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Data sharing statement: PHOSP-COVID: The protocol, consent form, definition and derivation of clinical characteristics and outcomes, training materials, regulatory documents, requests for data access and other relevant study materials are available online at https://www.phosp.org. COVIDENCE UK: De-identified participant data will be made available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. Supplementary data is available online at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666776223000546?via%3Dihub#appsec1 . Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Background: The risk factors for recovery from COVID-19 dyspnoea are poorly understood. We investigated determinants of recovery from dyspnoea in adults with COVID-19 and compared these to determinants of recovery from non-COVID-19 dyspnoea. Methods: We used data from two prospective cohort studies: PHOSP-COVID (patients hospitalised between March 2020 and April 2021 with COVID-19) and COVIDENCE UK (community cohort studied over the same time period). PHOSP-COVID data were collected during hospitalisation and at 5-month and 1-year follow-up visits. COVIDENCE UK data were obtained through baseline and monthly online questionnaires. Dyspnoea was measured in both cohorts with the Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify determinants associated with a reduction in dyspnoea between 5-month and 1-year follow-up. Findings: We included 990 PHOSP-COVID and 3309 COVIDENCE UK participants. We observed higher odds of improvement between 5-month and 1-year follow-up among PHOSP-COVID participants who were younger (odds ratio 1.02 per year, 95% CI 1.01–1.03), male (1.54, 1.16–2.04), neither obese nor severely obese (1.82, 1.06–3.13 and 4.19, 2.14–8.19, respectively), had no pre-existing anxiety or depression (1.56, 1.09–2.22) or cardiovascular disease (1.33, 1.00–1.79), and shorter hospital admission (1.01 per day, 1.00–1.02). Similar associations were found in those recovering from non-COVID-19 dyspnoea, excluding age (and length of hospital admission). Interpretation: Factors associated with dyspnoea recovery at 1-year post-discharge among patients hospitalised with COVID-19 were similar to those among community controls without COVID-19. Funding: PHOSP-COVID is supported by a grant from the MRC-UK Research and Innovation and the Department of Health and Social Care through the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) rapid response panel to tackle COVID-19. The views expressed in the publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Health Service (NHS), the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. COVIDENCE UK is supported by the UK Research and Innovation, the National Institute for Health Research, and Barts Charity. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the funders. PHOSP-COVID: This study would not be possible without all the participants who have given their time and support. We thank all the participants and their families. We thank the many research administrators, health-care and social-care professionals who contributed to setting up and delivering the study at all of the 65 NHS trusts/Health boards and 25 research institutions across the UK, as well as all the supporting staff at the NIHR Clinical Research Network, Health Research Authority, Research Ethics Committee, Department of Health and Social Care, Public Health Scotland, and Public Health England, and support from the ISARIC Coronavirus Clinical Characterisation Consortium. We thank Kate Holmes at the NIHR Office for Clinical Research Infrastructure (NOCRI) for her support in coordinating the charities group. The PHOSP-COVID industry framework was formed to provide advice and support in commercial discussions, and we thank the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry as well NOCRI for coordinating this. We are very grateful to all the charities that have provided insight to the study: Action Pulmonary Fibrosis, Alzheimer's Research UK, Asthma + Lung UK, British Heart Foundation, Diabetes UK, Cystic Fibrosis Trust, Kidney Research UK, MQ Mental Health, Muscular Dystrophy UK, Stroke Association Blood Cancer UK, McPin Foundations, and Versus Arthritis. We thank the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre patient and public involvement group and Long Covid Support. COVIDENCE UK: We thank all participants of COVIDENCE UK, and the following organisations who supported study recruitment: Asthma UK/British Lung Foundation, the British Heart Foundation, the British Obesity Society, Cancer Research UK, Diabetes UK, Future Publishing, Kidney Care UK, Kidney Wales, Mumsnet, the National Kidney Federation, the National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society, the North West London Health Research Register (DISCOVER), Primary Immunodeficiency UK, the Race Equality Foundation, SWM Health, the Terence Higgins Trust, and Vasculitis UK.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was first described in 1935 by Stein and Levanthal (1935) in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Yet, it remains a syndrome that is confusing to many patients and practitioners in terms of its presentation, work-up, and management. There is a spectrum of presenting complaints and physical findings as well as overlap with other disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome. PCOS affects about 5% to 10% of women in their reproductive years (Asuncion et al., 2000; Diamanti-Kandarakis, 2008; Knochenhauer et al., 1998), and can be associated with infertility, uterine changes, and endocrinopathies. Furthermore, as we are seeing an increase in obesity among our younger patients, particularly in the United States (Molnar, 2004; Ogden et al., 2006), we are likely to be identifying more adolescent patients with this syndrome. Recognizing the presenting signs and symptoms and knowing the proper diagnostic tests and treatment options for PCOS is therefore important. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Adolescents with hirsutism, acne, obesity, and/or irregular menses may raise concern of PCOS. Because the clinical presentations vary, it is important to have specific diagnostic criteria. The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society recently convened to review available data and provide a revised definition of PCOS based on current knowledge. The most current proposed criteria from the Society include the presence of all of the following (Azziz et al., 2009): 1. Hyperandrogenism: Hirsutism and/or hyperandrogenemia 2. Ovarian dysfunction: Oligoanovulation and/or polycystic ovaries 3. Exclusion of other androgen excess or related disorders

