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Following the Mw 6.3 earthquake that hit the city of L'Aquila (Central Italy) on the 6th April 2009, a scientific project was proposed with the aim of investigating the Abruzzo area by means of different disciplinary approaches including geological, seismic, and physical studies. Electromagnetic field monitoring in the 0.01–500 mHz frequency band was implemented for the investigation of electromagnetic signals in the Earth's crust. Three measurement stations were installed in a tectonically active area with a radius of about 10 km. Each site was equipped with a fluxgate magnetometer with a 1 Hz sampling rate. This paper describes a long term geomagnetic deep sounding analysis for each site, aimed at investigating the dimensionality of the electrical structure of the subsurface in the area involved in the survey. According to a very simplified RL circuit model, some electrical properties of subsurface are also deduced.

This paper investigates the control of the dynamics of the van der Pol oscillator coupled to Linear circuit (VDPCL oscillator). The method consists of carrying out a magnetic coupling (wireless interaction) of a VDPCL oscillator to a magnetic core coil supplied by a sinusoidal voltage. One of the most important outlets of the proposed control scheme is the ability to control the dynamic of the oscillator by varying three external parameters as well as to generate very rich and complicated behaviors including attractors not yet reported in the non-controlled model. In this impetus, the frequency and the amplitude of the excitation source of the RL circuit as well as the magnetic coupling coefficient are thus used to adjust the VDPCL oscillator dynamics in a desired state. The basic properties of the model are discussed, such as fixed point stability, symmetry and dissipation. Using the control parameters mentioned above, the dynamic behaviors of the model are studied using the classical tools of nonlinear dynamics such as the two-parameters and one parameter Lyapunov exponents, the one-parameter bifurcation diagrams, phase portraits and time series. Numerical simulation reveals a rich repertoire of dynamic behaviors in the system, including periodicity, period doubling, quasi-periodicity, 2-torus, 3-torus and chaos. In particular, complex and striking phenomena such as antimonotonicity, intermittency, coexistence of attractors and amplitude modulation are reported in the model when monitoring the frequency of the sinusoidal excitation. Sample coexisting bifurcation diagrams are drawn and the coexistence of attractors is illustrated using the phase portraits and the cross section of the basin of attraction. Pspice based simulations and laboratory experimental measurements are included to confirm the theoretical results and the feasibility of the proposed control scheme.

The experimental measurements clearly show electromagnetic noise patterns in a three-line circuit, which represents a two-line circuit with grounding. A new three-line circuit theory reproduces the noise patterns of an electric circuit with grounding, allowing the origin of the noise of the three-line circuit to be understood. In addition, comparing the theoretical calculations of a three-line circuit to the experimental results reveals that electric power is converted to heat over time due to the resistance in the third line. The results demonstrate the importance of reducing the common-mode noise to avoid heat generation in an electric circuit.

Reverse logistics (RL) concepts have brought sustainable solutions to the problems pertinent to inert construction waste (ICW) management. However, the involvement of different processes and facilities across the RL value chain makes it difficult to visualize and manage the whole process conveniently. Consequently, issues such as inadequate assessment of environmental hazards, unclear cost accrual patterns, misleading information to stakeholders, and other process-related deficiencies arise, thereby questioning the overall sustainability and alike circularity concepts. Despite the prominent role of lean management (LM) concepts in process improvements across various product-oriented sectors, its integration within RL management to solve ICW problems is almost non-existent. This paper presents a unique lean thinking-based multi-layer value stream assessment (MVSA) approach deriving from a conventional value stream mapping (VSM) technique to assess the overall RL network of ICW management. RL network design entails both facility-based and non-facility-based processes, with four different value streams, i.e., time, cost, environmental quality, and process efficiency aspects. A case study of Hong Kong demonstrates the developed MVSA approach. The case study features an assessment of the RL network's current and future states, considering multiple scenarios. Furthermore, a detailed sensitivity analysis is conducted to provide valuable insights and discussions. In the end, an agenda for continuous improvement related to the proposed MVSA approach is expounded. The research findings verify that the proposed MVSA approach can significantly contribute to the overall process improvement, better visualization, and RL network assessment, leading to effective waste management systems.

