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Transdisciplinary research projects integrate several disciplines and practice stakeholders into the research process. Both of these interactions are described as important in addressing complex and interconnected sustainability problems. In addition to knowledge generation, transdisciplinary research projects have other effects. For example, they may facilitate the adoption of solutions, whereas traditional research projects focus on the presentation of results. However, there is considerable diversity in transdisciplinary research projects in terms of their design, research process, and surrounding institutions, making it difficult to unravel what type of transdisciplinary research project works well to reach which effects. This article uses a systematic literature review and expert interviews to study how different input, process, and institutional factors influence the effects of transdisciplinary research projects. The results show that process factors, such as the quality of the process or the specific methods used, have the strongest influence on the effects of transdisciplinary projects, whereas institutional factors are less prominent. Furthermore, different factors influence not only the effects but also each other and are thus interconnected., Environmental Science & Policy, 140, ISSN:1462-9011, ISSN:1873-6416

In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly proposed seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) intended to ensure sustainable development worldwide at the economic, environmental, and social levels. SDGs are now being used by some corporations in formulating and expressing business strategies. However, assessing the effects of corporate activities and products regarding their contribution to SDGs is difficult. In this paper, we have developed a method for linking life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) with the SDGs and calculating the contribution to SDG achievement. An essential part of this approach is the weighting of LCSA impact categories, which is typically done using equal weighting. This weighting method enables compensation of negative contributions by positive contributions in different impact categories but results in ambiguity in the results. This article identifies alternative weighting methods, integrates them into a computational approach, and determines their influence on the SDG contribution scores. The analysis shows that the use of alternative weights changes SDG contribution scores. However, the same product always has the highest SDG contribution score, regardless of the weighting method used. Nonetheless, the recommendations for action with regard to the total product alternatives would change depending on the weighting method. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)

In present scenario, each and every activity in basic lifestyle of people is becoming smarter with the day-to-day flourishing development of technology such as Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Blockchain. Among the smart improvements, smart city holds the highest rank due to the initiatives provided by the administration. Smart city mission has influenced the citizen’s life with respect to the automation on fundamental needs. Energy resources are considered as one of the important requirements for the survival of people. With the advent of Internet of Things, smart grid systems are designed in order to meet the sustainable demands. It also provides information about the energy resources consumed and alert the consumers about the demand prevails on the resources. Technological improvement is more essential for a country, only if it can be considered and adaptable for sustainable development. Therefore these papers outline the Internet of Things based smart grid which helps in the energy conservation process to meet the future demands. Energy management processes has to be well-versed among the citizens as it helps in understanding the possible ways on storage of energy resources. However, when energy storage is concerned, security issues are the counterpart which has to be focused at higher level. Therefore, blockchain techniques applied for energy storage systems are also outlined along with the applications and future directions of smart grid.

In this paper, we examine comovements between stock market returns and investments that take into account Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors by studying the interconnections between the two returns in time and frequency space. We study interdependencies between the conventional stock market and ESG stocks using daily data from 2007 to 2021 for 19 developing and 19 developed countries. Our results show significant comovement patterns between ESG returns and stock returns at various frequencies, time scales, and sample episodes in all countries, particularly during periods of financial turmoil. For the most part, we document positive (in-phase) comovements between the stock returns and ESG returns in developing countries and negative (out-of-phase) comovements in developed countries. This implies limited portfolio gains from adding ESG stocks to portfolio diversification in developing countries but significant gains in developed countries.Copyright (c) 2022 Borsa Istanbul Anonim S, irketi. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

China's ecological agriculture has played a pioneering role in sustainable development, which has attracted extensive attention and high praise from the international community. This paper systematically analyzed the development process of China's eco-agriculture, by combining with the practice of ecological agriculture construction in China for many years and the construction process of modern ecological agriculture base of the Ministry of Agriculture, and comprehensive literature research. The results showed that: 1) The development of China's eco-agriculture has gone through two periods: traditional ecological agriculture and modern ecological agriculture. Traditional ecological agriculture provides rich production experience. China's modern agricultural ecology has experienced four development stages: initial exploration (1981–1992), expansion and consolidation (1993–2004), steady advancement (2005–2011) and innovation and promotion (2012–present). Each stage has distinctive features and landmark achievements, which rammed the foundation for the green and sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas in China; 2) China's modern ecological agriculture has been incorporated into the act of government in 1993, and has basically formed a five-level demonstration and driving system of ecological agriculture including 2 pilot provinces for eco-agriculture, 10 demonstration cities for circular agriculture, 100 demonstration counties for eco-agriculture, 12 demonstration bases for eco-agriculture, and 1100 beautiful villages, which cover province, municipality, county, base and village. The advancing mechanism of modern ecological agriculture of “small circulation in the main body, circulation in the park and large circulation in the county”, has effectively promoted the development of ecological agriculture nationwide; 3) China's eco-agriculture has three distinct characteristics: comprehensiveness, sustainability and diversity. Its basic contents mainly include: agricultural ecology methodology and theoretical basis, optimization design of agricultural ecosystem, assembly and integrated application of eco-agricultural technology; 4) Under the trend of agricultural green development, China's eco-agriculture construction is innovating and improving system and mechanism, and ensuring the development towards high efficiency, industrialization, standardization, practicality and multi-function, thus gradually establishing a resource-saving, environment-friendly and ecological conservation-oriented modern ecological agricultural system with Chinese characteristics, constituting the ecological agriculture development pattern integrating rural production development, prosperous life and good ecology, and helping China's rural ecological revitalization.

From 2022 onwards the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) of the Convention on Biological Diversity will guide biodiversity conservation actions worldwide, which includes mainstreaming biodiversity into a wide range of activities, sectors and policies. Biodiversity mainstreaming in development cooperation is particularly relevant given the direct dependence of many communities in the Global South on biodiversity and on the benefits it provides. We conducted a Delphi survey among development cooperation practitioners at the aid provider (donor) side, to gain insight into current and future (post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework) biodiversity mainstreaming and its monitoring. Our results demonstrate that despite efforts towards biodiversity mainstreaming and its monitoring, biodiversity mainstreaming indicators remain inconsistent and difficult to compare. The lack of biodiversity data, as well as their low accessibility and suboptimal use, and the inherent complexity of addressing biodiversity loss are considered key challenges. Respondents indicated that they strongly orient their own biodiversity mainstreaming and monitoring approaches towards international biodiversity governance dynamics. We conclude that, at least on paper, the indicator ambitions of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework are in line with the expectations and challenges of aid providers with respect to biodiversity mainstreaming. However, future effective mainstreaming of biodiversity requires indicator-based monitoring, exchange of good practices among aid partners, and a continued focus on awareness-raising regarding the linkages between biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction.

