall shear stresses, responsible for potential streambank erosion, has become a critical design component. Blade geometry is indeed improved through multiple iterations using the reduced shear stress at the stream bank and the increased power coefficient as a combined metric in our co-design strategy. We believe such a procedure is essential to pursue diffused renewable energy extraction with positive environmental impacts.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of wall shear stress (WSS) as a predictor of ascending aorta (AAo) growth at 5 years or greater follow-up.Aortic 4-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can quantify regions exposed to high WSS, a known stimulus for arterial wall dysfunction. However, its association with longitudinal changes in aortic dilation in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is unknown.This retrospective study identified 72 patients with BAV (age 45 ± 12 years) who underwent CMR for surveillance of aortic dilation at baseline and ≥5 years of follow-up. Four-dimensional flow CMR analysis included the calculation of WSS heat maps to compare regional WSS in individual patients with population averages of healthy age- and sex-matched subjects (database of 136 controls). The relative areas of the AAo and aorta (in %) exposed to elevated WSS (outside the 95% CI of healthy population averages) were quantified.At a median follow-up duration of 6.0 years, the mean AAo growth rate was 0.24 ± 0.20 mm/y. The fraction of the AAo exposed to elevated WSS at baseline was increased for patients with higher growth rates (0.24 mm/y, n = 32) compared with those with growth rates 0.24 mm/y (19.9% [IQR: 10.2%-25.5%] vs 5.7% [IQR: 1.5%-21.3%]; P = 0.008). Larger areas of elevated WSS in the AAo and entire aorta were associated with higher rates of AAo dilation0.24 mm/y (odds ratio: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.05-2.17; P = 0.026 and odds ratio: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.01-3.15; P = 0.046, respectively).The area of elevated AAo WSS as assessed by 4-dimensional flow CMR identified BAV patients with higher rates of aortic dilation and thus might determine which patients require closer follow-up.

Wind power is the most successful forerunners of technological breakthroughs that could result in more efficient energy output. Because of the rapid advancement in the energy sector, there is a growing need to increase the energy efficiency and lifetime of wind turbines. As a result, a detailed understanding of the activity of wind turbines under different load conditions is important. This paper investigates the performance of composite material of four different types. ANSYS Workbench is used to perform a detailed study of a typical wind turbine blade. The composite materials are tested for Total deformation, Equivalent Von-Mises stress, Maximum shear stress and strain energy and result values are noted.

A novel Crank–Nicolson based L 1 -algorithm is introduced to investigate two-dimensional boundary layer flow and heat transfer of fractional Maxwell fluid with constant heating. The governing equations are constructed using the fractional shear stress and the Cattaneo heat flux model. Time fractional derivatives are evaluated by introducing Caputo fractional derivative. The effects of the involved parameter on momentum and thermal boundary layer are scrutinized numerically to disclose the behavior of surface tension and heat transfer efficiency, and the results are illustrated graphically. The results showed the velocity boundary layer thickness increases at the maximum value of the time relaxation parameter. Moreover, a demotion in thermal boundary layer is found for increased Prandtl number.

In this paper, the study of analysis of spur gears and design principles maximum shear stress theory used for analytical calculation and in simulation analysis von mises theory is used in FUSION 360. The study static structural analysis of metal, non-metal polymer gears is mainly focused on the analysis of stress, strain, and pressure at the contact of teeth and factor of safety. Analyzing the stress, strain, pressure at the contact of teeth and factor of safety of metal and non-polymer-metal gears by using the material ductile cast iron and Nylon when both metal gears were in contact, both polymer gears were in contact and finally Metal and polymer gear in mesh with each other. Comparing the analytical results which were calculated from MSST (Tresca’s theory) and analyzing the all-mechanical properties of analytical results from von mises design theory which is used in Fusion 360 Simulation software. Comparing all the simulated results with different loading conditions when metal, polymer, and non-metal gears were in contact.

