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Introduction Gleason score biopsy undergrading (GSBU) can have an impact on the management and prognosis of patients with Prostate Cancer (PC). We analyze the possible impact of time and other clinical and analytical factors in the appearance of GSBU in our series. Patients and method Ambispective, multicenter study of 1955 patients with localized PC undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) between 2005 and 2018. Descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing are reported by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Mean age 63.69 (44–80) years, median PSA 8.70 ng / ml (1.23–99). GSBU was observed in 34.7% of the entire cohort. In 72.8% of the cases, the GSBU occurred in one consecutive Gleason score, with the progression from 3 + 3 to 3 + 4 being the most frequent (289 patients, 47.6%). Performing RP 90–180 days before or after the biopsy does not have an impact on its undergrading in any of the groups. In the univariate and multivariate analysis, the presence of tumor or pathological rectal examination in both lobes, the tumor load ≥50% of cylinders and a DPSA ≥ 0.20, showed independent discriminative capacity to select patients who presented GSBU. Conclusions The time from biopsy to RP did not show impact on GSBU. The number of affected cylinders, bilateral tumor and DPSA are easily accessible parameters that can help us select patients with greater probability of presenting GSBU.

Resumen Introduccion La infragradacion del grado de Gleason de la biopsia (IGGB) puede impactar en el manejo y pronostico de los pacientes con cancer de prostata. Se analiza el posible impacto del tiempo y otros factores clinico-analiticos y la aparicion de IGBB en nuestra serie. Pacientes y metodo Estudio multicentrico ambispectivo de 1.955 pacientes con cancer de prostata localizado intervenidos mediante prostatectomia radical entre 2005 y 2018. Se utiliza estadistica descriptiva y pruebas de contraste de hipotesis con analisis uni- y multivariado para comunicar los resultados. Resultados Edad media 63,69 anos (44-80), mediana de PSA 8,70 ng/ml (1,23-99). Se observa IGGB en el 34,7% de toda la muestra. En el 72,8% de los casos la IGGB fue en un unico punto consecutivo del grado de Gleason: el paso de 3+3 a 3+4 fue el mas frecuente (289 pacientes, 47,6%). La realizacion de prostatectomia radical antes o despues de 90-180 dias desde la biopsia no impacto en su infragradacion en ninguno de los grupos. En los analisis uni- y multivariante, la presencia de tumor o tacto rectal patologico en ambos lobulos, la carga tumoral ≥50% de los cilindros totales y una DPSA ≥ 0,20 mostraron capacidad discriminativa independiente para seleccionar pacientes que presentaron IGGB. Conclusiones El tiempo desde la biopsia hasta la prostatectomia radical no mostro impacto en IGGB. El numero de cilindros afectados, la DPSA y presentar tumor bilateral fueron parametros de facil acceso que pueden ayudarnos a seleccionar pacientes con mayor probabilidad de presentar IGGB.

The effects of livestock grazing on soil microbial communities are not fully understood in arid regions, where water limitations can have significant consequences on soil health and biological processes. Neither are understood the effects of livestock grazing on the interactions among members of the microbial communities. Here, we used high-throughput amplicon sequencing and co-occurrence network analyses to study changes in microbial community composition and networks in soil from plant-patches and inter-patches under sheep grazed and non-grazed conditions within an arid region of Patagonia. In addition, we analyzed soil and vegetation properties that could be influencing the observed microbial patterns. We detected over 2,000 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in soils from plant-patches and a similar number in inter-patches, which abundance shifted between the non-grazed and the grazed sites. Among them, members of the Actinomycetales, Solirubrobacterales, Pedosphaerales and Rhizobiales were present. We further found that connections among them in the network analysis were significantly affected by soil texture. Moreover, soil particle size explained between 24.7% and 31.9% of the variance in microbial community composition. Positive network connections increased from 57.8% in the non-grazed site to 88.6% in the grazed site. This may suggest either an increase in cooperative associations within the community, as a strategy to survive under the stressful conditions imposed by grazing, or a selection of microorganisms with similar niche requirements. We further concluded that members of the Actinomycetales and Rhizobiales seem to have a keystone role in the soil communities from this arid ecosystem. Fil: Marcos, Magalí Silvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales; Argentina Fil: Bertiller, Monica Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina Fil: Olivera, Nelda Lila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales; Argentina