The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides an important framework for economic, social, and environmental action. A comprehensive indicator system to aid in the systematic implementation and monitoring of progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is unfortunately limited in many countries due to lack of data. The availability of a growing amount of multi-source data and rapid advancements in big data methods and infrastructure provide unique opportunities to mitigate these data shortages and develop innovative methodologies for comparatively monitoring SDGs. Big Earth Data, a special class of big data with spatial attributes, holds tremendous potential to facilitate science, technology, and innovation toward implementing SDGs around the world. Several programs and initiatives in China have invested in Big Earth Data infrastructure and capabilities, and have successfully carried out case studies to demonstrate their utility in sustainability science. This paper presents implementations of Big Earth Data in evaluating SDG indicators, including the development of new algorithms, indicator expansion (for SDG 11.4.1) and indicator extension (for SDG 11.3.1), introduction of a biodiversity risk index as a more effective analysis method for SDG 15.5.1, and several new high-quality data products, such as global net ecosystem productivity, high-resolution global mountain green cover index, and endangered species richness. These innovations are used to present a comprehensive analysis of SDGs 2, 6, 11, 13, 14, and 15 from 2010 to 2020 in China utilizing Big Earth Data, concluding that all six SDGs are on schedule to be achieved by 2030.

Immunization is widely recognized as one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions, preventing two to three million deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases each year. Although progress has been made in recent years, substantial operational challenges persist in resource-limited settings with frequent stock-outs contributing to sub-optimal immunization coverage and inequality in vaccine access. In this paper, we investigate the role of rainy season induced supply chain disruptions on vaccination coverage and inequalities. We develop a modeling framework combining spatial modeling—to predict flood disruptions in road networks—and a discrete-event simulation of a multi-tiered vaccine supply chain (VSC). Our models are fitted using data from the Malagasy VSC network and validated to the best extent possible with scarce data. Our baseline simulation predicts the national vaccination coverage with good accuracy and suggests that 67% of regions with low reported immunization coverage are affected by rainy season disruptions or operational inefficiencies, causing significant geographical inequalities in vaccine access. We investigate various mitigation strategies to increase the resiliency of VSCs and find that, by strategically placing buffer inventory at targeted facilities prior to the rainy season, the proportion of children receiving all basic vaccines in these areas is increased by 8% and the geographical inequality in vaccination coverage between areas affected and not affected by the rainy season is reduced by 11%. By also increasing the replenishment frequency from every third month to every month, the national vaccination coverage improves by 41%. Our results contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by providing actionable insights for improving vaccination coverage (SDG 3) and investigating the resiliency of the VSC to increased flooding due to climate change (SDG 13).

Young people are the world leaders of the future, and today are emerging as current advocates of change calling for climate and ocean action. Many young people are increasingly aware, concerned, and overwhelmed about the impacts of climate and ocean change. However, current institutional and academic structures, alongside the challenges of growing up today - including social injustice, climate anxiety, nature disconnectedness, and the proliferation of fake news on climate and ocean science - limit young people’s opportunity and agency to protect their future from these impacts. It is clear from the nature of these challenges that the production of new scientific knowledge alone is not enough to support, prepare, and empower young people to cope with climate change now and in into the future. This Perspective outlines actions, under the context of for the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030), that that can support and empower young people with science and enable them to actively shape the sustainability of Earth’s climate and the ocean. Based on advances in recent research and transdisciplinary efforts, we present five actionable strategies for programmes and initiatives to engage young people in climate and ocean literacy towards shaping their sustainable future: 1) inclusion of diverse voices; 2) active dialogue-based science learning; 3) connection to nature; 4) critical thinking skills; and 5) co-created visions of a sustainable future. These five strategies can help to prepare young people with enhanced knowledge, skills and experiences, and strengthen the agency needed to meet the global climate and ocean challenges they are inheriting. We show how these strategies can be implemented during the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, which aims to enhance capacity-building and foster transformative solutions for ocean sustainability. We propose that together, and synergistically, these strategies can equip and empower young people to have a say in shaping their sustainable future.

The concept of sustainable livelihood security has wider generic meaning pertaining to sustainable development to ensure ecologically secure, economically efficient, socially equitable and sufficiency in infrastructure in the society. Dairying provides sufficient income to the farming community of West Bengal. Therefore, sustainability of dairy-based livelihood in the districts of West Bengal was assessed to find out necessary interventions to be required to ensure sustainable livelihood security of dairy farmers. An exclusively district level Dairy-based Sustainable Livelihood Security Index was developed underline the principle of Human Development Index of United Nations Development Programme by using 17 indicators divided into four sub-indices i.e. Ecological Security index, Economic Efficiency Index, Infrastructural Sufficiency Index and Social Equity Index. The overall mean value of Dairy-based Sustainable Livelihood Security Index was found to be 0.38 with a range from 0.12 (Purulia district) to 0.59 (Darjeeling district), indicated the sustainability status was low. In case of sub indices, Infrastructural Sufficiency Index (0.49) and Ecological Security Index (0.45) were stronger indices than other two indices, Economic Efficiency Index (0.32) and Social Equity Index (0.29) which signified the very lower level sustainability. Districts were categorized for better interpretation into four based on overall Sustainable Livelihood Security Index score as very low (less than 0.3), low (0.3–0.54), medium (0.55–0.70) and high (greater than 0.70). Districts namely Maldah, Uttar Dinajpur, Purulia were having very lower level sustainability in dairy-based livelihood. But, it was moderately sustainable in the districts of Darjeeling, Nadia and Hooghly. Hence, Dairy-based Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI) is not only highlighting the state of sustainability of dairy-based livelihood but also emphasized the area where necessary policy matters to be intervened for improvement of livelihood of dairy farmers.