Knotless polyethylene (PE) netting is widely used in fisheries because of its excellent hydrodynamic performance and low cost. Netting deformation and the surrounding flow field distribution play an important role in determining the hydrodynamic characteristics of netting in moving water. In order to investigate the effect of solidity ratio and attack angle on drag, netting deformation, and flow field distribution through the netting, a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model based on a one-way coupling combining the shear stress turbulent (SST) k-omega model and the large deformation nonlinear structural finite element model was evaluated. Our results showed the difference between the parallel and normal drag forces found in the present numerical model and experimental flume tank data were 9.17% and 11.58%, respectively. The mean relative error in the inclined hydrodynamic drag for different flow velocities and attack angles was 8.35%, 6.69%, and 5.37% for the nettings 1, 2, and 3, respectively. These results show that the present numerical simulation based on FSI one-way coupling can be used to examine hydrodynamic forces on netting. The flow simulation results show that there is a noticeable flow velocity decrease through the netting and a rather large velocity reduction region downstream from the netting for different attack angles. These results reveal the existence of turbulent flow due to the netting wake. It was found that the equivalent stress and total deformation increase as the flow velocity increases and solidity ratio decreases.

This study sought to assess the predictive value of wall shear stress (WSS) for colocalized ascending aorta (AAo) growth rate (GR) in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV).BAV is associated with AAo dilation, but there is limited knowledge about possible predictors of aortic dilation in patients with BAV. An increased WSS has been related to aortic wall damage in patients with BAV, but no previous prospective study tested its predictive value for dilation rate. Recently, a registration-based technique for the semiautomatic mapping of aortic GR has been presented and validated.Forty-seven patients with BAV free from valvular dysfunction prospectively underwent 4-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance to compute WSS and subsequent follow-up with 2 electrocardiogram-gated high-resolution contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiograms for GR assessment.During a median follow-up duration of 43 months, mid AAo GR was 0.24 mm/year. WSS and its circumferential component showed statistically significant association with mid AAo GR in bivariate (P = 0.049 and P = 0.014, respectively) and in multivariate analysis corrected for stroke volume and either baseline AAo diameter (P = 0.046 and P = 0.014, respectively) or z-score (P = 0.036 and P = 0.012, respectively). GR mapping further detailed that GR was heterogeneous in the AAo and that circumferential WSS, but not WSS magnitude, showed statistically significant positive associations with GR in the regions with the fastest growth.4D flow cardiac magnetic resonance-derived WSS and, in particular, its circumferential component predict progressive dilation of the ascending aorta in patients with BAV. Thus, the assessment of WSS may be considered in the follow-up of these patients.

A cohesive interface model based on a master curve is proposed for the analysis of delamination in paperboard under various loading, unloading, and reloading conditions. The model is thermodynamically consistent and considers the effects of elasticity, plasticity, and damage. The proposed model is verified by comparing its predictions with experimental data obtained from multiple loading–unloading–reloading cycle experiments using a split double cantilever beam specimen. The results show that the model can predict the cyclic behavior of shear loading and provide insight into the damage evolution associated with different loading paths by analyzing the shear stress distribution in the fracture process zone. The model’s calibration process requires monotonic normal and shear loading data but only cyclic normal loading data. Additionally, the model accounts for the paperboard’s fiber–fiber friction and normal dilatation due to shear loading. In total, nine parameters are needed to calibrate the mode.

In the UHPC-steel composite bridge deck, the thickness of UHPC layer is usually only 40–50 mm, so short headed studs are used for shear connection of the interface between UHPC and steel deck. In this paper, the refined finite element (FE) model of push-out specimen is established to explore failure mode of the stud connection, damage concentration location of UHPC and load-slip behavior of UHPC-steel interface. Verified against the existing test results, FE parameter analysis is conducted, and shear strength formula and load-slip relationship of short headed stud embedded in UHPC are proposed. With the consideration of reduction effect of group studs, the shear strength formula of single stud can be used to simplify the calculation safely. A nominal shear stress S-N curve with 95% survival probability is proposed, fitted by the International Institute of Welding (IIW) recommended method. Based on the fracture mechanics method, a fatigue life evaluation formula of stud under influence of multiple factors is established. By the comparative analysis between the proposed formulas and the existing codified formulas for stud connection in ordinary concrete, the recommended formula for the fatigue strength of stud in UHPC is proposed.

