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Nanoparticles are potential candidates for numerous biological as well as chemical applications due to their exotic properties 1 - 3. Low lattice energy ions are found in deep eutectic solvents (DES). A quaternary ammonium salt is frequently complexed with a metal salt or hydrogen bond donor to produce these compounds (HBD) 4 - 6. The green synthesis of nanoparticles using DESs is always eco-friendly and attractive. The current study focuses on the synthesis of mercuric sulphide, Zirconium oxide, Manganese oxide and Copper oxide nanoparticles using the Choline Chloride - Ethylene Glycol DES as the solvent in presence of a reducing agent, hydrazine hydrate. The UV-Visible, FTIR spectra, XRD, SEM and EDAX analysis were carried out on these metal nanoparticles. The average sizes of these metal nanoparticles were found to be 50 to 150 nm. Hence the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using Ch. Cl – EG can be considered as an alternative route in chemical synthesis of metal nanoparticles.

Let n ≥ 4 be an even integer and W n be the wheel graph with n vertices. The distance d i j between any two distinct vertices i and j of W n is the length of the shortest path connecting i and j. Let D be the n × n symmetric matrix with diagonal entries equal to zero and off-diagonal entries equal to d i j . In this paper, we find a positive semidefinite matrix L ˜ such that rank ( L ˜ ) = n − 1 , all row sums of L ˜ equal to zero, and a rank one matrix w w T such that D − 1 = − 1 2 L ˜ + 4 n − 1 w w T . An interlacing property between the eigenvalues of D and L ˜ is also proved.

In recent days, the role of the stir casting process has been increased in metal manufacturing sectors. It can be produced the components with good quality and less casting defects. The experimental work has been discussed about the effect of stir casting process parameters for synthesized Copper Metal Matrix Composite (Cu-MMC) reinforced with Titanium Carbide (TiC). The hardness, impact, and tensile strength were determined through the variation of input stir casting factors such as particle size, the weight percentage of TiC, and stirring time. The experiment was conducted as per L9 orthogonal based Taguchi design. The influential factor was measured through variance test.

Electrochemical methanol reformation (ECMR) is an alternative promising technology for producing hydrogen at low energy consumption compared to water electrolysis. In this process, solid polymer electrolyte Nafion® is widely employed, due to its superior proton conductivity. However, major limitations are the utilisation of expensive platinum based catalysts, high cost of the above membrane and the crossover of methanol through the polymer electrolyte membrane. In the present work, attempt has been to made to use low cost polymer electrolyte membrane and less noble electro catalyst. A series of Anion Exchange Membranes (AEM) are synthesized from Poly (2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) for its application in ECMR. PPO is successfully made into anion conducting by chloromethylation followed by quaternization. Two AEM's are synthesized by optimizing chloromethylation reaction time to 5 h and quaternization time to 5 and 8 h and are labelled as QPPO (C5, Q5) and QPPO (C5, Q8) respectively. Further, with the view to improve the anion conductivity further, composite AEMs are prepared by incorporating inorganic anion conducting quaternized graphene oxide particles in the matrix of PPO and QPPO (C5, Q8) polymers separately to obtain two polymers PPO/QGO and QPPO/QGO. The anionic conductivity of PPO/QGO and QPPO/QGO polymer is 1.2 × 10−4 and 1.5 × 10−4 S cm−1 respectively. Both the membranes are subjected as electrolyte for ECMR application using membrane electrode assembly made by with in house synthesized nitrogen doped graphene supported Pd catalyst (Pd/NG) as anode catalyst and commercial Pt/C as cathode catalyst. The performance of composite membrane was compared with the commercial Fumasep® FAA anion exchange membrane. The polarization studies of ECMR cell with composite membrane shows comparable performance with that of commercial Fumasep® FAA-2 FAA membrane. The durability of the membrane(s) in the electrolysis environment was tested for about 20 h.