A world with large disparities in development between rural and urban areas could never achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). Issues related to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers are fundamental to the stability and people's welfare of China as well as other developing countries. Despite the growing demand and national initiative for rural revitalization, rural innovation has received little attention in the innovation literature. Drawing from the new growth theory, institutional theory and innovation system theory, this paper proposes the rural innovation system, which is a complex socioeconomic network that aims to revitalize the countryside and achieve balanced and sustainable development. This paper compares the rural and urban innovation system, introduces a theoretical structural model of the rural innovation system, including a) technology innovation, b) institutional and management innovation, and c) community-based network and intermediary platform innovation. Then it outlines the future challenges in fostering a strong rural innovation system. The rural innovation system proposed makes direct contributions to the literature of rural studies, innovation system, and public policy, and offers both China and the world a new perspective for realizing rural revitalization, anti-poverty and global sustainable development.

For any cities, the optimal objective of development is to fully tap the value of land resources, while pursuing the progress of economy, society, and eco-environment. Currently, there is not yet a unified evaluation standard for sustainable development quality of urban environment; the land resource value has not been deeply evaluated from the three aspects of society, economy, and eco-environment. Therefore, this paper tries to measure urban land resource value based on sustainable environmental space governance. Firstly, the authors constructed a scientific evaluation index system for sustainable development quality of urban environment. Next, a comprehensive evaluation method was developed for sustainable land utilization in urban space governance system. After that, the urban space governance scheme was subject to multi-objective optimization. Finally, experiments were carried out to measure the urban land resource value, and estimate the urban ecological service functions and their values. On this basis, the benefits of the urban space governance scheme were analyzed in various aspects. The results confirm the effectiveness of our measurement algorithm.

The Urban-rural interface is a transitional geographic space, bordering between urban and rural areas and experiencing intensive flows of material, energy and information, in terms of goods, money, people, data and ideas. This interface can be viewed as a physical space exhibiting climatic, topographical, soil, hydrological and bioecological properties, and more importantly, as a humanistic space exhibiting social, cultural and economic properties. Consumption behaviors are humanistic properties that can be viewed as an integration of social, cultural and economic conditions and interactions in a specific human geographic space. Interpreting the humanistic aspects of border areas using consumption behaviors is a type of macro space interpretation stemming from a microcosmic perspective. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey from 1166 households in Gongyi City, Henan Province, China, and used interactive geographic detectors to explore the humanistic aspects of the urban-rural interface using residents' consumption behaviors. Our results revealed that the spatial patterns delineated by consumption behaviors, a humanistic property influenced more by other humanistic properties, were similar to the spatial patterns delineated by land use, a humanistic property influenced more by other physical properties. However, there were some differences or inconsistencies between the delineated humanistic and physical spaces, indicating that social and economic developments are not occurring at the same pace in places where similar physical conditions prevail. Our results also revealed that differences in consumer consumption behaviors among residents of the urban-rural interface are influenced by complex interactions of economic, social, and spatial factors. We concluded that emphasizing the optimization of humanistic spaces, in addition to the improvement of physical spaces, is essential in enhancing the sustainable development of urban-rural interface. Our results showed that interactions between these factors are promoted by the additive effects of the urban-rural interface and these interactions in turn strengthen the interpretation power of these factors. Such synergistic effects are most evidently reflected by the interactions between spatial factors and economic and social factors.

Thermal energy storage (TES) is playing a vital role in various applications and this paper intends to provide an overview of different applications involved in various areas. This work mainly focuses on review of TES applications in wide area such as waste heat recovery, Heavy electronic equipment’s cooling etc. The comprehensive study shows that thermal energy stored can be used for heating and cooling applications and have a great scope for developing new technology and methods for utilizing it to maximum extent. Exploring various thermal storage materials and methods for different application opening many ways towards the sustainable development and utilization of available thermal energy.

Selecting the appropriate targeted poverty alleviation policies and exploring the implementation path of refined poverty alleviation policies are important to provide support for achieving a comprehensive poverty alleviation for China in 2020. Two models, namely, land resources-environmental carrying capacity (LRECC) index and the coupling coordination degree (CCD), were established to quantitatively explore the important effects of differences in the LRECC in the production, living and ecological spaces on poverty, and determine the important role of superior carrying space in poverty alleviation. Additionally, this study explored the relationship between the poverty incidence and the LRECC by using of the coefficient of geographical association (CGA) to perform the priority and the optimal selection of targeted poverty alleviation policies from the production, living, and ecological spaces. Results showed that the comprehensive CGAs of Long Zhouping township, Huo Shaoping township and other townships were high; therefore, the priority of targeted poverty alleviation was high. By contrast, the comprehensive CGAs of Ya Zikou township, Du Zhenwan township, and other townships were low; thus, the priority of targeted poverty alleviation was low. Long Zhouping and Dayan townships should select the production aspect of targeted poverty alleviation policies, whereas Du Zhenwan and Ya Zikou townships and Gao Jiayan and Moshi townships should select the living and ecological aspects, respectively. Selecting the appropriate targeted poverty alleviation policies by quantitatively identifying the advantages of regional land resource endowment and the poverty incidence will help take the poor out of poverty, and do not become poor again, thereby achieving regional sustainable development.

Due to the frequent occurrence of oil spills and the large-scale production of oily wastewater, the treatment of oily sewage has become an important issue for sustainable development. Recently, materials prepared from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) for oil-water separation have been found to be effective due to their high separation efficiency, good recyclability, and superior sustainability. However, few reviews have focused on the advantages and limitations of LCB for sewage treatment. This review summarizes the performance of modified LCB in oily wastewater treatment, in terms of the advanced modification methods applied and the structural dimensions of LCB materials according to the principle of superwetting oil-water separation. Research on the preparation technologies, separation mechanisms, and treatment efficiency of different LCB materials are briefly summarized, along with the characteristics of different LCB material types for oily wastewater treatment. Finally, the future prospects and challenges faced in the development of LCB materials are discussed.