Environmental flows are generally characterized by complex bed morphology and high current speeds. Such configurations favor the formation of vortex structures that strongly affect hydrody-namics and sediment transport. Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) enables investigation of the dynam-ics of the largest turbulence scales and, thanks to enhanced calculation resources, has now become applicable for simulating environmental flows. In this paper, a LES approach is developed in a CFD code (TELEMAC-3D), which was originally developed to simulate free surface flows using RANS methods. The present developments involve implementing subgrid models, boundary con-ditions and numerical schemes suitable for LES. The LES version of TELEMAC-3D was validated by comparing results on the model with experimental data for flow past a cylinder. Then, the model was applied to a test case representing flow over dunes. After validating the hydrodynamics, the model was used to assess the bottom shear stress, using both a RANS and a LES approach. Com-parison highlighted the potential contribution of LES to investigating the hydrodynamic forces acting on the bottom.

This article focuses on realistic predictions of the buckling of web plates under concentrated and patch load conceptually isolated from I-beams or box-beams. Under certain simplifications (which usually approximate practical conditions), girder web can be treated, for two limiting cases, as simply supported or simply supported and clamped rectangular plate under in-plane non-uniform loads. Any problem, including very demanding patch loading case, can then be tackled accurately using Ritz’s energy technique with double Fourier series for the deflection profile and exact stress distributions throughout the plate. The article firstly explains defined distribution of shear stresses on web-flange junction adopted, for the first time, in the analytical patch load model, and then proceeds to consider two different (but related) thematic problem types which concern various aspects of the introduction of such shear effect on stability problems of webs: firstly, how the shear stresses affect the buckling coefficients of plates and lead to an increase in load capacity due to more realistic web behavior and secondly, is there any influence of shear stresses on the existing values and shapes of interaction curves and surfaces. Analytical results in this article are compared with numerical finite element (FE) values.

Interactions between hydrokinetic turbines and near scale and far scale bed sediment particles are considered a critical area of assessment; however, a limited number of research studies have been published to address this issue. The current paper explores the influence of the blockage ratio on the morphology evolution downstream from a hydrokinetic turbine. A modeling framework is derived to predict the significant transport induced by a turbine installed on the erodible fluvial sandy bed surface, such as the Eulerian multi-phase model for the sediment and the Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) for the turbine, using the open source platform OpenFOAM. Two configurations of different blockage ratios are considered. The configurations show differences in the bed morphology and the sediment transport. It has been shown for both configurations that the scour capabilities are enhanced below the turbine due to the acceleration of the flow and increasing local shear stress on the sediment.

In dam restoration engineering, for the differences between material properties from the two sides of the contact surface, complex engineering problems such as excessive shear deformation, separation and sliding of the interface are prone to occur. In this paper, in order to study the mechanical properties of interface between polymer and concrete, the effects of different vertical stresses, shear rates and shear displacement amplitudes were considered, and monotonic direct shear tests and cyclic direct shear tests were conducted by using a newly designed direct shear apparatus. The test results showed that, the polymer-concrete interface shows shear softening in monotonic direct shear and cyclic direct shear tests; when the shear rate and shear displacement amplitude are determined, the average peak shear stress of the polymer-concrete interface shows a good linear relationship with the vertical stress, and the average peak shear stress gradually increases with the increase of vertical stress; with the increase of vertical stress, the shear strength and shear modulus corresponding to the monotonic direct shear and cyclic direct shear tests gradually increased, and the shear strength showed a good linear relationship with the vertical stress; with the increase of shear rate, the shear strength and shear modulus corresponding to the monotonic direct shear and cyclic direct shear tests decrease gradually; the shape of shear stress-displacement curves is remarkably influenced by the shear displacement amplitude.