In this paper electrical models of magneto-impedance (MI) sensors based on a continued fractions is introduced. The models can be easily applied to cylindrical and planar magnetic structures via the proper mapping of Bessel and coth functions to an approximated passive linear RL network, respectively. This is done representing those functions as continued fractions and identifying the topology and the passive lineal electrical elements as Cauer’s type 2 networks. The equivalent circuits can be conveniently exploited for conditioning electronic purposes, or the characterization of the basis of the MI effect through the estimation of the sensor effective magnetic permeability. Simulation vs measurement results are presented to validate and demonstrate the scope of the model.

In this paper a multilayered laminated sandwich with viscoelastic core, surface bonded piezoelectric patches and shunted damping is optimized in order to reduce sound radiation. The viscoelastic core is used since it is especially effective in damping higher frequencies while the piezoelectric patches can actuate on the lower end by tuning its circuit accordingly. Firstly, a single objective optimization is conducted to obtain the optimal stacking parameters of the laminate. Secondly, a multi-objective optimization approach is developed to distribute the piezoelectric shunted patches on the top of the sandwich panel, where the objectives are to reduce the weight, the sound radiation, and the number of shunted RL circuits. The sound radiation characteristics of different configurations are assessed by calculating their radiated sound power through the Rayleigh integral. Finite element analyses are conducted with the use of commercial software ANSYS© and the optimization procedures are implemented with the use of MATLAB© functions.

This paper presents a new numerical simulation method to calculate transient voltage profiles of lithium-ion secondary batteries. The method employs circuit analysis of an internal equivalent electric circuit composed of an electromotive force, an LR parallel circuit, and eight CR parallel circuits. To demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of this approach, the authors measured the transient voltage responses of three types of test batteries with different output power densities, and compared these experimental data with simulation results. Battery performance was tested using different charge/discharge current patterns and a range of values for state of charge (SOC) and operating temperature. The accuracy of the proposed simulation method was confirmed for all test cases using the three different batteries and charge/discharge current patterns, demonstrating that the method is versatile and applicable to various lithium-ion secondary batteries regardless of type. Since the employed internal equivalent electric circuit is composed of only DC voltage source and linear R , L and C elements, all of general purpose software for electric circuit simulations can easily deal with the circuit. This advantage and the obtained results indicate that the proposed simulation method is a useful technique and offers a powerful tool to develop sophisticated battery control systems for various applications.

In this study, sudden discharge tests were performed on partially-insulated (PI) GdBCO coated conductor single-pancake coils to investigate the effects of a PI winding scheme on the discharge characteristics. Three sets of PI coils were constructed with insulation at 3 different intervals: every 2nd, 4th, and 8th turn. Each set included coils with 4 different insulation-angles: 90°, 180°, 270°, and 360°. Discharge delay of the PI coils was alleviated by increasing the insulation-interval or insulation-angle due to increased insulated area, which partially hinders radial current flow. The results of the sudden discharge test were in fairly good agreement with simulations of the PI coils using an equivalent circuit model consisting of a single RL circuit in parallel. The characteristic resistance of the PI coils was reasonably estimated through the numerical approach with contact surface resistance and compensation for the current-bottleneck effect, which enables the PI coils to be utilized in practical superconducting magnet applications.

The electromechanical control of the dynamics of thin elastic plate is analysed using both the modal approach and the direct numerical simulation of partial differential equation. The electromechanical controller is constituted of a RL circuit with some stings connected through a magnet to the plate. The direct numerical simulation reveals the existence of different vibration modes. The boundary limits of the control parameters leading to the reduction of vibration amplitude, snap through instability and Melnikov chaos are determined and plotted in terms of the system parameters. It is seen that electromechanical control can eliminate the chaotic domain leading to periodic oscillations.

In this study, we consider a manufacturer that has strategically decided to outsource the company specific reverse logistics (RL) activities to a third-party logistics (3PL) service provider. Given the locations of the collection centers and reprocessing facilities, the RL network design of the 3PL involves finding the number and places of the test centers under supply uncertainty associated with the quantity of the returns. Hybrid simulation-analytical modeling, which iteratively uses mixed integer programming models and simulation, is a suitable framework for handling the uncertainties in the stochastic RL network design problem. We present two hybrid simulation-analytical modeling approaches for the RL network design of the 3PL. The first one is an adaptation of a problem-specific approach proposed in the literature for the design of a distribution network design of a 3PL. The second one involves the development of a generic approach based on a recently proposed novel solution methodology. In the generic approach instead of exchanging problem-specific parameters between the analytical and simulation model, the interaction is governed by reflecting the impact of uncertainty obtained via simulation to the objective function of the analytical model. The results obtained from the two approaches under different scenario and parameter settings are discussed.