The Lancang–Mekong River (LMR) is an important transboundary river that originates from the Tibetan plateau, China and flows through six nations in Southeast Asia. Knowledge about the past and future changes in climate and water for this basin is critical in order to support regional sustainable development. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the scientific progress that has been made in understanding the changing climate and water systems, and discusses outstanding challenges and future research opportunities. The existing literature suggests that: ① the warming rate in the Lancang–Mekong River basin (LMRB) is higher than the mean global warming rate, and it is higher in its upper portion, the Lancang River basin (LRB), than in its lower portion, the Mekong River basin (MRB); ② historical precipitation has increased over the LMRB, particularly from 1981 to 2010, as the wet season became wetter in the entire basin, while the dry season became wetter in the LRB but drier in the MRB; ③ in the past, streamflow increased in the LRB but slightly decreased in the MRB, and increases in streamflow are projected for the future in the LMRB; and ④ historical streamflow increased in the dry season but decreased in the wet season from 1960 to 2010, while a slight increase is projected during the wet season. Four research directions are identified as follows: ① investigation of the impacts of dams on river flow and local communities; ② implementation of a novel water–energy–food–ecology (WEFE) nexus; ③ integration of groundwater and human health management with water resource assessment and management; and ④ strengthening of transboundary collaboration in order to address sustainable development goals (SDGs).

This study investigates the vast potential for space-based technologies and applications in supporting governance to strengthen civil society, bolster democratic processes, and allow for socio-economic development throughout Africa. It offers a comprehensive analysis of African governance levels, existing e-governance systems, African challenges relating to e-governance adoption, and how e-governance solutions can assist in realising the continent's development goals. First, the study explores the integral role of good governance in achieving the UN Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the AU's Agenda 2063 aspirations. Subsequently, the existing African governance structures established at a continental level are described to provide an overview of the frameworks informing governance within Africa. Specific challenges that need to be overcome to ensure good governance are then addressed and the current governance levels in Africa are evaluated. An assessment of e-government readiness levels both globally and within Africa is offered through an examination of the United Nations E-Government Survey from 2018. Specific barriers to e-government, both abroad and within Africa, are then analysed along with the associated risks relating to e-government systems. It then investigates how digital divides and lack of internet connectivity within Africa can be addressed by new technologies and commitments from both terrestrial and space actors. The opportunities afforded by rapidly growing satellite constellations being deployed to increase connectivity levels and reduce the costs thereof are then analysed in detail and the various planned constellations are assessed on a technical level. Lastly, the potential for Earth Observation and remote sensing data to assist with e-governance activities across sectors including healthcare, education, agriculture, water and sanitation, and emergency responses is investigated.

Measles remains an important cause of childhood mortality in many resource-limited countries. With Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), there has been increasing emphasis on measles vaccination as a key strategy to remarkably improve child survival. While progress has been made towards measles vaccination coverage due to SDG in some settings, there has been no prior study evaluating its impact in Nigeria. To assess the effectiveness of SDG policy implementation on measles vaccination coverage, we examined the changes in first dose of measles vaccination coverage rates among children aged 9-15 months following the implementation of SDG, and changes in spatial patterns of measles vaccination from 2014 to 2019 in Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria. Using state and local government area-level District Health Information data from January 2014 to December 2019, we conducted interrupted time series (ITS) and spatiotemporal analyses. The ITS evaluated the immediate and continuous effects of SDG policy implementation on the monthly childhood measles vaccination coverage by comparing longitudinal changes in rates between pre-intervention period (January 2014-December 2015) and during-intervention period (January 2016-December 2019). The low and high coverage clusters across the years were detected with spatial cluster analysis. The average state-level measles vaccination coverage rates from 2014 to 2019 was 70.67%. In 2019, coverage rate was 49%-a 35.53% decline from 76% in 2014 and a state-level gap of 46%. The geographical distribution of measles vaccination varied considerably across the local government areas from 2014 to 2019. There was an initial acceleration of vaccination rates (β^ = 24.07, p-value = 0.012), but a significant decrease in coverage rates after implementation of SDG policy in Ekiti State (β^ = -1.08, p-value 0.001). No local government area had accelerated monthly coverage rates following SDG-implementation. Evidence suggests immediate acceleration in coverage rates which could not be sustained during SDG-era and calls for a rethink measles immunization coverage strategy in the state and other resource-limited jurisdictions to ensure vaccination scale-up.

The utilization of biomass energy is important from both an energetic and environmental point of view. Saudi Arabia has a considerable amount of biomass waste that can be converted to renewable energy using different technologies. This study evaluated and analyzed the quantity and energy potential of biomass waste, Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, and cost estimation of power generation using different conversion techniques. The results showed that the annual biomass waste in Saudi Arabia could reach approximately 31.50 million tons, which can generate 15 TWh of electricity. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the largest contribution to the total waste and total power generation potential, which is approximately 70% and 74% of the total, respectively. Although incineration of MSW has the highest cost requirements, it has the highest power generation potential compared with the other studied techniques. However, the anaerobic digestion of other biomass types has the advantages of low costs and GHG emissions and generates considerable energy. The findings of this study can support decision-makers in developing sustainability strategies using eco-friendly and economical technologies for efficient power generation from biomass wastes.

Although great improvements in child survival were achieved in the past two decades, progress has been uneven within and across countries, and the COVID-19 pandemic threatens to reverse previous advances. Demographic and epidemiological transitions around the world have resulted in shifts in the causes and distribution of child death and diseases, and many children are living with short-term and long-term chronic illnesses and disabilities. These changes, plus global threats such as pandemics, transnational and national security issues, and climate change, mean that regular monitoring of child health and wellbeing is essential if we are to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. This Health Policy describes the three-phased process undertaken by the Child Health Accountability Tracking technical advisory group (CHAT) to develop a core set of indicators on child health and wellbeing for global monitoring purposes, and presents CHAT's research recommendations to address data gaps. CHAT reached consensus on 20 core indicators specific to the health sector, which include 11 impact-level indicators and nine outcome-level indicators that cover the topics of: acute conditions and prevention; health promotion and child development; and chronic conditions, disabilities, injuries, and violence against children. An additional six indicators (three impact and three outcome) that capture information on child health issues such as malaria and HIV are recommended; however, these indicators are only relevant to high-burden regions. CHAT's four research priorities will require investments in health information systems and measurement activities. These investments will help to increase data on children aged 5-9 years; develop standard metadata and data collection processes to enable cross-country comparisons and progress assessments over time; reach a global consensus on essential interventions and associated indicators for monitoring emerging priority areas such as child development, chronic conditions, disabilities, and injuries; and implement strategies to increase the uptake of data on child health to improve evidence-based planning, programming, and advocacy efforts.