The use of micro-devices in supercritical fluid extraction processes has been widely studied. However, few or none investigations aiming to understand emulsification processes involving supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) have been carried out yet. Thus, this work intends to provide knowledge of the breakup of Liquid-Liquid (L-L) water-in-oil (W/O) microfluidic processes under the presence of dissolved CO2. To that end, a Y-junction made of PMMA (polymethyl-methacrylate) is designed, which enables visual characterisation of dispersions up to pressures of 15 MPa via shadowgraph technique. The dissolution of CO2 into the continuous oily phase causes a simultaneous reduction in viscosity and interfacial tension, which are important parameters for the formation or stability of emulsions. Nonetheless, the impact that those parameters individually have on the breakup dynamics cannot be known only from experimental data. Computational Fluid Dynamic simulations have been performed to isolate the effect of continuous phase viscosity and interfacial tension in water-in-CO2-saturated-oil dispersions.

Although Kounis syndrome was described almost 3 decades ago, there has been a notable increase in the reports of cases of acute coronary syndromes developed in the context of allergic reactions, also known as Kounis syndrome. This article discusses the diagnostic possibility in the face of an acute biventricular failure in the course of an anaphylactic reaction during the intra-operative period of a cardiac valve surgery.

Within a nonlinear relativistic Hartree–Fock approximation combined with the BCS method, we study the effect of the nucleon–nucleon tensor force of the π -exchange potential on the spin- and pseudospin–orbit doublets along the Ca and Sn isotopic chains. We show how the self-consistent tensor force effect modifies the splitting of both kinds of doublets in an interdependent form, leading, quite generally, to opposite effects in the accomplishment of the spin and pseudospin symmetries (the one is restored, the other one deteriorates and vice versa). The ordering of the single-particle energy levels is crucial to this respect. Also, we observe a mutual dependence on the evolution of the shell closure gap Z = 50 and the energy band outside the core, along the Sn chain, as due to the tensor force. In fact, when the shell gap is quenched the outside energy band is enlarged, and vice versa. A reduction of the strength of the pion tensor force with respect to its experimental value from the nucleon–nucleon scattering is needed to get results closer to the experiment. Pairing correlations act to some extent in the opposite direction of the tensor term of the one-pion-exchange force.

The quantification of the mixing performance in static mixers has been object of investigation in the recent decades. However its effectiveness under elevated pressure remains still unknown. In order to increase the understanding of dispersive mixing in the presence of CO2, a high pressure view chamber is designed; it enables the use of visualisation techniques, such as shadowgraphy. Due to the similarity between the flow through the channels of SMX-plus mixers and porous media, their characteristic pore dimensions are determined via pressure drop measurements. The suitability of carbon dioxide (CO2) as dispersion promoter in liquid–liquid (water-in-oil) dispersions is explained as a result of its concentration in the mixture. Finally, an empirical model based on dimensionless numbers (Reynolds and Weber), allows the prediction of the maximum droplet diameter and mean Sauter diameter, which accounts for the change in physical properties provoked by the dissolution of CO2 in the continuous oily phase.