Background: Impulsivity is a key component of the manic behavior of bipolar disorder and is reported to occur in bipolar patients as a stable characteristic, i.e. a trait. Nevertheless, impulsivity has not been widely studied in depressed bipolar patients. We assessed impulsivity in depressed and euthymic bipolar and unipolar patients and healthy controls. We hypothesized that bipolar subjects would have higher levels of trait impulsivity than the comparison groups. Methods: Twenty-four depressed bipolar, 24 depressed unipolar, 12 euthymic bipolar, and 10 euthymic unipolar patients, as well as 51 healthy subjects were evaluated with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). Analysis of covariance with age and sex as covariates was used to compare mean group differences. Results: Depressed bipolar, euthymic bipolar, and depressed unipolar patients did not differ, and showed greater impulsivity than healthy controls on all of the BIS scales. Euthymic unipolar patients scored higher than healthy controls only on motor impulsivity. Limitations: Higher number of past substance abusers in the bipolar groups, and no control for anxiety and personality disorders, as well as small sample sizes, limit the reach of this study. Conclusions: This study replicates prior findings of stable trait impulsivity in bipolar disorder patients, and extends them, confirming that this trait can be demonstrated in depressed patients, as well as manic and euthymic ones. Trait impulsivity may be the result of repeated mood episodes or be present prior to their onset, either way it would influence the clinical presentation of bipolar disorder.

Objective.—To determine how pediatric residents' perceptions of continuity clinic experiences vary by level of training, after controlling for the effect of continuity setting. Method.—Cross-sectional survey of pediatric and combined pediatric trainees in US residency programs. Results.—Survey responses were received from 1355 residents in 36 training programs. Residents' continuity experiences were in hospital-based and community settings. Numbers of patients seen increased between PGY-1 and PGY-3 years, but not in the PGY-4 and PGY-5 years. Compared to PGY-1 residents, PGY-2 and PGY-3 residents were more likely to report more encounters with established patients, but were not more likely to feel like the primary care provider. There were no significant differences by training level in terms of involvement in panel patients' laboratory results, hospitalizations, or telephone calls, although nursery involvement decreased with increasing training level. Autonomy was directly related to training level. The perception of having the appropriate amount of exposure to practice management issues was low for all respondents. Conclusions.—Residents perceived that they had greater autonomy and continuity with patients as they become more senior, yet they were not more likely to feel like the primary care provider. Lack of increased involvement in key patient care and office responsibilities across training years may reflect a need for changes in resident education. These data may be helpful in formulating recommendations to program directors with regard to determining which Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competencies should be emphasized and evaluated in the continuity experience.

