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Hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation involves overwhelming reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and subsequent tissue injury. We investigated the effects of the potent antioxidant carboxyfullerene (C3) on acute liver injury during hemorrhage shock/resuscitation. C3 infusion reduced the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, methemoglobin content, malondialdehyde content, myeloperoxidase activity and expression levels of tumor necrosis factor -α and interleukin-6; it increased superoxide dismutase activity in the liver. The histologic injury score and apoptotic index were also markedly decreased after C3 treatment compared with the vehicle group. Additionally, C3-treated rats showed a significant decrease in nuclear factor-κB DNA binding capacity, which was preceded by reduced phosphorylation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit in the liver. C3 nanoparticles ameliorate oxidative stress, the inflammatory response, and subsequent acute liver injury after hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation. These protective effects appear to be mediated through the inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB pathway. C3 treatment may be a promising strategy to improve tissue injury in hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation.

Although many attempts have been made to design advanced hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), no clinically viable product has been widely approved, because they do not perform normal blood functions, such as coagulation, hematologic reactions and stability. Additionally, the in vivo oxygenation of hemoglobin-loaded nanoparticles (HbPs) encapsulated with polymers has seldom been proved. Herein, HbPs of approximately 200nm with good stability were successfully fabricated and exhibited oxygen-carrying capacity. The HbPs preserve the biological and structure features of hemoglobin according to UV-vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) spectral analysis. In vitro, the HbPs showed a viscosity comparable to that of blood with no obvious effects on red blood cell aggregation. At the same time, blood compatibility was characterized in terms of platelet function, clot strength, speed of clot formation, degree of fibrin cross-linking and hemolysis rate. After intravenous administration of HbPs to mice with controlled hemorrhages, blood flow recovery and maintenance of systemic oxygenation were observed.

The inclusion complexation behavior, characterization and binding ability of hesperetin with β-cyclodextrin and its derivatives were investigated in both the solution and solid state by means of XRD, DSC, SEM, (1)H and 2D NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. The results showed that the water solubility and stability of hesperetin were obviously increased in the inclusion complex with cyclodextrins. This satisfactory water solubility and high stability of the hesperetin/CD complexes will be potentially useful for their application as herbal medicines or healthcare products.