We aimed to evaluate the effects of both plant litter quality, characteristic of sites with different histories of grazing disturbance, and soil water content on nitrification in soils from an arid ecosystem of Patagonia. To reach this goal, soil microcosms covered by plant litter of different quality and subjected to different soil water conditions were sampled at different times to analyze: (i) the nitrifying enzyme activity; (ii) the concentration of inorganic forms of nitrogen; and (iii) the abundance of bacterial (AOB) and archaeal (AOA) amoA genes. Soil water enhanced nitrifying activity in average 16% during the period of highest nitrification rates, and nitrate concentration in average 733% after 70 days of incubation. Microcosms amended with high litter quality showed the highest ammonium and the lowest phenolics concentrations, and higher or equal nitrification rates than microcosms amended with poor litter quality. After one week of incubation, the combination of both high litter quality and soil water significantly enhanced amoA gene abundance from AOB (p < 0.05). The AOB:AOA amoA genes ratio ranged from 12 to 3170. Altogether, our results suggest that high soil water and litter quality exerted positive effects over the nitrifying activity and the abundance of AOB but not AOA in these arid soils. Fil: Marcos, Magalí Silvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales; Argentina Fil: Bertiller, Monica Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia; Argentina Fil: Saravi Cisneros, Hebe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales; Argentina Fil: Olivera, Nelda Lila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales; Argentina

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of a chiral nitrone with α,β-unsaturated lactones was carried out to give the corresponding isoxazolidines. Tetrahydro-1,3-oxazines with an oxa-tropane skeleton were obtained in one step by alkylation. The structures of several of these compounds were corroborated by X-ray diffraction and molecular modelling studies confirmed the results and proposed a mechanism for their formation.

The Hayashi–Jorgensen organocatalyst has made possible a sulfonyl Nazarov analogue reagent to give a Diels–Alder reaction at the double bond, without involving the activated methylene affording chiral highly functionalised cyclohexa-1,3-dienes.

The addition of three nitrones to phenylvinylsulfone, 1 , has been studied. The stereochemistry previously established by two-dimensional NMR techniques was confirmed by X-ray crystal structure determination. Theoretical studies made us propose that this reaction is not purely regioselective, but by controlling the substituents of nitrone and temperature the regioselectivity increases.

(5R,6S,E)-5-Alkyl-2-(2-(methoxymethoxy)ethylidene)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)cyclohex-3-enones, have been obtained by a domino reaction using tandem catalysis with a Nazarov reagent 3, and several unsaturated aldehydes.

The synthesis of a C -branched homopyrrolidinol has been achieved by making use of the reactivity of the sulfone group in four different ways. The stereochemistry of the two compounds has been established by X-ray diffraction analysis.

Two different strategies for the synthesis of spongidines A and D are presented. Herein we describe a route based in an amino acid insertion followed by aromatization. Another alternative is the construction of a pyridine derivative followed by N-alkylation. Both methodologies have intermediate 5 as a key compound, which is eventually accessible from methyl isoanticopalate.

This paper describes the use of zamoranic acid in the first semisynthesis of the furolabdane (+)-angeloyl-gutierrezianolic acid methyl ester diterpenoid, which also establishes the absolute configuration of the natural product. Direct deconjugation of Δ 7 in zamoranic acid and Bestmann methodology for the furan ring synthesis are the key steps.

ent-Halimic acid has been used in the synthesis of the quinone/hydroquinone sesquiterpenes (−)-aureol, (−)-smenoqualone, (−)-neomamanuthaquinone and in the formal synthesis of (−)-cyclosmenospongine.

This paper describes the use of (−)-sclareol in the synthesis of the tricyclic diterpenes of abietane skeleton, such as (+)-ferruginol and (+)-sugiol, using as key step the lateral lithiation of a dinorditerpene derivative.

Description of the first synthesis of (+)-makassaric acid, an important kinase MK2 inhibitor. The key step was a Barton/McCombie radical deoxygenation.

This paper describes an anomalous behaviour of the Sharpless dihydroxylation of a terminal olefin. The synthesis of a new chiral pyrrolidine and its application as an organocatalyst in the Michael addition of cyclohexanone into nitrostyrenes are described.