The application of the Eulerian based computational solid mechanic (CSM) models in numerical modeling of friction stir welding (FSW) is not deeply studied, because implementing a complicated friction model in an Eulerian based CSM model is challenging. To overcome this, the literature used Eulerian based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. On the other hand, due to the usage of finite element methods (FEMs) instead of finite volume methods (FVMs), the accuracy of CSM is higher than CFD. In this paper, for the first time, a modified friction model is implemented in an Eulerian based CSM model. To investigate the influence of the friction model on the stress, material flow, equivalent plastic strain and temperature, a comparison between the modified friction model and the Coulomb friction model is done. Developing the modified friction model results in achieving four phases for the relationship between the relative velocity and ratio between the shear stress and pressure. The comparisons of FE models show that, the modified friction model has been successful in simulating the partial sliding/sticking condition, because of achieving a uniform pattern for the stress with the maximum values of 150 MPa. Moreover, a successful prediction the material flow, heat flux, equivalent plastic strain and temperature is also obtained. Maximum values of the equivalent plastic strain is found to be 14. A “M” shape form, shifted to the advancing side with the peak temperature of 413 °C (5 mm far from the welding center) is also found. Finally, the results of the model in which the modified friction model is employed are found to be in correlation with experiments and the literature.

In this numerical study, an attempt has been made to improve the thermal performance of the flat-plate solar collector (FPSC) by inducing the swirl flow inside the tube by the considered nozzles. To this end, the effect of the number of circumferential nozzles and their inclination angles was taken into the account. The considered number of nozzles was "single", ''dual'', ''triple'', and ''quad''. For each of the said cases, the inclination angle of nozzles was taken 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° (A30, A45, A60, A90). Moreover, the mass flow rate of single-nozzle pipe was considered 0.2 kg/s, 1 kg/s, and 2 kg/s. To analyze all of the cases under identical conditions, the said mass flow rates were distributed equally among all of the nozzles (for ''dual'', ''triple'', and ''quad''). All of the characteristics were defined in a form of "A…-D…-N…-M…'' where ''A…'', "D…", "N…", and "M…" stand for angle of injection, diameter of pipe, nozzle cross-section edge, and mass flow rate, respectively. Numerical simulation (3-dimensional) of the system was performed by Finite Volume Method (FVM). The turbulence nature of flow was simulated by the k-omega SST (shear stress transport) turbulent model. Results showed that the "single-nozzle'' swirl generator had the highest thermal performance factor (TPF) so that for all cases its values were greater than unit. Mass flow rate growth increases Nu, heat extraction rate, and kinetic energy rate (KER) while drops friction factor and outlet temperature. Increment of injection angle increases outlet temperature and friction factor and reduces KER. The maximum and minimum values of TPF are 4.19 and 0.44 which belong to "single; A30-D50-N12.5-M0.2" and "quad; A90-D50-N12.5-M0.5", respectively.

Multiple ballistic impacts are carried out on a 2024-T4 aluminum alloy by spherical steel projectiles (5-mm diameter) at ∼ 400 m s − 1 , to investigate its dynamic deformation and damage. The ballistic impact process is captured with high-speed photography. Postmortem samples are characterized with optical imaging, three-dimensional laser scanning, microhardness testing and electron backscatter diffraction. With increasing number of impacts, crater diameter increases slightly, but crater depth and crater volume increase significantly, and strain accumulation leads to microhardness increase overall. Crater parameters all follow power-law relations with the number of impacts. Twin-like deformation bands and macroscopic deformation twins are produced by impact as a result of spontaneous dislocation self-pinning under high strain rate, large shear deformation. Under multiple impacts, shear strain accumulation in the arc-shaped region of the crater induces deformation twinning when it exceeds a critical value ( ∼ 1.1 − 1.6 ). It is highly possible that the deformation twins are related to deformation bands, since they both share one set of the { 111 } pole with the initial matrix grain. A finite element method model is optimized to reproduce experimental observations and interpret deformation mechanisms.

A computational model is developed to analyze the geometrically nonlinear response of porous functionally graded shells when subjected to various mechanical loadings and boundary conditions. This mathematical modeling is based on High-Order-Shear Deformation Theory (HSDT) using double directors vectors. The material properties are supposed to vary continuously along the thickness referring to power law distribution including even and uneven porosity distributions. The nonlinear shell model is developed using a weak form formulation. Then, a finite element model based on an isoparametric concept is employed. A convergence analysis is carried out to determine the minimum required number of elements in the numerical simulations. The potential of the presented nonlinear shell modeling is highlighted through comparisons between linear and nonlinear formulations with their counterparts in the literature. Very good agreements are obtained between the numerical simulations of the developed model with previous results of various kinds of plates subjected to different loadings and porosity distributions. The nonlinear shell modeling, material gradation, and porosity effects are also examined for complex structures including bioinspired ring and cylindrical panel. It is shown that the porosity and material gradation have significant effects on the ring's displacement and shear stress. As for the cylindrical roof-like panel, it is demonstrated that the linear formulation gives erroneous results for the displacement without detecting the snap-through phenomenon due to the large deformation of the structure. The results show the significant effect of the porosity distribution type of the response of complex dynamical systems.