A constant-current constant-voltage (CCCV) charge protocol is commonly used for lithium-ion batteries. The dynamic characteristic of the constant-voltage (CV) charging current is discovered to be related to battery aging. In order to quantitatively describe the load current during the CV charging period, an equivalent circuit model (ECM) based on the resistor-inductor (RL) network is proposed in this paper. Motivated by the current expression derived based on the conventional resistor–capacitor (RC) network-based ECM, an RL network-based ECM is developed to characterize the CV charging current. Then, the parallel-connected RL networks are employed to improve the model fidelity. The test data of four lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries in different aging states are employed to validate the proposed model. Comparative results show that the proposed 2nd-order ECM is the best choice, considering both the model accuracy and complexity. In addition, a simplified 2nd-order model is proposed, achieving a satisfactory accuracy with only three model parameters to be identified. Therefore, this model can be easily implemented in the battery management system (BMS).

This work proposes a fully-digital interface circuit for the measurement of inductive sensors using a low-cost microcontroller (μC) and without any intermediate active circuit. Apart from the μC and the sensor, the circuit just requires an external resistor and a reference inductance so that two RL circuits with a high-pass filter (HPF) topology are formed. The μC appropriately excites such RL circuits in order to measure the discharging time of the voltage across each inductance (i.e. sensing and reference) and then it uses such discharging times to estimate the sensor inductance. Experimental tests using a commercial μC show a non-linearity error (NLE) lower than 0.5%FSS (Full-Scale Span) when measuring inductances from 1 mH to 10 mH, and from 10 mH to 100 mH.

This paper deals with the enhancement of electromechanical control of vibration on a thin plate submitted to non-ideal excitation. Modelling of the systems displays the non-ideal source used as external excitation above the structure on a particular surface and control force acting at specific points under the structure. The electromechanical device is composed by a RL circuit with a saturated inductance and stings connected to the plate is used as connection between the structure and the controller. Routh–Hurwitz criteria are used to obtain the stability condition of the controlled system and some dynamics exploration leads us to the condition for which the amplitude of vibration is reduced in the mechanical structure.

Manganese oxide thin-films for current-signal sensing and thermal insulation were synthesized by high-vacuum evaporation and thermal oxidation processes at low-temperature conditions. Structure-formation of the films with orthorhombic-partial structure of MnO2/Mn2O3 was investigated by X-ray diffraction. Raman studies have demonstrated that thermal properties can be influenced by the symmetry of the Mn–O bonds and it associated with the dynamic Jahn–Teller distortion. Dynamic behavior of samples as a function of the frequency response to verify their performance as signal sensors was evaluated by resistive–inductive circuit (RL circuit). To demonstrate the thermal capability of samples from current–voltage (I–V) characteristics, a Schottky emission model was used.

The reverse logistics (RL) of aircrafts pose a big challenge to its owners due to the complexity of its RL network, and the inherit problems of realizing a reliable system for efficiently monitoring and tracking the numerous parts of end-of-life (EOL) aircrafts in the RL network. Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, through its automatic and wireless data capture capability, offers great potential for counteracting this problem. Widespread and cost-effective, traditional barcode systems, unlike RFID technology, requires manual scanning and line-of-sight for its use. In this research, we performed simulated studies of barcode tags, used at case-level, and passive tags used at item-level, case-level and pallet-level in the EOL aircraft RL network in order to comparatively analyze the Return-On-Investment (ROI) of RFID technology relative to bar-coding. The results of our study demonstrate that the use of RFID technology in EOL aircraft RL network offers great potential compared to barcode technology; however, the high initial investment cost of RFID technology deployment may necessitate proper planning, such as business process re-engineering (BPR), tag reuse and phased implementation, to achieve more positive ROI.

A numerical differentiation based algorithm for parameter measurement of low-voltage distribution systems in transient processes is presented in this paper. In a transient process of RL circuit, there is non-periodic component with exponential decay and periodic component of sinusoidal waveform. In any transient processes of RL circuits, the proposed algorithm may not only accurately track the frequency of distribution systems, and estimate the amplitude and phase angle of sinusoidal component, but also estimate the amplitude and time constant of the non-periodic component. The simulation results of a studying example carried out for non-noise cases in Matlab show high accuracy, simple computation and less time, the simulation results carried out for noisy cases and harmonic cases may see acceptable errors, simple computation and less time.