Herein, the synthesis of 4-methyldecarboxyhaumanamide (9) and 4-methyldecarboxyspongolactams A (11) and C (13) is presented. (-)-Sclareol is the starting material and the chloroderivative 7 is the common intermediate. Moreover, this synthesis represents a new strategy for the preparation of pyrrolinones. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., The authors thank the Junta de Castilla y León for financial support (GR178 and SA063A07), MICINN (CTQ2009-11557) and for the doctoral fellowships awarded to A.B. and O.B.

A new cyclisation of 3-(but-3-enyl) indole derivatives that produces policyclic compounds with a hexahydrocarbazole structure is described. In this reaction three stereogenic centres are generated in one step, and this process can be considered as evidence of the biogenetic relationship between anominine and tubingensin A.

This paper describes the use of (−)-sclareol in the first synthesis of the spirolabdanolide (+)-leopersin D, which also establishes the absolute configuration of the product. The reversibility of conjugate addition/elimination of oxaspirolabdanolide formation is demonstrated.

Background: Systemic complications including pancreatitis-associated lung injury (PALI) are critical factors that determine the outcome of severe necrotizing pancreatitis (SNP). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of chronic alcohol exposure on the development of PALI. Methods: 48 rats were fed either a Lieber deCarli control or alcohol diet for 6 weeks. After completion, SNP was induced by intraductal infusion of bile salt followed by intravenous infusion of cerulein over 6 h. Control animals received i.v. Ringer’s solution. Intravital microscopy of the liver was performed 6 h after induction of SNP to evaluate hepatic perfusion and leukocyte adhesion. Serum parameters, edema, inflammation, and histological changes were evaluated at 12 h. IL-6 levels were evaluated in portal venous and systemic blood as well as in pancreatic tissue homogenates. Results: Alcohol pretreatment did not affect pancreatic injury in SNP. PALI was aggravated after alcohol ingestion. These animals showed increased hepatic microcirculatory disturbances, compared to SNP alone. IL-6 showed peak levels in SNP with alcohol pretreatment, although they were also elevated in SNP alone. Systemic levels of IL-6 were higher than in the portal vein. Conclusion: In SNP, alcoholic pretreatment increases pulmonary damage, while pancreatic injury is identical. The liver seems to participate in this effect by increased hepatic cytokine release.

Two labdenolides, sibiricinone A and sibericinone B, and a furo-labdane leoheterin have been synthesized from sclareol, for the first time, establishing in this manner the absolute configuration for these compounds.

Several 6,7-dioxygenated (cis or trans) labdanes have been synthesised starting from sclareol. A new strategy that allows the obtention of diols α-cis as well as β-cis or trans is described. In particular, the syntheses of three natural highly functionalised labdanes in the B rings of 2, 3 and 4 with different side chains are reported. The syntheses have permitted to correct the proposed structure for one of them.

A new, easily tunable organocatalyst has been synthesized and applied in the Michael reaction of cyclohexanones to nitrostyrenes.

The γ-acetoxybutenolide (+)-lagerstronolide was synthesized from (+)-sclareol, with an overall yield of 10%. The absolute stereochemistry for the natural compound (−)-lagerstronolide has been correctly established.

A nor-limonoid with a γ-hydroxybutenolide group was obtained starting from the known methyl isoanticopalate. A new route for the synthesis of several lactones with a homoisoanticopalane skeleton has been opened. The stereochemistry of three intermediates was established by X-ray determination.

An advanced intermediate 40 with the ABC ring of the picrasane quassinoid skeleton has been synthesised from ent-halimic acid. The bicyclic system of the starting material has been incorporated as the BC part of the ABC system. Until date, no diterpenes of the antipode series have been used in this kind of approach.

A new chiral organocatalyst is described in this paper. A new mechanism for the overall Michael condensation of ketones with nitroolefins using our catalyst is suggested based on molecular modelling studies.

A new synthesis of chiral alkyl pyrroles and pyrrolines has been achieved in an easy straightforward way, using the addition of organometallics to chiral imines.

