8 results on '"Robert Yang"'
Search Results
2. Meta-learning synaptic plasticity and memory addressing for continual familiarity detection
- Author
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Danil Tyulmankov, L. F. Abbott, and Guangyu Robert Yang
- Subjects
Neurons ,Neuronal Plasticity ,Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition ,Meta learning (computer science) ,Artificial neural network ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Mechanism (biology) ,General Neuroscience ,Deep learning ,Recognition, Psychology ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,Article ,Task (project management) ,Machine Learning ,Memory address ,Hebbian theory ,Synaptic plasticity ,Longitudinal Studies ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,computer - Abstract
Summary Over the course of a lifetime, we process a continual stream of information. Extracted from this stream, memories must be efficiently encoded and stored in an addressable manner for retrieval. To explore potential mechanisms, we consider a familiarity detection task in which a subject reports whether an image has been previously encountered. We design a feedforward network endowed with synaptic plasticity and an addressing matrix, meta-learned to optimize familiarity detection over long intervals. We find that anti-Hebbian plasticity leads to better performance than Hebbian plasticity and replicates experimental results such as repetition suppression. A combinatorial addressing function emerges, selecting a unique neuron as an index into the synaptic memory matrix for storage or retrieval. Unlike previous models, this network operates continuously and generalizes to intervals it has not been trained on. Our work suggests a biologically plausible mechanism for continual learning and demonstrates an effective application of machine learning for neuroscience discovery.
- Published
- 2022
3. A disinhibitory circuit motif and flexible information routing in the brain
- Author
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Xiao Jing Wang and Guangyu Robert Yang
- Subjects
Cerebral Cortex ,0301 basic medicine ,Neocortex ,Computer science ,Extramural ,General Neuroscience ,Models, Neurological ,Neural Inhibition ,Sensory system ,Dendrites ,Gating ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Interneurons ,Neural Pathways ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Auditory pathways ,Motif (music) ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
In the mammalian neocortex, an area typically receives inputs from, and projects to, dozens of other areas. Mechanisms are needed to flexibly route information to the right place at the right time, which we term “pathway gating”. For instance, a region in your brain that receives signals from both visual and auditory pathways may want to “gate in” the visual pathway while “gating out” the auditory pathway when you try to read a book surrounded by people in a noisy cafe. In this review, we marshall experimental and computational evidence in support of a circuit mechanism for flexible pathway gating realized by a disinhibitory motif. Moreover, recent work shows an increasing preponderance of this disinhibitory motif from sensory areas to association areas of the mammalian cortex. Pathway input gating is briefly compared with alternative or complementary gating mechanisms. Predictions and open questions for future research on this puzzle about the complex brain system will be discussed.
- Published
- 2018
4. Evolving the olfactory system with machine learning
- Author
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Yi Sun, Richard Axel, Peter Y. Wang, Larry F. Abbott, and Guangyu Robert Yang
- Subjects
Glomerulus (olfaction) ,Olfactory system ,Sensory processing ,Artificial neural network ,Computer science ,General Neuroscience ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Olfactory Pathways ,Olfaction ,Olfactory Perception ,Olfactory Bulb ,Olfactory Receptor Neurons ,Machine Learning ,Smell ,Mice ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Odor ,Odorants ,Identity (object-oriented programming) ,medicine ,Biological neural network ,Animals ,Neuroscience - Abstract
The convergent evolution of the fly and mouse olfactory system led us to ask whether the anatomic connectivity and functional logic of olfactory circuits would evolve in artificial neural networks trained to perform olfactory tasks. Artificial networks trained to classify odor identity recapitulate the connectivity inherent in the olfactory system. Input units are driven by a single receptor type, and units driven by the same receptor converge to form a glomerulus. Glomeruli exhibit sparse, unstructured connectivity onto a larger expansion layer of Kenyon cells. When trained to both classify odor identity and to impart innate valence onto odors, the network develops independent pathways for identity and valence classification. Thus, the defining features of fly and mouse olfactory systems also evolved in artificial neural networks trained to perform olfactory tasks. This implies that convergent evolution reflects an underlying logic rather than shared developmental principles.
