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This paper aims to report on the results of the study of routes and the distance of travelling by spices in traditional and organized retailing from the agricultural location to the consumer. This research is largely exploratory, and interviews and surveys with players in spice supply chain are included in the instruments of analysis. In order to assess the current state of supply chain management activities, the analysis would monitor the spice routes of distributors and evaluate the “meat kilometres” they calculate. Food miles' is a relatively recent supermarket term, and the outcome of this analysis indicates that the number of food miles in integrated supermarkets has increased significantly. The change to coordinated retailing suggests broad grocery miles for spices. The time taken between any two points was not measured as well as at which spices arrived at their destination. This is the limited scope and scope of this study for further research. The aim of the study is not to identify the food kilometer factors.

Batteries are researched and commercialized because it can be potential replacement of the rapidly depleting fossil fuels. This arises the question about the future of current employees in fossil fuels sector, is the current innovations can replace fossil fuel and whether the current battery companies can accommodate the demand that will be created once fossil fuels completely depleted. In this work, statistics of employees, viable changes in secondary batteries made and the demand, turnover of batteries and its manufacturing companies were plotted and discussed. Based on that although the current trends and collaborations between nations were effective and rapid then before still it would not be adequate to replace fossil fuels before the time runs out. The nations have to aid more regarding batteries.

The substance properties are playing an essential role in materials. These properties are modified or improved through different manufacturing processes. In present paper is focus to improve the tensile strength and hardness of the strenx steel 900 through hot extrusion process. The different input constraints are used to improve the material properties such as temperature, diameter of the orifice and extrusion force. According to their input constrains, the outcomes of tensile strength and hardness have been evaluated. The optimal constraint is found for the best performance of the process through Taguchi method.

The machining processes are plays a dominant role in metal forming technology. In recent days, nontraditional machining processes are playing essential role in metal and manufacturing industries. It is applied to machine the hard profiles and different operations with excellent quality characteristics. In this work, domex steel is machined through Plasma Arc Machining (PAM). In PAM process, the different input factors are utilized with various levels such as voltage, current and pulse on time. In PAM process, the various input factors have been considered such as arc current, cutting rate and gas flow rate. The surface roughness and their effect of process input factors have been discussed through variance and Pareto chart analysis.

Agrotech – a developing field which is essential for agriculture. Casuarina Equisetifolia is a widely grown species used for the production of paper and firewood. Casuarina grows up to 12 feet in height in a span of 3 to 4 years. They are rigid and hard. This makes harvesting of Casuarina difficult. It consumes more time, money and manpower. Our harvesting machine reduces all of these. Our machine is equipped with two chainsaw blades at the front sides which are run by a 2 HP motor. It provides high rpm for effective cutting of trees. The dual blade enables cutting of two trees at same time. It is equipped with a front shield for protecting the driver. Overall an acre of Casuarina can be harvested in a few hours thus saving time, money and manpower. Our machine can also be used to harvest crops like sugarcane and bamboo by adjusting the position of the blades by simple alteration mechanism in order to produce a low cost harvesting machine for the farmers.

Summary Combinations of plant growth regulators and sugars to achieve maximum callus induction and longterm plantlet regeneration from anther cultures of a high yielding rice ( Oryza sativa L.) variety IR 50 were assessed to enable effective screening of salt-tolerant genotypes. Callus induction was found to be maximal when 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (9.1μM) and kinetin (2.3μM) were used as a supplement on N6 basal ( Chu et al., 1975 ) induction medium. For long-term maintenance, callus was subcultured on MS ( Murashige and Skoog, 1962 ) basal medium supplemented with 2% sucrose, 3% sorbitol, and 4.5μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. For regeneration, MS basal medium was supplemented with 9.3μM kinetin, 2.7μM naphthaleneacetic acid, 2% sucrose, and 3 % sorbitol. Salt-tolerance screening of anther callus in a range of salt concentrations (0 to 1.5% NaCl) for 1 or 2 passages suggested i) that higher concentrations of NaCl (0.9 to 1.5 %) in the stress medium reduced callus survival and increased frequency of albino plants even after one passage and ii) that lower concentrations of NaCl (0.3 to 0.6%) resulted in almost equal proportions of green and albino plants, and iii) that the fresh mass and water content of callus were drastically reduced at higher salt concentrations. Assessment of the screened regenerants indicated that the variations were epigenetic in nature. We conclude that long-term culture maintenance without loss of green plantlet regeneration, and screening anther callus at semi-lethal salt concentrations of 0.3 to 0.9% NaCl will be optimum for isolation of both genetic and epigenetic variants of rice.