Global sustainability is an enmeshed system of complex socioeconomic, climatological, and ecological interactions. The numerous objectives of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement have various levels of interdependence, making it difficult to ascertain the influence of changes to particular indicators across the whole system. In this analysis, we aimed to detect and rank the complex interlinkages between objectives of sustainability agendas.We developed a method to find interlinkages among the 17 SDGs and climate change, including non-linear and non-monotonic dependences. We used time series of indicators defined by the World Bank, consisting of 400 indicators that measure progress towards the 17 SDGs and an 18th variable (annual average temperatures), representing progress in the response to the climate crisis, from 2000 to 2019. This method detects significant dependencies among the time evolution of the objectives by using partial distance correlations, a non-linear measure of conditional dependence that also discounts spurious correlations originating from lurking variables. We then used a network representation to identify the most important objectives (using network centrality) and to obtain nexuses of objectives (defined as highly interconnected clusters in the network).Using temporal data from 181 countries spanning 20 years, we analysed dependencies among SDGs and climate for 35 country groupings based on region, development, and income level. The observed significant interlinkages, central objectives, and nexuses identified varied greatly across country groupings; however, SDG 17 (partnerships for the goals) and climate change ranked as highly important across many country groupings. Temperature rise was strongly linked to urbanisation, air pollution, and slum expansion (SDG 11), especially in country groupings likely to be worst affected by climate breakdown, such as Africa. In several country groupings composed of developing nations, we observed a consistent nexus of strongly interconnected objectives formed by SDG 1 (poverty reduction), SDG 4 (education), and SDG 8 (economic growth), sometimes incorporating SDG 5 (gender equality), and SDG 16 (peace and justice).The differences across groupings emphasise the need to define goals in accordance with local circumstances and priorities. Our analysis highlights global partnerships (SDG 17) as a pivot in global sustainability efforts, which have been strongly linked to economic growth (SDG 8). However, if economic growth and trade expansion were repositioned as a means instead of an end goal of development, our analysis showed that education (SDG 4) and poverty reduction (SDG 1) become more central, thus suggesting that these could be prioritised in global partnerships. Urban livelihoods (SDG 11) were also flagged as important to avoid replicating unsustainable patterns of the past.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK Research and Innovation.

Coupled with adopting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) role may not be overlooked. The ADB took substantial measures to ensure environmentally sustainable growth in Asia and the Pacific. They include climate change finance, that is a joint project of the ADB and the Global Environment Facility. One of its components is climate mitigation finance, which consists of the investment process that supplies funds to achieve environmental sustainability in the region. Considering the evolving role of green finance, this study quantifies green finance as “climate mitigation finance” and examines its impact on the ecological footprint across twenty-six economies in the Asian region. To do so, we use an ordinary least squares baseline model, followed by fixed-effects estimation. Our empirical findings show that green finance reduced the ecological footprints, and it appears environmentally friendly. From the Asian perspective, in particular, green finance delivers as anticipated. Moreover, the findings are robust to using alternative measures and estimation strategies, and they should motivate policymakers to continue investing in climate finance.

The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic since the end of 2019 has forced an unprecedented lockdown worldwide, and environmental quality was significantly affected by the pandemic and its induced lockdown. The objective of this study is to examine the role of renewable energy, non-renewable energy and COVID-19 case on CO2 emission in the context of United Kingdom. Several non-linear techniques such as Fourier ADL cointegration test, Non-Linear ARDL, Markov switching regression, and Breitung and Candelon (BC) causality test are employed to attain this objective. The result reveals that there is long run cointegration among the variables in this study. The results demonstrate that positive (negative) shift in renewable energy development decrease (increase) CO2 emissions while positive (negative) shocks in fossil fuel energy increase CO2 emissions. Moreover, negative (positive) variation in COVID case leads to a decrease (increase) in CO2 emissions. Moreover, an uni-directional causal impact was found to run from all the variables – renewable energy, fossil fuel, and COVID-19 case to CO2 emissions. Finally, several policy recommendations are provided. © 2022

UN member states have committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. This Review examines the published evidence on how improving eye health can contribute to advancing the SDGs (beyond SDG 3). We identified 29 studies that showed direct benefits from providing eye health services on SDGs related to one or more of poverty (SDGs 1, 2, and 8), education (SDG 4), equality (SDGs 5 and 10), and sustainable cities (SDG 11). The eye health services included cataract surgery, free cataract screening, provision of spectacles, trichiasis surgery, rehabilitation services, and rural community eye health volunteers. These findings provide a comprehensive perspective on the direct links between eye health services and advancing the SDGs. In addition, eye health services likely have indirect effects on multiple SDGs, mediated through one of the direct effects. Finally, there are additional plausible links to other SDGs, for which evidence has not yet been established.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:50:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-03-01 The prime objective of this research is to explore the impacts of import and export diversification and renewable energy on environmental footprints. In doing so, the authors employ the data of trade diversification, income inequality, renewable energy, and ecological footprints for 17 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries covering the period of 1995–2019. In econometric framework, the authors use two baseline empirical models based on key indicators such as trade (exports and imports) diversification index, income inequality, renewable energy, and globalization. The empirical analysis from both specifications suggests a cointegrating relation between the key variables of interest. The Long-run empirical estimates from FMOLS, and DOLS methods indicate that income inequality and import diversification increase ecological issues while globalization and exports diversification abate it. Further analysis through Granger causality highlights unilateral causal relationships running from renewable energy consumption to imports diversification, and from ecological footprint to imports diversification. The conclusions of this study stress the importance of harmonic policies, synchronization in trade, energy and resource consumption in achieving sustainable development goals. School of Finance Anhui University of Finance and Economics Faculty of Management Department of Quantitative Methods Rzeszow University of Technology Department of Production Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP) FSJEG Jendouba University of Jendouba Tunisia & QUARG UR17ES26 ESCT, Campus University of Manouba Department of Production Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP)

