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Nowadays, the photovoltaic (PV) to power the water pumps is a newly accepted technology with few challenges associated with high initial cost and lower system efficiency. The literature suggests the majorly of commercial pumps at present, underperform, due to poor system design, low efficiency and mismatch of components. In this paper Matlab Simulink model of a solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system (SPVWPS) has been created. Such a model; demonstrates the system characteristics under different operating parameters. This model can successfully and completely check the feasibility, size and optimize the system for its complete utilization. The effect of various parameters such as operating head of the pump, radiation, PV array configurations on the performance of the SPVWPS has been discussed and presented in the paper.

Preparation of the activated carbon biosorbents from Lantana camara weed by sulphuric acid activation was carried out. Laboratory prepared activated carbon was used as adsorbents for the removal of an acidic dye tartrazine from aqueous solutions. Liquid-phase adsorption experiments were conducted and the maximum adsorption capacity of activated carbon was determined. The effects of various process parameters, i.e., temperature, pH, initial tartrazine concentration, contact time on the adsorption capacity of activated carbon were investigated. The kinetic models for tartrazine adsorption onto activated carbon were studied. Freundlich isotherm (KF, 98.401 L g−1) showed better fit than Langmuir isotherm (Q0, 90.900 mg g−1) for the activated carbon. The rates of adsorption were found to confirm the pseudo-second-order kinetics with good correlation. The separation factor (RL) revealed the favorable nature of the isotherm of the tartrazine-activated carbon system. The values of activation parameters such as free energy (ΔG°, −10.346 to −10.983 kJ mol−1), enthalpy (ΔH°, 22.976 kJ mol−1) and entropy (ΔS°, 154. 555 J mol−1 k−1) were determined, respectively, indicating that the adsorption was spontaneous, endothermic and favorable process in nature.

Two novel cyclohexane-1,2-diamino and N,N dimethyl amino-propyl substituted hypocrellin B derivatives, abbreviated as CHA2HB and DMAHB, respectively were synthesized. These derivatives exhibited enhanced absorption in phototherapeutic window. Photodynamic action of these derivatives, investigated using optical and electron spin resonance methods, depended on both Type I and Type II mechanisms. Gel electrophoresis indicated 1O2/ O 2 - mediated DNA damage. CHA2HB displayed 20 fold increase in light dependent cytotoxicity on colon cancer cell line (HCT 116) than the well-known hypocrellin B (HB). The light induced, LD50 values for CHA2HB and DMAHB were found to be 0.1 μM and 1.5 μM, respectively. The singlet oxygen generating efficiency followed the order HB > CHA2HB > DMAHB. But, the enhanced red absorption as well as the hydrophilicity renders the CHA2HB a better photodynamic therapeutic agent.

Vagotomy and capsaicin treatment attenuate dorsal vagal complex (DVC) but not myenteric Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) induced by cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8). The goal of this experiment is to test the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the pathway by which CCK-8 increases myenteric Fos-LI. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were pretreated with guanethidine sulfate (40 mg/kg daily for 5 weeks) or vehicle intraperitoneally (IP), and injected with CCK-8 (40 μg/kg) or saline IP. Fos-LI was then quantified in the DVC and the myenteric neurons of the duodenum and jejunum using a diaminobenzidine reaction. Guanethidine pretreatment attenuated myenteric but not DVC Fos-LI induced by CCK-8. These findings demonstrate that sympathetic neurons play a role in mediating the myenteric Fos-LI response to CCK. They also suggest differential mediation of myenteric and DVC responses to CCK.

The objective of this study was to measure the relative efficacy and potency of cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) given by intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intravenous (i.v.) injection to stimulate Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in neurons of the myenteric plexus in the duodenum and jejunum. The subjects for his experiment were 40 male Sprague–Dawley rats divided into eight treatment groups ( n = 5 rats per treatment). Four groups of rats were injected with 5, 10, and 40 μg/kg sulfated CCK-8 and saline (control) i.p., and the remaining groups with the same treatments i.v. We then detected Fos-LI, a marker for neuronal activation, in the myenteric plexus of the duodenum and jejunum, in response to the previous doses and routes. All of the CCK-8 doses administered by both routes increased Fos-LI in the myenteric plexus of the duodenum and jejunum significantly more than saline did. Although both routes were efficacious in increasing Fos-LI, CCK-8 i.p. was significantly more potent than CCK-8 i.v. These data provide immunohistochemical evidence that i.p. administration of CCK-8 is a more potent stimulant of Fos-LI in the neurons of the myenteric plexus of the duodenum and jejunum than i.v. injection.

We utilized a diaminobenzidine reaction enhanced with nickel to compare dorsal vagal complex (DVC) and myenteric neuronal Fos-Like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI), in response to sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) (5, 10, 20, 40 μg/kg), among Sprague–Dawley (SD), Standard Long–Evans (SLE), Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF), and Long–Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats. All rat strains but OLETF expressed Fos-LI in response to CCK-8. In addition, SD rats expressed more Fos-LI in the area postrema and myenteric neurons than SLE and LETO rats. To investigate the basis for these differences, we utilized cuprolinic blue staining, which stains neuronal cell bodies, to quantify the number of myenteric neurons, and a reverse transcriptase chain polymerase reaction to measure the gene expression of CCK1 receptor in the gut. We found that SD rats have significantly more duodenal myenteric neurons than the other strains. In addition, this strain expressed significantly higher levels of the CCK1 gene in both the duodenum and jejunum than the other strains. In conclusion, SD rats may express more myenteric Fos-LI in response to CCK due to increased numbers of myenteric neurons or more intestinal CCK1 receptors than the other strains of rats.

The design and synthesis of the lipophilic (9) and fluorescent (10) conjugates of a structural analogue of distamycin and their in vitro cellular localization studies are reported. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) indicates that 10 rapidly enters human ovarian adenocarcinoma (SKOV-3) cells with principal uptake in mitochondria and uniform cytoplasmic distribution.

Imidazole and compounds containing imidazole residues have been shown to cleave RNA in an RNase A-mimicking manner. Di-imidazole lexitropsin is a compound which is derived from the polyamide drugs distamycin and netropsin essentially by the replacement of two pyrrole heterocycles with N-methyl-imidazole residues. This enables it to bind to the minor groove of B-DNA in a sequence-specific manner. We demonstrate here that this lexitropsin derivative has RNA cleavage activity, as tested on model RNAs. Optimal cleavage conditions and cleavage specificity resemble those known from other imidazole conjugates and are thus consistent with an RNase A type cleavage mechanism. The optimum concentration of the compound for cleavage is similar to previously investigated imidazole-based RNase mimics. As a whole new class of chemical compounds capable of interacting with nucleic acids through extensive hydrogen bonding, these imidazole containing compounds constitute promising scaffolds and ligands, for the construction of novel RNase mimics with high affinity.