This overview of current aggressive measures is offered as an aid for selection of task-appropriate instruments to meet the needs of both clinicians and researchers. The article provides a general overview of selected aggression instruments and is intended to provide readers with information, such as intended purpose of the instrument, general descriptive information, characteristics of the samples used, and psychometric properties, to assist in identifying instruments that may best suit their clinical and/or research needs. It is also offered as a tool to assist clinicians in selecting such measurement instruments for use in their practice and in understanding results of research studies. Selected instruments have also been categorized to differentiate between those that reflect state or trait characteristics and based on method of administration. Measures were included or not included in this article primarily based on frequency of usage in research and/or clinical settings and potential clinical utility.

This study examines impulsivity and aggressiveness dimensions as predictors of borderline (BPD) and antisocial (ASPD) personality disorder symptoms in nonclinical subjects. A total of 747 undergraduate university students were administered the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that motor impulsiveness, irritability, resentment, and guilt predicted BPD symptoms among university students after controlling for the effect of ASPD and depressive symptoms. ASPD symptoms were predicted by motor impulsiveness, physical aggression, indirect aggression, and negativism. These results indicate that in nonclinical subjects BPD and ASPD symptoms share a common impulsivity dimension but are linked to different aggressiveness facets.

To determine whether impulsivity was related to severity of drug use and treatment outcome, 50 cocaine dependent subjects underwent baseline measures of severity of current cocaine use and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). The hypothesis of the study was that there would be a significant correlation between impulsivity and cocaine use severity. As predicted, there was a significant correlation between BIS-11 total scores and self-reported average daily cocaine use as well as cocaine withdrawal symptoms. A subset of 35 patients underwent a 12-week double-blind placebo controlled trial of buspirone and group therapy. Subjects with high baseline impulsivity remained in the study a significantly shorter period than did subjects with lower baseline impulsivity. This study shows that impulsivity is a significant predictor of cocaine use and treatment retention, and suggests the need for targeting impulsivity in cocaine dependence treatment.

(a) To compare weight change at 1 year between adolescents 13-19 years old who were using either depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) or oral contraceptives (OC), and (b) to determine if age, baseline body mass index (BMI), race/ethnicity, or weight gain at 3 months predicted which subjects would gain excessive weight.The setting was a Planned Parenthood Teen Clinic with chart review of variables of interest. Excessive weight was defined as weight gain10%.Baseline variables were similar in the two groups, except that DMPA users (n = 44) had a greater mean BMI (t test, p = .05) than OC users (n = 86). Mean (standard deviation) and median weight gains at 1 year were 3.0 (4.5) and 2.4 kg in the DMPA users and 1.3 (3.9) and 1.5 kg in the OC users (difference in medians not significant, Wilcoxon rank sum test, p = .10). Fifty-six percent of DMPA and 70% of OC users lost weight or gained5% of their baseline weight (p = .17, Fisher exact test); 25% of DMPA users and 7% of OC users gained10% of their baseline weight (p = .006). Age, baseline BMI, or race/ethnicity did not affect the likelihood that either group would gain5% or10% of their baseline weight. Of adolescents who gained5% of baseline weight at 3 months, 13 of 14 (93%) gained even more weight at 12 months.The majority of adolescents who used hormonal contraception for 1 year lost weight or gained5% of baseline weight. DMPA users were more likely than OC users to gain10%. Subjects who gained5% of baseline weight at 3 months were at high risk (93%) of gaining even more weight by 1 year.This study aims to compare weight change after 1 year between adolescents aged 13-19 years who were using either depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) or an oral contraceptive (OC). It also seeks to determine whether age, baseline body mass index (BMI), race/ethnicity, or weight gain at 3 months predicted which subjects would gain excessive weight (defined as weight gain 10%). A total of 2883 charts were reviewed for all clients attending the Planned Parenthood Teen Clinic in Texas. In the results, 56% of DMPA and 70% of OC users lost weight or gained 5% of their baseline weight; whereas 25% of DMPA users and 7% of OC users gained 10% of their baseline weight. Furthermore, age, baseline BMI, or race/ethnicity did not affect the likelihood of weight gain in both groups. The findings indicated that most adolescents who used hormonal contraception for 1 year lost weight or gained 5% of their baseline weight. DMPA users were more likely to gain 10% of their baseline weight compared to OC users. Subjects who gained 5% of baseline weight at 3 months were at high risk (93%) of gaining even more weight by 1 year.