An equivalent circuit model of a novel photodetector (PD) is proposed in this article. We use this model to describe the relation between the bias voltage and current (I–V), also the bias voltage and capacitance(C–V) of this kind of novel PD. The circuit model could optimize the structure of the circuit and could be linked with the readout circuit. According to the comparison between the simulation result and the experimental result by circuit testing, we could find they are in good agreement, which proving the correctness of the equivalent circuit model. The signification of this equivalent circuit model is to design an optimal readout circuit (ROIC) for the novel PD.

A low voltage detection circuit for a capacitance sensor is important for connection to a low voltage digital circuit interface. We studied two different charge-balanced capacitance–voltage (C–V) conversion circuits configurations; the operational amplifier and the inverter amplifier. Both capacitance detection circuits were designed using 0.35 μm CMOS circuitry technology. Both amplifiers used in the detection circuits were not affected by offset voltage. The current consumption for capacitance detection circuit was reduced from 250 μA at Vdd 3.3 V to 38 μA at Vdd 1.3 V by switching from an operational amplifier to an inverter amplifier. These circuits were packaged with one-side-electrode-type fluid-based inclination sensors on ceramic substrates. The size of the sensor is ∅ 4.0 mm × 1.0 mm and pure propylene carbonate was used as electrolyte. Changes in temperature did not affect the output voltage of the sensor between −10 °C and 50 °C. This results show that the inverter amplifier used in the detection circuit was not affected by offset voltage and the output voltage Vm is depends only on capacitor ratio. The capacitance detection circuit using the inverter amplifier shows a high-sensitivity of about 7 mV/deg over the operational amplifier at Vdd 1.3 V. The response time, resolution and minimum moving angle of sensor were 0.7 s, 0.86° and 0.4°, respectively, at Vdd 1.3 V for the inverter amplifier type of capacitance detection circuit.

Damping of elastic strain waves in an aluminum bar by means of a pair of piezoelectric members bonded to the bar and loaded by an external RL circuit is studied. Experimental results are compared with theoretical results based on a three-port impedance model for the laminated piezoelectric bar element (PBE). According to this model, the PBE is viewed as a linear system with one electrical and two mechanical ports at which interactions with external devices, e.g., the external parts of the aluminum bar, can take place. The two constitutive equations of the piezoelectric material, the dynamics of the piezoelectric members and the bar, and the dynamics of the resistive-inductive load are taken into account. The experimental results are below the theoretical ones by a few percent for the reflected and transmitted strain waves, by 6–11% for the voltage and current generated, and by 12–19% for the power and energy delivered to the load. This indicates that there are energy losses in the PBE and the external parts of the bars that have not been accounted for in the model. Such losses may be due to, e.g., viscoelastic shear, dielectric losses and generation of bending waves.

A new methodology for the representation of a transformer winding or any set of magnetically coupled coils by means of an equivalent circuit is presented in this paper. This circuit is suitable for the representation of the frequency-behavior of a system of coils at high frequencies and it consists of RL coupled circuit elements. The frequency-behavior representation of the actual impedances is accomplished by means of additional RL loops. Therefore, the circuit synthesis theory takes a step beyond the RL Foster or Cauer equivalent circuits, which were developed to represent only a single inductive element. Starting from the proposed equivalent circuit, the matrix equation of the system of coupled inductive branches is derived and their equivalence with the characteristic equations of the real system is proved. Finally, the method is applied to the modeling of transformer windings.

We demonstrated high-speed data transmission from a superconducting front-end circuit to a semiconductor back-end circuit for an analog-to-digital converter. In this study, the front-end circuit consisted of a 1–4 demultiplexer and four-channel stacked-type amplifiers. The back-end circuit consisted of low noise amplifiers and decision circuits. In the front-end circuit, data distribution at a frequency of 10 GHz and amplification of four-channel data signals at 2.5 GHz were performed and an output voltage of 4.2 mV was obtained. In the back-end circuit, data decision at 2.5 GHz was successfully performed at an error rate below 10−6. These results enable us to operate the whole A/D converter at sampling frequency of 10 GHz and evaluate its performance, including the bit accuracy.