In recent sustainability transitions research, more attention has been called to dynamic relations between regimes and niches in complex processes of systemic change. In this paper, we provide the case of meat alternative markets, which have been expanding rapidly in Europe and in Northern America. During this expansion, animal-free alternatives are in a contradictory situation. In aiming to carve out market space for these products the aim is to be as similar to meat as possible. In this paper we study how, in Finland, the niche actors have situated themselves within the regime by detaching from the first generation of plant-based foods and attaching to shared rules, materialities and cultural meanings in the meat regime. We discuss how the concepts of detachment and attachment can help in understanding further the transitional pathways created as niches aim to fit-and-transform the rules of the market, and the regime. Highlights • Transition potential of meat alternatives in Finnish food markets is studied. • Detachment from niche products required for mainstreaming meat alternatives. • Attachment to values of meat in everyday food practices anchor the niches to regime. • Practices of de/attachment reconfigure the regime-niche relations in food markets.

Industry 4.0 technologies, sustainability, and coordination are gaining more importance in today's competitive business environment. Motivated by these trends, our research problem is to analyze the effects of Industry 4.0 technologies and coordination on the sustainability of supply chains. We consider two supply chains with three stages. The first one uses classic methods to manufacture and distribute the products, whereas the second one uses Industry 4.0 technologies. Whether the supply chain invests in Industry 4.0 technologies or not and the investment level affect its economic, environmental, and social sustainability. We develop Nash bargaining based revenue-sharing contracts for coordinating the supply chains. The results indicate that even though a more coordinated classic supply chain can dominate the decentralized Industry 4.0 chain in terms of market demand and profitability, coordination is not enough for the classic supply chain to be considered sustainable. Moreover, although a decentralized Industry 4.0 supply chain has efforts in all three sustainability dimensions, its overall sustainability is not guaranteed based on the thresholds determined by the decision maker. On the other hand, when a supply chain uses the advantages of Industry 4.0 technologies in conjunction with coordination, this chain leads the market in terms of overall sustainability. This result shows the joint importance of Industry 4.0 technologies and coordination on the sustainability of a supply chain. Furthermore, as consumers become more sensitive to buy sustainable products, the supply chains are encouraged to invest in sustainability initiatives and Industry 4.0 technologies more, leading to a more sustainable world. © 2021 Institution of Chemical Engineers 2019-20-D2-B09 The author would like to thank the editor and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the paper. This work was supported by Doğuş University [Scientific Research Project, Code: 2019-20-D2-B09 ].

Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global ecosystems from supporting health and wellbeing, now and in the future. Thus, the connection between energy transitions, the environment and sustainable development is worth highlighting. We investigate the impact of energy transitions, energy consumption, natural resources, and urbanization on the ecological footprint and economic growth of the selected Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from 1990 to 2015. Through this study, we have developed a comprehensive empirical analysis, applied advanced econometric methodologies. Wasteland's panel cointegration suggests long-run relationships within the variables. Our long-run results indicate energy transitions, renewable energy consumption, and natural resources are negatively associated, while non-renewable energy consumption and urbanization are positively related to the ecological footprint and economic growth. Overall, the result implies that energy transitions, renewable energy consumption, and natural resources improve environmental quality and curse economic growth. However, urbanization and non-renewable energy consumption deteriorate environmental quality and stimulate economic growth in the selected OECD countries. Policymakers are encouraged to highlight the energy sector's sustainable structural changes, address carbon-neutral influential non-market barriers, promote green trade and technology activities, offer sustainable natural resources and urbanization to guarantee a sustainable future. Study limitations and directions for future research discussed.

The aim of this study is to analyse the combinations of innovation, financial and sustainable development conditions that enhance the entrepreneurship level of a country. A cross-national analysis, based on data from 64 countries, examines the causal configurations behind the manifestations of these factors using fuzzy‐set qualitative comparison analysis. Data were retrieved from four databases: the Global Entrepreneurship Index, the Country Risk Score, the Global Innovation Index and the Sustainable Development Goals Index. In our analysis, we find that the entrepreneurship level of a country is simultaneously related to both its Innovation level and its Country Risk Score. When we study this relationship in association with sustainable development goals, we identify that a country’s entrepreneurship level is positively linked with SDG3 and SD11, while with the SDG7 no relationship is found.

This study extends the debate on environmental performance in PIIGS countries by examining the dynamic association between economic complexity, foreign direct investment, renewable energy, urbanization, and carbon emissions in 1990–2019. The dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) estimator is applied for empirical analysis. The empirical evidence reveals the association between economic complexity and CO2 emissions is inverted-U and further N-shaped. This confirms the presence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypotheses in the region. The empirical results also authenticate the pollution HAVEN hypothesis since high FDI is the culprit to increase environmental degradation in the PIIGS economies. The participation of renewable energy is found to inhibit CO2 emissions. Urbanization exerts huge pressure on environmental quality. Finally, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test explores a bidirectional causal link between economic complexity and CO2 emissions. These findings advocate policymakers to propose comprehensive energy and economic policies by targeting cleaner production exercises, not only for environmental quality but also to accomplish the objectives of 17 sustainable development goals targets.

This study applied the pooled regression to examine the innovation-driven effects of digital economy on total factor productivity (TFP) in China based on the data including the provincial TFP calculated by the dual approach and the digital economy index proposed by the principal component analysis in this paper. The results show that the digital economy index has a positively nonlinear relationship with provincial TFP, and it demonstrates the digital economy acts as an innovation driver for the extensive and sustainable development of TFP. Nevertheless, there is a regional diversity that digital integration in eastern China accelerates the high-quality TFP growth, while they are relatively inferior in the central and western regions. The results provide valuable reference resources for the departments concerned to cross the regional barriers existing in technological information, launch a cooperative program, and construct a decentralised infrastructure.