- Published
- 2021
5. Extracellular Vesicle Analysis Allows for Identification of Invasive IPMN
- Author
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Andrew S. Liss, Carlos Fernandez-del Castillo, Robert Yang, Sarah Fletcher-Mercaldo, Mari Mino-Kenudson, Ralph Weissleder, Aileen O'Shea, Debora Ciprani, and Katherine S. Yang
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pancreatic Intraductal Neoplasms ,Mucin 5AC ,Malignancy ,Proof of Concept Study ,Gastroenterology ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Extracellular Vesicles ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Pancreatic cancer ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Neoplasm Invasiveness ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Hepatology ,Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm ,business.industry ,Liquid Biopsy ,Pancreatic Ducts ,Epithelial cell adhesion molecule ,Extracellular vesicle ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ,Healthy Volunteers ,Pancreatic Neoplasms ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Dysplasia ,Cohort ,Biomarker (medicine) ,Female ,030211 gastroenterology & hepatology ,business ,Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal - Abstract
Background and Aims Advances in cross-sectional imaging have resulted in increased detection of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), and their management remains controversial. At present, there is no reliable noninvasive method to distinguish between indolent and high risk IPMNs. We performed extracellular vesicle (EV) analysis to identify markers of malignancy in an attempt to better stratify these lesions. Methods Using a novel ultrasensitive digital extracellular vesicle screening technique (DEST), we measured putative biomarkers of malignancy (MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC6, Das-1, STMN1, TSP1, TSP2, EGFR, EpCAM, GPC1, WNT-2, EphA2, S100A4, PSCA, MUC13, ZEB1, PLEC1, HOOK1, PTPN6, and FBN1) in EV from patient-derived cell lines and then on circulating EV obtained from peripheral blood drawn from patients with IPMNs. We enrolled a total of 133 patients in two separate cohorts: a clinical discovery cohort (n = 86) and a validation cohort (n = 47). Results From 16 validated EV proteins in plasma samples collected from the discovery cohort, only MUC5AC showed significantly higher levels in high-grade lesions. Of the 11 patients with invasive IPMN (inv/HG), 9 had high MUC5AC expression in plasma EV of the 11 patients with high-grade dysplasia alone, only 1 had high MUC5AC expression (sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 100%). These findings were corroborated in a separate validation cohort. The addition of MUC5AC as a biomarker to imaging and high-risk stigmata allowed detection of all cases requiring surgery, whereas imaging and high-risk stigmata alone would have missed 5 of 14 cases (36%). Conclusions MUC5AC in circulating EV can predict the presence of invasive carcinoma within IPMN. This approach has the potential to improve the management and follow-up of patients with IPMN including avoiding unnecessary surgery.
- Published
- 2021
6. 15190 Whole blood transcriptomic profiling in a phase 3 study of the efficacy and safety of apremilast in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis of the scalp
- Author
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Shaojun Tang, Robert Yang, Arnaud Amzallag, and Peter H. Schafer
- Subjects
Moderate to severe ,Plaque psoriasis ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Phases of clinical research ,Dermatology ,Transcriptome ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Scalp ,medicine ,In patient ,Apremilast ,business ,medicine.drug ,Whole blood - Published
- 2020
7. Permanent but reversible tracheostomy for severe symptomatic obstructive sleep apnea
- Author
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Robert Yang and Robert H. Maisel
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Permanent tracheostomy ,business.industry ,Positive pressure ,medicine.disease ,Pulmonary hypertension ,Complete resolution ,respiratory tract diseases ,Surgery ,Obstructive sleep apnea ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Anesthesia ,medicine ,In patient ,business ,Body mass index - Abstract
Permanent tracheostomy, described first in the 1960s as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), was one of the earliest methods used in the treatment of OSA before the popularization of positive pressure methods in the 1980s. It was reported that tracheostomy in patients with OSA resulted in complete resolution of the systemic and pulmonary hypertension as well as hypersomnia. Studies have shown that tracheostomy remains the only consistently effective method for relieving OSA in treating patients with body mass index >40kg/m 2 . However, given the quality-of-life changes associated with a tracheostomy, it has remained a surgical option of last resort. In this article, we discuss the indications and techniques of permanent tracheostomy.
- Published
- 2015
8. Brain-wide Maps Reveal Stereotyped Cell-Type-Based Cortical Architecture and Subcortical Sexual Dimorphism
- Author
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Pavel Osten, Xiao Jing Wang, Greg Fitzgerald, Guangyu Robert Yang, Kith Pradhan, Keerthi Ram, Miao He, Kannan Umadevi Venkataraju, Partha P. Mitra, Z. Josh Huang, Mihail Bota, Yongsoo Kim, Luis Carlos García del Molino, and Jesse Maurica Levine
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Cell type ,Biology ,Brain mapping ,Article ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Interneurons ,Cortex (anatomy) ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Association (psychology) ,Mammals ,Brain Mapping ,Sex Characteristics ,Brain atlas ,Brain ,Sexual dimorphism ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cerebral cortex ,Female ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Sex characteristics - Abstract
The stereotyped features of neuronal circuits are those most likely to explain the remarkable capacity of the brain to process information and govern behaviors, yet it has not been possible to comprehensively quantify neuronal distributions across animals or genders due to the size and complexity of the mammalian brain. Here we apply our quantitative brain-wide (qBrain) mapping platform to document the stereotyped distributions of mainly inhibitory cell types. We discover an unexpected cortical organizing principle: sensory-motor areas are dominated by output-modulating parvalbumin-positive interneurons, whereas association, including frontal, areas are dominated by input-modulating somatostatin-positive interneurons. Furthermore, we identify local cell type distributions with more cells in the female brain in seven out of eight sexually dimorphic subcortical areas, in contrast to the overall larger brains in males. The qBrain resource can be further mined to link stereotyped aspects of neuronal distributions to known and unknown functions of diverse brain regions.
- Published
- 2017
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