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Introduction Mortality attributed to fire and flame for children (0−14 years) over a fifty-year period has not been previously analyzed in Australia. The literature has focused on these deaths over a shorter time period or disaggregated with other causes of burns or deaths in one burns center. However, mortality associated with fire/flames affects this age group the greatest. The aims of this study are to: (1) develop a trends analysis of fire and flames mortality between1968 to 2016, using the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) mortality database and, (2) determine the association of interventions with fire and flames mortality using the Haddon's categorical intervention framework. Methods International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes were extracted and code equivalencies between ICD 8, 9, 10 and the Australian Bureau of Statistics for fire/flames data between 1968-–2016 were assessed. To determine whether population changes affected the risks of mortality, the frequency and, rates per 100,000 were used. A literature review was conducted that summarized the current knowledge of interventions associated with the major decreases in the fire and flames mortality rate. Results In Australia, we found was a downward trend for the period although with significant variation from year to year when compared to external cause mortality. Additionally, there were multiple successful interventions associated with a sustained decrease in mortality. After 2016, child fire-related mortality remains a problem particularly in low socioeconomic groups and indigenous peoples. A combination of research, public awareness, engineering, legal enforcement, advancements in burns care and, evidence-based policy development all have a role to play in future injury prevention initiatives. Although direct causation to an individual is not possible, associations can be drawn from interventions on a population level to decreases in mortality. Conclusion We found was a steady decline in both rates and frequency of childhood fire and flames mortality from 1968 to 2016 associated with multiple interventions.

Summary Objectives We aimed to characterize neurological outcomes and determine the prevalence of HIV encephalopathy in a cohort of HIV-infected children in Jamaica. Methods Data for 287 HIV-infected children presenting between 2002 and 2008 were reviewed and neurological outcomes characterized. A nested case–control study was conducted between July and September 2009 used 15 randomly selected encephalopathic HIV-infected children aged 7–10 years and 15 matched controls (non-encephalopathic HIV-infected). Their neurocognitive functions were evaluated using clinical assessment and standardized tests for intelligence, short term memory (visuo-spatial and auditory), selective attention, and fine motor and coordination functions. Outcomes were compared using Fisher's exact test and the Mann–Whitney U -test. Results Sixty-seven (23.3%) children were encephalopathic. The median age at diagnosis of HIV encephalopathy was 1.6 years (interquartile range (IQR) 1.1–3.4 years). Predominant abnormalities were delayed milestones (59, 88.1%), hyperreflexia (59, 86.5%), spasticity (50, 74.6%), microcephaly (42, 61.7%), and quadriparesis (21, 31.3%). The median age of tested children was 8.7 years (IQR 7.6–10.8 years) in the encephalopathic group and 9 years (IQR 7.4–10.7 years) in the non-encephalopathic group. Encephalopathic children performed worse in all domains of neurocognitive function ( p Conclusions A high prevalence of HIV encephalopathy was noted, and significant neurocognitive dysfunction identified in encephalopathic children. Optimized management through the early identification of neurological impairment and implementation of appropriate interventions is recommended to improve quality of life.

Co-based catalysts of the reaction by which hydrogen was obtained from NaBH4 solution were prepared by chemical reduction in a liquid phase. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that the as-prepared Fe@Co catalyst was ultrafine and amorphous. The calculated Arrhenius activation energy of the Fe@Co catalyst was 35.62(1) kJ mol−1 while that of the Co catalyst was 38.81(2) kJ mol−1, demonstrating that Fe@Co nanoparticles reduce the activation energy of the reaction more than does a Co nanocatalyst. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) clearly reveals the valences of Fe and Co. The Fe valence of Fe@Co is smallest among three catalysts because of the Co shell. The molar ration of Fe to Co is 1: 2 as determined by using XPS analysis, indicating that the novel catalyst reduces costs. The generation of hydrogen is schematically elucidated.

This paper presents a magnetic circuit model to the estimation of machine parameters of an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine. It extends the earlier work of Hwang and Cho that focused mainly on the magnetic aspects of motor design. The proposed model used to calculate EMF, d- and q-axis reactances. These calculations are compared to those from finite element analysis and measurement with good agreement.

Various film deposition techniques such as spin coating and variable concentration drop casting give rise to different film morphologies. Using electron diffraction we have studied films made by these techniques and show that they lead to a change in the underlying structure as well.

Stromal-epithelial interaction plays an important role in regulating tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. We have previously demonstrated organ-specificity in the Induction of human prostate cancer growth in vivo. In the present study, we investigated wheather fibroblasts derived from different zones of the human prostate can differentially Induce the growth and formation of recombinant chimeric prostate tissue. Therefore, we first established human prostate fibroblast cell lines from histologically normal areas of the peripheral zone (PZ), the transition zone (TZ), and the central zone (CZ) of radical prostatectomy specimens. All of the fibroblasts derived from the prostate specimens, when injected alone in intact male athymic nude mice failed to form tumors. When coinoculated with nontumorigenic LNCaP human prostate cancer cells, fibroblasts derived from the TZ, PZ, and CZ induced tumors in 91% (10/11), 89% (8/9), and 50% (1/2) of the hosts, respectively. One hundred percent of TZ, 85% of PZ, and 100% of CZ fibroblast-induced tumors expressed elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Tumors differed in histomorphologic analysis. Prostate fibroblasts differed in dihydrotestosterone growth stimulation, induction of anchorage-independent growth, and doubling time. In summary, fibroblasts derived from the peripheral, transition, and central zones of the human prostate induced human nontumorigenic LNCaP cells to form PSA-expressing tumors. These results illustrate the importance of strormal-epithelial interactions affecting growth and morphology in prostate cancer development.

The photochemistry of gaseous o-xylene in the presence of pyridine, piperidine, methylamine and ammonia has been investigated at 253 nm. The quantum yields of fluorescence and of o-xylene → m-xylene isomerization were measured as a function of the pressure of the added amine gas. Quenching of the fluorescence of o-xylene by pyridine is very effective but smaller fluorescence quenching yields are obtained on using piperidine, methylamine or ammonia. The m-xylene yield at first increases and then decreases on increasing the pressure of pyridine. The present data indicate that the excited singlet state of o-xylene and the highly vibrationally excited ground electronic states may be involved in the formation of m-xylene. The effects of the amines on both the fluorescence and the m-xylene yields from o-xylene are observed to follow the order pyridine > piperidine > methylamine > ammonia. The quenching ability of the compound seems to be closely related to the degree of similarity between its structure and that of the o-xylene.

Vacancy loss at a variety of grain boundaries in 99.999 wt.% pure polycrystalline gold quenched from 930°C and aged at 60°C was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The vacancy precipitate (stacking-fault tetrahedra) free zones, which formed in the regions adjacent to grain boundaries due to vacancy loss at these sinks during quenching, were analyzed. The vacancy sink efficiency of both small-angle and non-special large-angle grain boundaries was found to be high in the presence of the large chemical potential of the quenched-in vacancies. While there is some evidence that the sink efficiency at small angles is somewhat smaller than at large angles, the results are not inconsistent with a constant vacancy sink efficiency for all of the small-angle and non-special large-angle boundaries observed. On the other hand, the sink efficiency of the special Σ = 3 coherent twin boundary is significantly lower than for the non-special boundaries. The results are discussed relative to other work in the field, and it is concluded that: (1) both small-angle and non-special large-angle boundaries operate as highly effective sinks at high vacancy chemical potentials; (2) the sink efficiency tends to fall off as the chemical potential decreases or the boundary becomes more special, i.e., more ordered.