This study investigates the nonlinear relationship between CEO demission threats and corporate risk-taking levels. We first estimate the degree of CEO demission threats and then examine how CEO demission threats affect the level of corporate risk-taking. Using data from China's A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2017, we find that the nonlinear relationship can be represented by an inverted “U” in which moderate CEO demission threats increase the level of corporate risk-taking; however, imminent demission threats to CEOs reduce their level of corporate risk-taking. Further evidence demonstrates that the state-owned attributes of companies weaken the effect of the CEO demission threat on corporate risk-taking and that the eastern attributes of companies strengthen the effect of the CEO demission threat on corporate risk-taking. This study extends the relevant research on CEO demission threat and corporate risk-taking and provides great inspiration for CEOs’ business decision-making and corporate sustainable development.

Halting and reversing the current loss of biodiversity and habitats will be facilitated by a comprehensive valuation of all nature's contributions to people (NCPs), on which we rely. In this context, we explore the full natural capital value of seeds to reveal how this extends far beyond their economic value associated with mainstream agriculture and forestry. Seeds represent the main assets for nature-based solutions at species (i.e., unlocking neglected species properties and via seed banking) and ecosystem level (i.e., ecological restoration). Challenges remain to enhance their sustainable use in nature conservation and in supporting a sustainable development model. Such advances will depend on the comprehensive valuation of the natural capital value of seeds, which has so far been grossly underestimated.

The United Nations' 17 Sustainable Development Goals provide business to business marketing (B2B) scholars with a useful framework to guide research with a societal impact that addresses real-world challenges and is relevant to stakeholders outside academia. Although sustainability research within B2B marketing scholarship has increased in recent years, the B2B literature relating to the Sustainable Development Goals remains fragmented and underexposed. To address this important oversight, a systematic literature review of the B2B marketing literature (n = 58) is undertaken which demonstrates if and how B2B scholarship is currently engaging with the Sustainable Development Goals. The findings and analyses highlight that although the B2B scholarship has varying levels of engagement with some of the goals, there is vast opportunity for B2B Marketing scholars to engage more proactively and strategically with the Sustainable Development Goals. Building on the call for courageous research and employing the ‘Observe, bridge and challenge” model (Lindgreen et al., 2021), we develop broad research approaches as well as specific research questions to catalyse scholarship at the interface of B2B Marketing and the Sustainable Development Goals.

COVID-19 has affected over 170 countries around the world. Alarming rate has increased with the increase of infected cases and death rates. Whereas, the World Health Organization (WHO) had declared the COVID-19 virus as a pandemic on 11th March 2020. Preparations were made to face the spread of COVID-19, as predicting the most probable risk areas by using spatial models. Prediction spatial models of COVID-19 risk areas can help the governmental authorities to generate sustainable strategies and set up suitable protocols to control the pandemic. This research presents an attempt of a potential spatial prediction modeling of COVID-19 risk areas in Cairo governorate-Egypt. Four indicator models (demographic, residential, environmental and topographic) were developed using geomatics technology based on the guidelines of the UN-habitat sustainable development goals (SDGs) target (11 & 3). Five predicted scenarios were generated for the most pandemic probability areas by the integration of the four indicator models. The results showed that there are common areas in all scenarios for highly COVID-19 pandemic risk areas. These common risk areas were found in (El Marag, El Salam, Ain Shams, El Mataria, El Gammaleya, Manshiat Nasser, El Mosky, Bolak, Hadaak El Koba, and El Sharbeya) districts. The hotspots zones are characterized by overcrowding, high population density and economic activities, large family size, poor infrastructure service and low rate of education. Moreover, it was noticed that crowding points resulted in traffic density and air pollution, which may affect the pandemic spread. The accuracy assessment results displayed that, the environmental predicted scenario was more consistent with the official data of the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population) MOHP), while the residential one was less convenient. The result of this study supports the health sector by predicting the hot spots areas. The present study is aimed to develop a proactive plan to confront the pandemic before spreading in the Cairo governorate-Egypt. Also, the proposed prediction model can be an effective aid for decision-makers across the world working on containment strategies to minimize the spread of Coronavirus.

India now produces the largest garbage globally, which is projected to grow further by 2050 unless immediate action to be taken. During industrial, mining, municipal, agricultural and other activities, significant solid waste volumes are produced yearly. To protect the environment, different trash is recycled and used in value-added applications. In recent years, advancements in solid waste management have led in the creation of alternative construction materials that may be used to replace traditional building materials such as bricks and blocks; tiles and aggregate; ceramics; cement; lime; soils; wood and paint. It is essential to fully document all of the chemical, physical, technical, thermal, mineralogical, and morphologic properties of these waste materials. As a result, the effort should inspire entrepreneurs and building agencies to create new products and methods that utilise all of these wastes as raw materials for secondary industries, thus reducing greenhouse gases and global warming. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the manner in which non-hazardous and hazardous solid wastes are processed, as well as the capacity for recycling. Also, this research studies India's solid waste management problems and proposes possible solutions. Attempts are being made to recycle different waste materials and utilise them in value-added applications to preserve the environment. In order to do this, the study's objective is to conduct a thorough investigation of India's present supply and demand of non-hazardous and hazardous solid wastes, and the possibility of recycling and environmental impact.

The novel coronavirus disease has spread uncontrollably all over the world within a short span of time and has affected the development of the world in many ways. All the nations have directed their technical, financial and political resources towards controlling COVID-19 pandemic across the world. It is predicted that the impact of this crisis will remain for longer period of time, affecting the livelihood of people and all those activities that were contributing to the development of the nations across the globe. In fact, the most promising and significant seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that were adopted in the year 2015 by the United Nations (UN) Member States addressing various global issues, now seem difficult to be achieved by 2030 due to coronavirus pandemic. However, even though the COVID-19 pandemic might have turmoil effect on the existing growth of the world, still few positive developments may be observed in the long run due to this pandemic. Therefore, this study focuses on identifying and quantifying the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in achieving the UN SDGs. This study brings out both negative as well as positive influences of the pandemic on the environment and energy related SDGs. The study uses Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to calculate the weights of the identified positive and negative influences for each environment and energy related goals. Further, 4–1 ratings are used to identify the severity of the influences on the SDGs. Finally, a score is calculated using weights and ratings that indicates the overall impact of the pandemic on environment and energy related SDGs. The result obtained in the study shows that the pandemic offers an opportunity to develop action plans that can build more environmentally sustainable future.