Background Despite improvement in the management of severe necrotizting pancreatitis, mortality remains high. Today, no specific treatment exists. Inflammatory cascades and microcirculatory disturbances play a key role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of inosine, an immunomodulatory substance, on the severity of experimental necrotizing pancreatitis. Methods Severe necrotizing pancreatitis was induced in rats. Treatment groups received inosine either prophylactically or therapeutically. Pancreatic injury was evaluated by microcirculatory assessment and histology. Results Prophylactic inosine significantly attenuated pancreatic microcirculatory disturbances and morphologic injury in necrotizing pancreatitis. However, inosine treatment did not have any beneficial effects when applied therapeutically several hours after onset of the disease. Conclusions Prophylactic inosine reduces microcirculatory and pancreatic injury in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. These effects should be assessed in the clinical setting of ERCP and pancreas transplantation.

An efficient synthesis of (+)-agelasine C has been achieved from ent-halimic acid. The structure and absolute configuration of the natural product (−)-agelasine C was established and a structure for epi-agelasine C, is proposed.

A study of the addition of vinylsulfones versus alkylsufones has been done, and applied to the synthesis of N -( tert -butoxycarbonyl)- l -homophenylalanine.

A chiral pyrrolidinopyridine was synthesized by using Buchwald methodology. The sulfone was used to add a benzyl group, which positioned a phenyl near the reacting position.

Introducción: La traqueítis bacteriana es una causa de obstrucción grave de la vía aérea superior que se considera poco frecuente y cuyas características clínico-epidemiológicas son poco conocidas. Pacientes y métodos: Se analizaron las historias clínicas de los niños diagnosticados de traqueítis bacteriana que ingresaron en nuestra unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátrica (UCIP) entre junio de 1992 y mayo de 2004 (12 años). Se recogieron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, antecedents personales de enfermedad, necesidad de intubación endotraqueal,días de intubación, bacteria aislada, tratamiento antibiótico, corticoterapia y días de estancia en la UCIP. Resultados: Se incluyeron 12 pacientes (6 niñas y 6 niños). El rango de edad osciló entre 1 mes y 13 años (mediana: 2 años). Tenían historia previa de laringotraqueítis aguda 4 niños, uno tenía un síndrome de Down y otro una comunicación interauricular. Todos los pacientes precisaron intubación orotraqueal, durante un período entre 2 y 72 h (mediana: 48 h). En todos ellos se utilizó antibioterapia empírica: cefalosporinas en 11 niños (91 %) (en cuatro ocasiones asociadas a un glucopéptido) y macrólido en un niño (9 %). Se emplearon corticoides en 9 casos (75 %). El cultivo del aspirado traqueal fue positivo en 7 niños (58 %), siendo Staphylococcus aureus el germen más frecuente (42 %). Tres niños (25 %) desarrollaron neumonía lobular y uno (8,3 %) insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva como complicación de la traqueítis bacteriana. La evolución clínica fue satisfactoria en todos los casos. Conclusiones: Aunque la incidencia absoluta de la traqueítis bacteriana es baja, en nuestro medio constituye una causa relevante de obstrucción grave de la vía aérea superior secundaria a un proceso infeccioso, por lo que debe tenerse en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial del paciente con estridor y fiebre. Si se realiza el tratamiento adecuado, el pronóstico en general es favorable. : Introduction: Bacterial tracheitis is a cause of severe upper respiratory airway obstruction. It has been considered a rare entity whose clinical and epidemiological features are not well known. Patients and methods: The medical records of children diagnosed with bacterial tracheitis and admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) from June 1992 to May 2004 (12 years) were analyzed. The following variables were recorded: age, sex, personal history, need for endotracheal intubation, dura-tion of intubation, isolated bacteria, antibiotic treatment, steroid administration, and length of stay in the PICU. Results: Twelve patients (six girls and six boys) were included in this study. Age ranged from 1 month to 13 years (median 24 months). Four children had a history of acute laryngotracheitis, one had Down syndrome and another had interauricular communication. All patients needed orotracheal intubation for 2 to 72 hours (median 48 hours). All patients received empirical antibiotic therapy:cephalosporins in 11 children (91 %) (in association with vancomycin or teicoplanin in four of them) and erythromycin in one (9 %). Corticosteroids were administered in nine patients (75%). Bacterial pathogens were isolated from tracheal secretion culture in seven children (58 %) and the most common was Staphylococcus aureus (42 %). Three children (25 %) developed lobar pneumonia and one developed congestive cardiac insufficiency as a complication of bacterial tracheitis. In all patients, clinical outcome was satisfactory. Conclusions: Although the absolute frequency of bacterial tracheitis is low, in our environment this entity represents a considerable cause of severe upper respiratory airway obstruction secondary to an infectious process. Therefore, it should be considered in patients who present with stridor and fever. If the correct treatment is provided, the prognosis is generally good.