In this study, the two dimensional shock train behavior in a straight isolator was evaluated using a modified k-ω shear stress transport turbulence model. Therefore, this work focused on assessing the constant coefficient (β*) of k-ω shear stress turbulence model to predict the location of the first lambda shock, number of shocks, and changes of principle parameters related to shock train, as well as a comprehensive numerical investigation of a shock train system. In addition, the full multigrid initialization method was applied for the reduction of computational cost. The results revealed that when β* was 0.075, the exact shock structure was detectable. After obtaining the appropriate coefficient for the turbulence model, the effects of Joule heating were investigated on shock train structure, using five electric fields. The obtained results showed that applying Joule heating led to the movement of the first lambda shock, changes in its height, and enhancement of the distance between the primary shocks.

Reasonable numerical conditions are critical for the precision and accuracy of the numerical consequences of hydrocyclones. In this paper, the effects of resistance coefficient, wall roughness, and friction packing limit on particle velocity and distribution as well as the separation behaviors were studied in a cylindrical hydrocyclone using the two-fluid model. The results show that the friction packing limit and wall roughness can significantly influence the numerical results, whereas the effect of the resistance coefficient is negligible. As the friction packing limit increases from 0.4 to 0.55, the cut size gradually decreases with improving separation sharpness, and it reaches the minimum when the friction parking limit is 0.5. The wall roughness monotonously increases the cut size and reduces the separation sharpness. Simulation results were also compared with experimental data, and a reasonable prediction can be obtained with resistance coefficient, friction packing limit, and wall roughness height of 0.95, 0.5, and 50 μm, respectively.

Haematococcus pluvialis is the prime source of natural astaxanthin for commercial exploitation. The large-scale cultivation of H. pluvialis is one of the key technologies for the development of natural astaxanthin industry. So far, horizontal tubular photobioreactor (HTPBR) circulated by a centrifugal pump has been the main PBR for the large-scale cultivation of H. pluvialis. Shear stress is a negative factor in microalgal cultivation at different scales, particularly for large-scale cultivation. To reduce the adverse impact of shear stress, the tolerance of H. pluvialis to the shear stress during the induction stage was first investigated in this study. H. pluvialis aplanospore was not sensitive to stresses between 19.18 and 27.32 Pa, but was resulted in about 30% cell death under shear stress between 27.32 and 63.84 Pa. Accordingly, two centrifugal pumps with different impellers was selected in 400 L HTPBRs to study the outdoor photoinduction for astaxanthin accumulation. The highest astaxanthin productivity and astaxanthin concentration were obtained in HTPBRs using a centrifugal pump equipped with three unshrouded backward-bladed impellers. The HTPBR was then successfully scaled up to 800 L with a similar performance, showing good scalability.

Due to several inherent properties, Ti-6Al-4V alloy is a kind of typical difficult-to-machine material, especially during high-speed milling processes. The combined action of translation and rotation motion, as well as the short and variable undeformed chip thickness generation, make the milling process different from the turning process. Hence, it is essential to investigate the thermo-mechanical effect on serrated chip formation mechanism during the high-speed milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The present paper investigates numerical methodology (i.e., the combined action of material constitutive with an energy-based ductile failure mechanism) for serrated chip formation in high-speed milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. First, a simplified 2D milling model was adopted based on the J-C constitutive equation combined with the energy density-based failure material model. Secondly, the proposed model was corroborated through experimentally obtained results. A good correlation was found between the numerically adopted model and experimentally obtained results. Thirdly, the physical phenomenon of the serrated chip formation and the effect of friction coefficient on shear stress is highlighted and discussed. Finally, the chip back surface's microstructural changes and phase transformation were investigated. The present investigation is beneficial to well understanding the serrated chips formation during high-speed milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy as well as to optimizing process parameters and maintaining desirable machined surface integrity.