Over the years, Governments of South Asia have faced the challenge of achieving the goal of sustainable development. On the one hand, they must satisfy the ever-growing demand for energy and, on the other hand, the interminable deterioration of the environment is causing great concern among political economists. The widening gap between the demand and supply of energy, over-reliance on the use of fossil fuels, and increasing import bills due to rising global prices are the challenges that South Asia is facing. These can be overcome by using its great potential in renewables. This paper uses SWOT methodology to identify that the poor financial situation of the distribution companies, due to power losses and non-cost-reflective tariffs, and the lack of credit opportunities, due to high interest rates and inaccessibility of loans for the long-term, are the major impediments to the growth of the renewable energy sector of the region. Moreover, there is a conflict of interest between the manufacturers of renewable energy equipment and the developers of renewable energy projects in terms of Government policy concerning the imposition of import duties. India is moving towards protection of the former, while the latter see opportunities in the renewable energy sector of Pakistan.

The United Nations 2030 Agenda brings a holistic and multi-sectoral view on sustainability via the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, a successful implementation of this agenda is conti...

Exploring the production and application of clean energy has always been the core of sustainable development. As a clean and sustainable technology, electrocatalysis has been receiving widespread attention. It is crucial to achieve efficient, stable and cheap electrocatalysts. However, the traditional “trial and error” method is time-consuming, laborious and costly. In recent years, with the significant increase in computing power, computations have played an important role in electrocatalyst design. Nevertheless, it is still difficult to search for advanced electrocatalysts in the vast chemical space through traditional density functional theory (DFT) computations. Fortunately, the development of machine learning and interdisciplinary integration will inject new impetus into targeted design of electrocatalysts. Machine learning is able to predict electrochemical performances with an accuracy close to DFT. Here we provide an overview of the application of machine learning in electrocatalyst design, including the prediction of structure, thermodynamic properties and kinetic barriers. We also discuss the potential of explicit solvent model combined with machine learning molecular dynamics in this field. Finally, the favorable circumstances and challenges are outlined for the future development of machine learning in electrocatalysis. The studies on electrochemical processes by machine learning will further realize targeted design of high-efficiency electrocatalysts.

There has been an increase in demand for environmentally friendly products, consumers today are more concerned for the environment and moving towards the greener market. Entrepreneurs today are more cautious and moving towards more socially responsible citizens and have understood their role in sustainable business for a better tomorrow. The concept of green entrepreneurship is at an infant stage right now but is moving towards the maturity phase. Environmental sustainability and entrepreneurship focus on the production of green goods. There are research studies that are accessible to the public sustainable development, developing green markets, and new-age entrepreneurship work together each is linked to the other. Specifically, the green market's effect on Sustainable development and green entrepreneurship has not yet been explored in-depth. The current study aims to highlight available literature on green entrepreneurship and sustainable development to propose a conceptual model for further research.

The deep tillage of soil consumes fuel at higher costs, which creates a large amount of carbon emissions. For large-scale farming in particular, the threat to the environment cannot be ignored. Currently, very few studies have considered the impact of the size of the deep tillage area on carbon emissions. Effectively controlling the size of the deep tillage area can reduce the emission of carbon dioxide at a certain level and optimize profits, which is crucial to the sustainable development of agricultural supply chains. In this paper, we design a new contract-farming rice supply chain network based on “Cooperative + Storage Company”, which considers tillage as the start point for the supply chain echelon. A multi-product, multi-period, bi-objective optimization model is proposed to maximize profit and minimize carbon emissions in the network. Moreover, we consider the grain rotation task of the storage company in the modeling. The L p -metrics method is used to solve the bi-objective model. Subsequently, an actual scenario is used to verify the effectiveness of the model. The results indicate that changes in the size of the deep tillage area have a significant impact on carbon emissions, and the size of the deep tillage area is negatively correlated with the total farm size, thereby affecting the carbon dioxide release. The results also indicate that carbon emissions can be minimized by increasing the number of cooperatives or expanding the size of farms. The proposed model can aid decision-makers in selecting an optimal set of solutions based on their preferences or policies.

Safe garbage disposal is a challenge for every developing country. In India it’s become further difficult due to massive urbanization, poverty and population density. Lack of fund with municipalities and ill defined property rights offer an easy solution to poor households to throw the un-segregated waste in nearby drains/streets/open areas. This unsafe disposal of garbage is creating a challenge to environment by emitting high emission, marine life by choking rivers and sea, creating health externalities and even impacting tourism. Hence garbage disposal in sustainable way is taken care while drafting sustainable development goals. SDG 11.6 is specifically focused on working towards Sustainable cities and communities. To achieve this SDG, it is necessary to reducing the adverse per capita environment impact of cities. This can’t be achieving without the help of safe disposal of garbage. The current paper is focused on the behaviour of garbage disposal by Indian households and how it can be harmful for their own health. To achieve this aim, the study will be using NSS 76th round survey on “Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition.

Environmental sustainability and economic growth are the two ends of a stream whereby when an economy excels towards growth and stability it causes harm to the environment whereas whenever there is less generation of domestic product there is less harm to the environment. Therefore, the present study intends to explore the role of green innovation and renewable energy in carbon emissions and economic growth by employing the unique methodology of Bootstrap ARDL proposed by McNown, Sam, and Goh (2018) on the theoretical guidelines of the neo-classical and STIRPAT model, in the context of Malaysia. The data have been collected from World Bank and OECD database from 1971 to 2017 (47 observations). The result reported that green innovation has a positive and negative relationship with growth and CO2 emissions respectively in both the short and long run. On the other hand, the result reported interesting findings in the relationship of renewable energy with economic growth in the short-run which was found negative however it becomes positive in the longer period, whereas the relationship of renewable energy with CO2 emission remains negative for both short and long run. Lastly, the present study recommended to the regulators that they should formulate the effective policies related to the innovation that enhance the sustainable development.