Antecedentes El sindrome de desgaste profesional es un trastorno adaptativo cronico que condiciona alteraciones importantes de la conducta laboral. Objetivo En este trabajo se ha pretendido conocer su prevalencia entre el personal asistencial pediatrico, para la cual se diseno un estudio transversal y descriptivo. Material y metodos En noviembre de 2002 se presento el cuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) a 127 personas (medicos, enfermeras y auxiliares) que trabajan en un Departamento de Pediatria. El cuestionario consta de 22 items que exploran tres aspectos del sindrome de desgaste profesional: a) cansancio emocional; b) despersonalizacion, y c) realizacion personal. Resultados El cuestionario fue contestado por 93 personas (tasa de respuesta: 73,2 %). El 83 % de las encuestas fueron cumplimentadas por mujeres y el 17 % por varones. La media de edad fue de 38,6 ± 10,2 anos y la mediana de antiguedad en el puesto de trabajo de 10 anos (limites, 1-37 anos). El 29,0 % eran pediatras, el 50,5 %, personal de enfermeria, y el 20,5 %, auxiliares de enfermeria. Segun la escala utilizada, el 20,8 % de los entrevistados presentaban un alto grado de sindrome de desgaste profesional, el 19,8 % un nivel moderado y el 59,4 % un nivel bajo de sindrome de desgaste profesional. En relacion con las subescalas del cuestionario, el 67,7 % de los encuestados presenta un bajo grado de realizacion personal, el 14,5 % obtiene puntuaciones altas de cansancio emocional y el 23,9% tiene valores altos en la escala de despersonalizacion. Conclusiones El sindrome de desgaste profesional es un trastorno presente en un porcentaje considerable de las personas que atienden a pacientes pediatricos a nivel hospitalario. En la muestra estudiada, la falta de realizacion personal se destaca sobre los demas componentes del sindrome, lo que alerta sobre la posible existencia de actitudes negativas hacia uno mismo y la actividad laboral, perdida de interes por la atencion a los ninos, baja productividad y disminucion de la autoestima. Por lo tanto, deberian tomarse medidas para atenuar los factores que influyen en el desarrollo del sindrome de desgaste profesional entre el personal asistencial pediatrico. Background Burnout syndrome (BS) is a chronic adaptation disorder that provokes serious problems in occupational behavior. Objective In the present study we assessed the prevalence of burnout syndrome in pediatric healthcare workers. Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive study. Material and methods In November 2002, the Maslach Burnout Inventory was given to 127 staff members (doctors, nurses and nurse assistants) working in a pediatrics department. The questionnaire includes 22 items that explore three aspects of BS: a) emotional exhaustion; b) depersonalization, and c) personal achievement. Results The questionnaire was completed by 93 staff members (73.2 % of the whole sample; 83% women and 17% men). The mean age was 38.6 ± 10.2 years and the median number of years worked was 10 (range: 1-37 years). Twenty-nine percent were pediatricians, 50.5% were nurses and 20.5% were nurse assistants. A total of 20.8 % had a high level of BS, 19.8 % had a moderate level and 59.4 % showed a low level. When sub-scales were applied, the results showed that 67.7 % of respondents presented a low level of personal achievement, 14.5 % had high scores of emotional exhaustion and 23.9 % obtained high scores in the depersonalization scale. Conclusions BS is present in a significant percentage of hospital workers attending pediatric patients. In our sample, the most notable component of BS was the lack of personal achievement. This finding alerted us to the eventual presence of negative attitudes toward self and professional activity, as well as to the loss of interest in pediatric care, low productivity and diminished self-esteem. We believe that specific strategies should be implemented to attenuate the factors influencing the development of BS in pediatric health staff. Previous article in issueNext article in issue Palabras clave Key words