While piezoelectric actuators have been widely used in vibration suppression and high precision controls, their intrinsic nonlinearity such as hysteresis, if not considered in control design, may deteriorate the system performance. In this research, a new methodology is proposed for the high-precision and robust control using piezoelectric actuator with hysteresis compensation. This methodology is featured by the introduction of a resistance/inductance circuit connected to the piezoelectric actuator to form an actuator network and a new integral continuous sliding mode control (ICSMC) algorithm. In addition to the well-known increased passive damping and active control authority, the main advantage of the actuator network in this particular study is that the charge and/or current in the piezoelectric actuator now become independent state variables that can be directly measured and fed back. Not only can this actuator network configuration improve the hysteresis characterization, the control design can also be greatly simplified. With the introduction of the RL shunt circuit, two dynamic subsystems (the mechanical structure and the electrical circuit) are formed. With these two coupled dynamic subsystems as basis, we then develop an ICSMC scheme which combines the advantages of conventional continuous sliding mode control and integral variable structure control. Different from the inverse cancellation of hysteresis behavior which might not be reliable due to the measurement noise, a direct piezoelectric hysteresis compensation is achieved using this control strategy. Detailed analysis and case studies demonstrate that this new methodology can lead to improved precision for both tracking control and vibration attenuation, enhanced control robustness, and smoother control action.

General modelling of a resonant shunting damper has been made from piezoelectric sensor/actuator equations. It is found that an additional damping, which is augmented to a system, is generated by the shunt damping effect. The transfer function of the tuned electrical absorber is derived for both series and parallel shunt circuit. The governing equations and associated boundary conditions are derived using Hamilton's principle. The shunt voltage equation is also derived from the charge generated in PZT due to beam vibration. The frequency response function of the obtained mathematical model is compared with that of the tuned electrical absorber and experimental work. The vibration amplitude is reduced about 15 dB at targeted second mode frequency.

It is well–known that arbitrary interconnections of passive (possibly nonlinear) resistances (R), inductances (L) and capacitances (C) define passive ports, with port variables the external sources voltages and currents, and storage function the total stored energy. In this brief note we establish some new passivity properties of RC and RL circuits under the more restrictive assumption that the characteristic functions of the capacitances and inductances are nondecreasing. In particular, we prove that for this class of nonlinear RC circuits passivity is preserved even if we take as port variables the sources currents and the voltage derivatives. We also show that nonlinear RL circuits define passive ports with port variables the sources current derivatives and the voltages. The storage function in both cases is the sum of the resistors co–content, which is a function associated to the power dissipation. The proof of these properties is a direct application of Tellegen's theorem. We illustrate the applicability of these results to generate new Lyapunov functions for nonlinear stabilization problems.

A quantization scheme for an RLC circuit with a source is proposed and the fluctuations of the charge and the magnetic flux of the circuit in several quantum states are studied. The equation of motion for the density operator of the circuit is established and solved. The solutions are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to make up an equivalent circuit for ferroelectric LiTaO3 single crystal and to simulate its impedance at the transition temperature. Impedance was measured in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 13 MHz. LiTaO3 was prepared by the Czochralski method. The equivalent circuit consisted of the Debye equivalent circuit and an RC circuit in paralleL This equivalent circuit gave good accordance between the measured and simulated data.

A new technique for the measurement of lifetime of excess carriers in the base of a p - n junction is proposed by modifying the Green's differential open circuit voltage decay technique. Instead of using an ideal differentiating circuit for the open circuit voltage decay, the method is based on a study of response to an RC circuit with variable time constant. For a reasonable part of the transient a constant voltage across the resistance of the RC circuit allows determination of the lifetime. The method can be used both in the low and high injection conditions.

Two simple, fast methods to calculate the penetration time of a longitudinal magnetic field through the wall of a long metallic tube of circular cross section are presented. The first method is based upon the proposition of an “effective penetration thickness” given by the polar angle average of all possible straight-line transverse penetration paths of field lines through the tube wall. In the second method the tube is considered as an RL circuit; thus the penetration time is given by the ratio L T / R T where L T and R T are the inductance and resistance of the cylinder, respectively.