Although aggression research in general has been hampered by a lack of objective measurements of aggressive acts, two types of aggressive acts, impulsive vs. premeditated, have been studied extensively in recent years. These two types of aggression have been primarily measured by structured or semi-structured interviews. The current study was designed to assess the construct validity of these two types of aggression using a self-report questionnaire which included items gleaned from the content of interviews used in past studies. For this study, 216 college students assessed their own aggressive acts rather than answering general questions about aggression. The students were not significantly different from normative sample groups on self-report measures of impulsiveness, aggression, and anger/hostility. A PCA factor analysis with a promax rotation of the items on the self-report questionnaire identified four factors: impulsive aggression; mood on the day the act occurred; premeditated aggression; and agitation. Thus, impulsive and premeditated aggression are independent constructs which exist in varying degrees among these 'normal' persons in a non-clinical sample. Impulsive aggression was characterized in part by feelings of remorse following the acts and by thought confusion. Premeditated aggression was related to social gain and dominance.

The purpose of this study was to test whether subjects who commit impulsive vs non-impulsive aggression differ on measurements of personality, neuropsychology, and cognitive psychophysiology, and whether these differences can yield information regarding the etiology of impulsive aggression. Subjects were two groups of prison inmates, distinguished by their committal of impulsive or nonimpulsive aggression, and matched noninmate controls. All inmates met DSM III-R criteria for an antisocial personality disorder but for no other disorder. Impulsiveness, anger, and peak P300 latencies did not differ between the inmate groups, but verbal symbol decoding and peak P300 amplitudes did. Impulsiveness and verbal skills were inversely correlated. Impulsiveness was inversely correlated with, and verbal skills positively correlated with P300 amplitudes. The results indicate that aggression is not homogenous, even among antisocial persons, and that impulsive aggression is related to neuropsychological and cognitive psychophysiological measures of information processing beyond those factors related to criminality alone.

In the present research, attentional impulsiveness and non-planning impulsiveness were found to relate positively with physical aggression, negatively with reading level, and negatively with the amplitude of the parietal-region P300 of the event-related potential evoked in an oddball and continuous performance task (CPT). In contrast, motor impulsiveness was found not to relate to aggression or reading level, but, interestingly, it was found to relate positively to amplitude of the parietal-region P300 in the oddball task. Additionally, physical and verbal aggression related negatively to reading level, whereas anger and hostility did not. Physical and verbal aggression also related negatively to the amplitude of the central- and parietal-region P300s in the oddball task but not in the CPT. Moreover, hostility related negatively to the amplitude of the central-region P300 in the CPT, but did not relate significantly to the P300 amplitude in the oddball task. Anger showed no significant relations with the amplitude of the P300 in any region or task. In addition to reading level relating negatively with these subtraits of impulsiveness and aggression, it related positively with the amplitude of P300. These results are discussed in terms of Eysenck's theory of impulsiveness.

Spontaneous eyeblinks have been indirectly related to central dopaminergic activity in both human and animal studies. This relationship provides a potentially new technique for studying the role of dopamine in defining personality traits and psychiatric disorders. The purposes of the present study were to determine: (1) if a relationship exists between impulsiveness and blink rate; (2) if blink rate varies with psychophysiological demands. Eyeblinks were recorded during the performance of an augmenting/reducing event related potential (ERP) task and during an oddball ERP paradigm designed to study P300 and late ERP components. The results indicate that eyeblink rate: (1) is significantly related to motor impulsiveness; (2) varies with task demands. There were no task-impulsiveness interactions. Although the bulk of recent research relating neural transmitters to impulsiveness emphasizes a causal role for low serotonin, the current results suggest that this may be an oversimplification.