Several tri- and tetracyclic diterpenes have been synthesised from zamoranic acid. The key step is the cyclisation of a dicarbonyl 13,14-secoderivative by SmI 2 .

A totally different approach to conformationally restricted glutamic acid analogues is described, in which one of the acid functions is replaced by a cyclopropanol. The reactivity of cyclopropanol vinyl sulfones toward addition of lithiated Schollkopf bislactim ether provides a facile synthesis of α-amino acid diastereoisomers. Conformational analysis of these analogues, incorporating solvation effects, and docking to a glutamate receptor model, are used to show the relevance of the conformational restrictions employed.

An efficient synthesis of (+)-subersic acid, the unnatural enantiomer, has been achieved from sclareol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid.

The pseudo-spin symmetry (PSS) is investigated in the framework of the relativistic Hartree–Fock approximation (RHFA). The Dirac equation is reduced to a Schrodinger like equation for the small component of the nucleon spinor. Though this equation reveals that the symmetry appears to be broken even in the ΣSD+Σ0D=0 limit, where ΣSD and Σ0D are the direct (Hartree) scalar and time component of the vector nucleon self-energies, respectively, pseudo-spin symmetry is approximately conserved. The behavior of the single-particle potentials and of the wave functions of both neutron and proton pseudo-spin doublets in the 40Ca and 48Ca nuclei are analyzed. There is no dominance of the term dependent on the pseudo-orbital angular momentum (containing the pseudo-centrifugal barrier) compared to the pseudo-spin–orbit potential (PSOP). The contributions to the energy of each pseudo-spin doublet (PSD) level coming from all terms entering the equation for the small component of the Dirac spinor are calculated. The quasi-degeneracy of the PSD levels in the RHFA can be explained by a compensation of the differences between these contributions. The effect of the self-consistency is comparable to that of the PSOP itself.

An efficient synthesis of (−)-chrysolic acid and (+)-isofregenedol has been achieved from zamoranic acid and sclareol. The characteristic tetrahydronaphtalenic system was obtained by use of a cationic rearrangement of bicyclic systems adequately functionalized. The absolute configuration of the natural products was established using Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation.

The reaction of bicyclic diterpenes with an allylic oxygenated function or an equivalent functionality on ring B in the presence of I2/benzene afforded a simple and rapid synthesis of tetrahydronaphthalenic diterpenes of the isofregenedane class.

An efficient synthesis of chettaphanin I and II has been achieved from ent-halimic acid. The absolute configuration of the natural products was established by nOe experiment and by X-ray analysis of chettaphanin II.

The first three natural ent-halimanolides known until now have been synthesized from ent-halimic acid. Their structure have been confirmed as well as their absolute configurations established. Bestmann methodology has been used for the synthesis of butenolides and for the γ-hydroxybutenolides synthesis the Boukouvalas method has been employed. Biological testing has been carried out on these compounds.

By using the appropriate protecting groups, the opening of (2S,3S,4E)-5-benzenesulfonyl-2,3-epoxy-pent-4-en-1-ol (−)-2 could be controlled and used for the synthesis of the enantiomeric pyrrolidines (+)- and (−)-18 and the tetrahydrofuran analogs (+)- and (−)-19.