This study focused on defining a quantitative disintegration index for tablet disintegrants based on a dynamic viscoelastic analysis of the complex disintegration mechanism associated with swelling and wicking. We used an oscillatory rheometer with a serrated-plate measuring system to evaluate the viscoelastic properties of three disintegrants, croscarmellose sodium (CCS), crospovidone (CPV), and corn starch (CS), which were prepared with distilled water at different liquid-to-solid ratios. The swelling and wicking disintegration indices were calculated from the obtained data. The results showed that the three disintegrants could be evaluated by the shear stress and loss tangent as representative dynamic viscoelasticity parameters that changed depending on the water content in the disintegrant preparation. Additionally, the viscoelasticity of CCS and CPV was strongly affected by swelling, whereas that of CS was mainly associated with wicking and water penetration. Furthermore, CPV had the largest swelling disintegration index value, whereas CS showed the largest wicking disintegration index value among the three disintegrants. These results suggested that the disintegration indices based on viscoelasticity established in this study could reflect the disintegration properties inherent to each disintegrant type. Our findings provide valuable guidance for selecting suitable disintegrants in the formulation design.

The stress state of the sheet has a significant influence on the formability during the sheet metal forming process. Some research has shown that the through-thickness shear stress on the sheet can improve the formability of sheet metal. In order to provide a complete picture about the reasons and ways that the through-thickness shear stress affects the formability, this paper analyzes and summarizes the effects from three aspects: theory, numerical analyses, and experiments. Besides，the methods of generating through-thickness shear stress are discussed, and the research progresses of the M-K model considering the through-thickness shear stress are reviewed. Based on the establishment of the extended M-K model, the forming limit considering the through-thickness shear stress is predicted, and the mechanisms of through-thickness shear stress improving the formability are analyzed further. The numerical methods of analyzing through-thickness shear stress improve thickness uniformity of the sheet are also reviewed. The design of experimental setups and experimental methods for studying the influence of through-thickness shear stress based on friction and the interface tangential viscous adhesion stress on sheet formability are analyzed and compared. Finally, the future research orientation of the through-thickness shear stresses is proposed.

International audience; Mammalian cells integrate different types of stimuli that govern their fate. These stimuli encompass biochemical as well as biomechanical cues (shear, tensile, and compressive stresses) that are usually studied separately. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzymes, producing signaling phosphoinositides at plasma and intracellular membranes, are key in intracellular signaling and vesicular trafficking pathways. Recent evidence in cancer research demonstrates that these enzymes are essential in mechanotransduction. Despite this, the importance of the integration of biomechanical cues and PI3K-driven biochemical signals is underestimated. In this opinion article, we make the hypothesis that modeling of biomechanical cues is critical to understand PI3K oncogenicity. We also identify known/missing knowledge in terms of isoform specificity and molecular pathways of activation, knowledge that is needed for clinical applications.

In this study, the rheological behavior of MWCNT-Al2O3 (40:60)/SAE50 hybrid nano-lubricant was studied to identify the maximum drop, the maximum increase in viscosity ( μ n f ), as well as how the parameters of temperature, ϕ and shear rate ( γ ˙ ) affect the μ n f . Various methods theoretically show that the nano-lubricant has a flow of pseudo-plastic non-Newtonian fluids. Statistical reports show that the highest increase and decrease in μ n f of nano-lubricant compared to the base fluid in ϕ = 1%, T = 30 °C and γ = ˙ 6665 s−1 (equivalent to high engine speed) and ϕ = 0.0625%, T = 25 °C and γ = ˙ 3999 s−1 (equivalent to low engine speed) are occurred, which are equal to 38.76% and −5.14%, respectively. To predict the dependent variable data, a three-variable-quadratic model was presented with the RSM method with an R-Squared = 0.9997. The margin of deviation for data was determined in the range of −2.41% ϕ , the pressure drop of the flow and the applied shear stress to the wall of the pipe increase.