Impulsive, sensation-seeking subjects have been reported, rather consistently, to be event-related potential (ERP) augmenters in response to increasing stimulus intensity. Nevertheless, several criticisms have been addressed at research on augmenting/reducing (A/R) andits relationship to personality variables. This study of impulsiveness and VEP A/R was designed to correct for previous methodological problems and to compare several approaches. Specifically, we evaluated the usefulness of five ERP parameters (individual peaks or peak-to-trough amplitudes), two measures of A/R (response-intensity slope and response range) and five electrode placements (Cz, Fz, Pz, 01 and 02). We found a clear association between impulsivity (as measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Version 10) and N100 amplitude at the electrodes sites Cz and Fz. Because of poor fit, response-intensity slope was not a suitable measure of A/R. N100 values at Cz and Fz seem to be the most sensitive ERP parameter for relating A/R to personality. More research is needed on the influence of topographical differences on the A/R phenomenon.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that impulsiveness is positively related to the total number of categories of distinct impulse control incidents. That is, high impulsive individuals are more likely to be involved in more separate types of impulsive acts than low impulsive subjects. This is an extension and replication of research done by Kennedy and Grubin [(1990) British Journal of Addiction, 85, 639–643] on the multi-impulsive personality disorder [Lacey & Evans (1986) British Journal of Addiction, 81, 641–649]. The current study extends past research by: (1) studying inmates from a general prison population; (2) controlling for IQ and educational achievement; (3) the inclusion of impulsive fire-setting as a disorder; and (4) using impulsiveness subtraits as well as a global measure of general impulsiveness. Our results indicate that an impulsiveness subtrait, motor impulsiveness, was significantly related to the number of different types of impulse control incidents an individual displays. Global impulsiveness was not related to these incidents. The number of impulse control disorders an inmate displayed was not related to age, duration of present sentence (years), educational achievement or intellect. Categories of impulsive incidents used in this study were independent except for other drug abuse and sedative dependence. These results are consistent with Kennedy and Grubin's (1990) results and support Lacey and Evans' (1986) proposed multi-impulsive personality disorder.

The study tested the hypothesis that impulsivity is associated with multiple substance dependence. Fifty-four subjects who had participated in a study of personality and substance abuse had also completed Barratt's [1985; Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 5). Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum] impulsivity scale. They had completed personality questionnaires including Eysenck's EPQ, and received DSM-III-R axis I diagnoses by structured interview. Multiply dependent subjects had higher impulsivity and EPQ psychoticism scores than those dependent on a single substance. In addition, impulsivity and EPQ psychoticism scores were highly correlated with the number of substances subjects had been dependent on. The results support the idea that multiple substance dependence is associated with impulsivity, and that impulsivity is a feature of Eysenck's psychoticism dimension.

The primary purpose of this research was to search for differences on a wide spectrum of cognitive, behavioral, and pyschophysiological measures between male adolescent psychiatric patients who were successfully treated for hyperactivity as younger boys, normal controls, and adolescent psychiatric patients who were not formerly hyperactive. A secondary purpose involved testing the hypothesis that time perception will significantly differentiate these three groups, which were matched for mean IQ levels. The patients who were not formerly hyperactive did more poorly on cognitive and behavioral tasks than did the controls and formerly hyperactive patients. Time perception significantly differentiated between controls and patients.

Blood platelet uptake of 3H-serotonin (5HT uptake), a potential marker of serotonergic function, was determined in male outpatients with episodic aggression (n = 15) and in age- and sex-matched nonaggressive controls (n = 15). Correlations with rating scales of "impulsivity" (Barratt Impulsivity Scale, 10th revision) and "anger" (Spielberger Anger Expression Scale) were performed. Mean 5HT uptake was 18% lower in patients with episodic aggression. A significant negative correlation between % difference in platelet 5HT uptake and impulsivity score was observed, but the correlation between 5HT uptake and anger was not significant. These results support the hypothesis of disturbed serotonergic function in aggression and suggest that the primary relationship is in the "control" of aggression. The blood platelet may be useful in identifying impulsive subtypes.