A power electronic circuit has been built and identified to be able to generate high voltage which can be increased rapidly to a value many times greater than the input low voltage dc source. A prototype device has been built and studied, which is able to generate 1.2 kV from a 12 V dc battery source, and theoretical voltage generation with a HTS inductor can reach very high values. Bi-2223/Ag wire has the capability to make the inductor to reduce the circuit resistance, and therefore a higher voltage can be generated. This high voltage generation method, HTS inductor, test result, and analysis will be presented in the paper.

An electronic R-C-L resonant circuit is introduced and analysed with the consideration of using an inductor made by a Ag-clad (Bi,Pb) 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10+x HTS wire. With the HTS inductor, substantially higher voltages can be built up by the circuit, and it can be used as a practical high voltage generator.

Controllability of systems of the form Kx = Ax + Bu where the entries of the coefficient matrices are linearly parameterized by a set of independently free parameters is considered. A necessary and sufficient condition for such systems to be controllable for almost all values of the parameters is derived. This result includes as its special case many of the previously known results on structural con trollability. To illustrate the application of the result a simple example of RL network containing an ideal transfer is examined.

Linear active networks are modeled as RC-Nullor networks. This makes available nodal analysis. The state equations of an RC-Nullor network are related to the node equations. This relationship is used to show how the state equations of an RC-Nullor network should be modified when the network is changed, e.g. by connecting a resistor between two nodes of the network. This is of interest because the network poles can be obtained from the state equations of the network, hence changes can be found in the network poles due to changes in the network.

The scalar versions of Schwarz's Lemma have been extensively employed in the classical development of the synthesis of lumped RLC driving-point impedance function. A vector space generalization of Schwarz's Lemma, particularly suitable for application to linear passive n-port impedance functions, is derived in this paper. The concept of power dominant networks is introduced and a number of power inequalities derived.

Inductors and capacitors are used as the respective frequency-determining elements in self-excited RL- and RC-multivibrators. Their complex impedance is changed by materials under test, giving information on resistivity, permeability, dielectric constant, thickness and position. A novel compensation method for lift-off effects is described.

Higher-order elements are introduced to provide a logically complete formulation for nonlinear circuit theory. A distinctive feature of higher-order elements is that they possess internal dynamics that are more complicated than those of conventional circuit elements (namely, the resistor, inductor, capacitor and memristor). In this paper, we provide a state space formulation for studying two-terminal higher-order elements. State-space properties such as local controllability, input-observability, passivity and losslessness are investigated in detail.

The transient response of a partical ferroresonant circuit with quintic nonlinearity has been obtained. A suitable closed loop block digram for this circuit is used to allow an iterative approximation technique to be used for the determination of the transient response due to the sudden application of a sinusoidal voltage. The effect of the variation of the amplitude and the angle of the applied voltage and of the various circuit parameters on the voltage across and the current through the nonlinear inductor of the circuit has been investigated.

The following problem is investigated: given any polynomial N ( s ) of the form N(s)= ∏ l n (s+p i ) ∏ l m (s+s i ) what are the necessary and sufficient conditions that N ( s ) be formed in the following manner: N(s)=A 0 ∏(s+a i ) + B i ∏(s+b i ) A 0 , B 0 > O where the − a i and − b i alternate at most in pairs along the negative real axis. Such formation is necessary for the − p i and − s i to be the natural frequencies of a network consisting of RC and RL subnetworks joined at two terminals. It is shown that N ( s ) may be so formed if and only if (a) for n=0, Σ l m arg s i ≥ π 2 (b) for n > 0, p i > 0 and Σ l m arg s i π 2 Also, a simple method is presented for finding suitable a i and b i whenever formation is possible. The result is expected to have application in the synthesis of both passive and active networks.

A simple transistorized pulse voltage dividing circuit based on a sampling technique is described. The circuit makes use of the fact that the voltage rise of a capacitor is a linear function of V 1 V 2 when it is charged with a constant current which is proportional to ane voltage input V1 during a time t which is inversely proportional to another voltage input V2. Input pulse voltages are required to be the flat topped positive input pulses of some 10 μs duration and 5–20 volt in amplitude. The linearity of the circuit for a constant value of V2 was better than 2%. The circuit was used for the measurement of the mass distribution of the fragments resulting from the thermal neutron induced fission of U235 with the aid of a back-to-back arrangement of Si surface barrier type solid detectors.