Manganese(II) complexes of long chain phosphines, MnX 2 (phosphine)(THF) XCl, Br, I; phosphine=P(C 12 H 25 ) 3 , P(C 14 H 29 ) 3 , P(C 16 H 33 ) 3 , PPh(C 12 H 25 ) 2 , PPh(C 14 H 29 ) 2 , PPh(C 16 H 33 ) 2 ; THF=tetrahydrofuran have been prepared and characterised. These complexes react reversibly with molecular oxygen both in the solid state and in THF and toluene solution forming 1:1 Mn:O 2 adducts. These adducts are monomeric in toluene and THF and molecular weight measurements confirm that the THF ligand remains coordinated in toluene solution leading to the formation of MnX 2 (phosphine)(THF)(O 2 ) species. All the O 2 -adducts are highly coloured and binding curves have been constructed and K o 2 values calculated. Based on these K o 2 values the affinity for dioxygen is in the order XCl>Br>I in toluene solution, with Hill coefficient, n , indicating cooperativity (1-1.5). In THF dioxygen binding does not appear to be cooperative.

The effects of fluctuations of free amino acid concentrations in plasma on sleep patterns and operant behavior in the squirrel monkey were studied. Plasma phenylalanine (PHE) and tyrosine (TYR) were rapidly lowered to trace levels within 4 hr by intraperitoneal administration of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), an enzyme which specifically deaminates both PHE and TYR to inactivate products. Significant alterations in sleep patterns and in performance on a chained operant task involving hold and reaction time components were found, but no significant effect on the performance of a simple operant task was observed. Adminstration of saline or trans-p-cinnamic acid and trans-p-coumaric acid, the products of PHE and TYR deamination, produced no changes in behavior or sleep patterns. The reduction of plasma PHE and TYR resulted in a significant decrease in PHE and TYR levels in whole rat brain. Brain serotonin levels were increased within 4 hr after PAL administration, whereas, dopamine and norepinephrine levels were decreased subsequently (within 8 hr). These studies suggest that circulating levels of PHE and TYR are involved directly or indirectly in the modulation of certain parameters of brain function.

The manganese(II) phosphine complexes MnX 2 (PR 3 )(PR 3  PPhMe 2 , X  Cl, Br, I; PR 3  PPhEt 2 , PPr n 3 , X  Cl, Br) have been found to react with carbon monoxide in a 1/1 ratio to form “MnX 2 (CO)(PR 3 )” in the solid state and in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution. The reaction may be reversed either by a pressure drop or a temperature rise, and the gas released is shown to be carbon monoxide by mass spectral methods. The rate of reaction of MnX 2 (PR 3 ) with carbon monoxide appears to be both phosphine and halide dependent. In THF solution ESR measurements indicate that the CO adduct is the pseudooctahedral MnX 2 (THF) 2 (CO)(PR 3 species, whereas in the solid state it is the pseudotetrahedral MnX 2 (CO)(PR 3 ). The ν(CO) infrared band appears at 2100–2085 cm −1 in the carbon monoxide adducts.

The relationship between impulsiveness subtraits assessed by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-10), the trait anxiety subscale of the State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI), and the topographic distribution of visual N100 augmenting/reducing (AR) was examined. Topographic event-related potential (ERP) data were collected from an array of 14 electrodes covering the left side of the head while subjects counted the total number of light flashes presented at two different but equiprobable intensities. Principal components analysis of the ERP data yielded a factor accounting for 13.9% of the total variance around the grand mean waveform that corresponded to the N100 wave clearly visible in the raw waveforms. For each subject by scalp locus combination, an AR score was computed by subtracting the factor score associated with the bright flashes from the factor score associated with the dim flashes. The correlations between AR scores and scores on the BIS-10 cognitive impulsiveness subscale were significant (P

High-impulsive subjects often do say things on the spur of the moment and/or make up their minds quickly. The description of impulsivity as a personality trait involves a number of basic research questions including: 1. 1. From a psychometric viewpoint, how inclusive or broad is impulsivity as a personality trait? 2. 2. How does impulsivity relate to other personality traits? 3. 3. Is there a pattern of biological correlates of impulsivity that is distinct from other personality traits? 4. 4. What is the relationship between cognitive and behavioral impulsivity? This paper addresses those four questions. Psychometric analysis of issues in impulsivity indicates the need for a distinction between broad and narrow impulsivity traits and further redefinition of the latter in terms of cognitive and motor components. This research has also shown that impulsiveness has an orthogonal relationship with measures of anxiety. In perceptual-motor tasks, high-impulsive subjects perform less efficiently and with greater variability on a wide range of these tasks, and in particular when the task involves responding to two or more sequential stimuli. High-impulsive subjects underproduce time intervals in time-judgment tasks; this and other findings suggest that high-impulsive subjects have a faster cognitive tempo than low-impulsive subjects. The interaction of impulsivity and anxiety in the performance of perceptual-motor tasks is also reflected in psychophysiological measures; differences in impulsivity are more evident with electrocortical measures and differences in anxiety are reflected in ANS measures while performing the tasks.

Mono-ligand complexes MnLX 2 (L = pyridine, 4-pyrrolidinopyridine, X = Cl, Br, I, NCS) have been prepared. The pyridine complexes contain only bridging halide and pseudohalide groups, whereas the 4-py complexes contain both bridging and terminal bound anions. Ethanol is coordinated in Mn(EtOH)X 2 (X=C1, Br) and Mn(EtOH) 2 X 2 (X=I, NCS). Although the MnLX 2 complexes have the same stoichiometry as the Mn(PR 3 )X 2 complexes none show any activity towaxds binding dioxygen either in the solid state or in solution.

Within a general systems model of personality, we are currently studying impulsiveness and other personality traits using multitrait-multimethod multivariate designs. The research involves a wide spectrum of techniques in an effort to find consistent relationships among biological, cognitive, behavioral, and environmental correlates of the personality traits. The goal is to develop unique profiles of personality traits based on these four classes of measurements. Our research has demonstrated that impulsiveness and anxiety are personality traits that have loadings on two orthogonal higher order personality factors that we have labeled action-oriented and mood-feeling. From both an empirical research and a clinical viewpoint, we have identified three subtraits of impulsiveness: cognitive (Ic), motor (Im), and nonplanning (Inp). Inp is hypothesized to relate to frontal lobe brain processes, while Ic and Im are more related to neural mechanisms that (1) control performance on tasks with “timing-and-rhythm” demands and/or (2) are related to seizure disorders. High-impulsive subjects (especially when high on Ic and Im) are less efficient at performing a wide range of psychomotor tasks. We hypothesize that this inefficiency relates to the information-gating properties of the nervous system being out of “synch” with efficient performance of selected tasks. High-impulsive subjects are visual N100 event-related potential augmentors, which would be consistent with this dyssynchrony occurring in the early stages of information processing. We also hypothesize that impulsiveness is related to serotonin (high impulsiveness related to low serotonin levels). Our psychopharmacological-psychophysiological studies of information processing would be consistent with the latter hypothesis.

Model studies on isolable complexes of ruthenium and osmium suggest that homogeneously catalysed carbon monoxide hydrogenation occurs via successive intermolecular additions of H− and H+ to coordinated carbon monoxide.

The drug, SQ 10,496, an experimental antidepressant, raised the threshold for electrically induced amygdaloid seizures. It also blocked or diminished the behavioral effects of LSD-25. The blocking effect of SQ 10,496 is related to neurophysiological mechanisms which are possibly the bases for the behavioral effects obtained with LSD-25.

The influence of marijuana extract distillate on (+)-amphetamine stimulation of locomotor activity was examined in rats. Marijuana was administered orally and amphetamine was injected intraperitoneally. In rats acclimated to the activity cages, doses of the extract of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg Δ 9 -THC administered one hour before amphetamine resulted in a significant antagonism of the locomotor stimulation induced by 1 mg/kg (+)-amphetamine; doses of 0·625, 1·25 and 2·5 mg/kg Δ 9 -THC had no effect on the amphetamine response. A dose of 10 mg/kg Δ 9 -THC (as the extract) antagonized the stimulation produced by 0·5,1 and 2 mg/kg (+)-amphetamine in acclimated animals without depressing baseline activity; however, the same dose of marijuana failed to alter significantly the stimulant effect of 1 mg/kg (+)-amphetamine in nonacclimated rats. Although pretreatment with marijuana extract 1 hr before injection of amphetamine resulted in a marked depression of the amphetamine response, when both drugs were administered at the same time only a small and non-significant decrement in the amphetamine response was observed. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrates that orally administered marijuana antagonizes amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation in the rat. Mo evidence of enhancement of the amphetamine effect was observed.