In this present work, the fabrication of polymer composites from the scrapped cigarette filter and coconut coir has been made in a diligent manner. Concerning the useful properties imparted on polymer composites, coconut coir and cigarette filter have been the foremost material to be employed in preparation of composite. The fabricated polymer has undergone tensile, flexural strength and impact strength tests. The results were much appreciable in the sense of the effectiveness of strength imparted by the blend of coconut coir and cigarette filter. The tensile strength of composite was found to be increased corresponding to value of filler content added to composite. Nevertheless, the tensile strength decreased when the filler content was beyond 40%. Flexural testing, Wear Test and impact strength and has followed the same trend corresponding to the filler content. Evidently, the impartation of mechanical properties on polymer composites by the coconut coir and cigarette filter blend has been clearly visible in the results obtained from the tests. The blending of coir and cigarette filter has been significant in enriching the strength and other mechanical properties.

Nowadays many emerging countries have seen a substantial increase in supply for fresh water. In present scenario water comes into a drought. This paper represents converting of sea water into Drinking water processing machine. To reach the demands of the basic needs filtration and purification of water has been investigated. This paper presents on the effects of purifying water in behavior of activation carbon in comparison to conventional method. Activated carbon is used to investigate the efficiency in the water filtration mechanism Activated Carbon frequently used to extract water contaminants from tap water and salt water in water treatment. In domestic water filters, activated carbon is used because of its excellent ability of adsorption. In this research, the grades A of Activated Coal are used to analyze their efficiency in the filters. Ultraviolet radiation is used for the purification of water without abandoning hazardous chemicals. Prototype is produced through the use of a water treatment with activated carbon and ultraviolet radiation. Two activated carbons perform surface region and porosity observation. The magnified image of Granulized Activated Carbon is used for the contrast between ground structures by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Before and after water treatment, two forms of water tests investigated, the ground water and the bore-well water are evaluated. The pH test, total suspended solid particle test, biochemical oxygen requirement check, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) experiment were used to evaluate the water samples. The assessment conducted is an initial effort to deal with such an issue. The maximum intensity of the radiation is 256 nm which is the most effective wavelength in inactivating bacteria. The UV-C portion is totally blocked out with prevalent bottles. A fraction of UV-C radiation exits. However, the purified water layer that implemented in larger containers. Thus, paper examines an effectiveness of technology and economics in future studies.

Nowadays accidents are an increasing concern all over the world. In present scenario accidents are happening due to the factors of improper implementation and usage of helmets while driving Un-Prediction of other vehicle motions, utilizing of low quality helmets. All this carelessness and irresponsible activities plays a dominant role in accidents that are leading to cause of death and disability. Helmets plays a major role for protecting a human head injury in case of accidents. The purpose of this research is to create a smart and secure electronic helmet that plays a vital role in protecting human lives from accidents and this helmet help to send and monitor the information about the vehicle and also the person driving the vehicle. This research mainly focuses on giving indication of alerts to the driver about the surrounding vehicle movements while “changing the lane” and also helps to navigate the driver in correct way for travelling. The effect of a high-speed motorcyclist without wearing a helmet is highly dangerous and can lead to a fatality. Wearing a helmet can reduce damage and save a life. This project is specifically designed to improve the safety of motorcycle riders. Motorcyclists will be alerted if their speed limits are crossed and vehicles that enter the vehicle nearby hit. The helmet system emerging message using cloud-based service will send message to receiving contents in which the database has been stored. There are many countries enforcing a regulations requiring that the motorcycle driver wears a helmet while riding on his motorcycle. Most accidents are caused by reckless driving, drunk or mobile phone use, while traffic laws and rules are violated. Many People lose their lives due to late notification of accident due to that the people are not able to monitor the accident area's precise GPS coordinates. The significant reason that people get injured in head due to not wearing helmet while driving the bike. For the tracking of the rider's head and the acceleration of motorcycle, a Force Sensing resistor (FSR) are used. The motorcycle engine will only be started when the driver buckled the helmet. A LED will flash in helmet while some obstacles or a critical risk. Thus this research helps the researches for implementing and adopting the helmets in various aspects of security and protection of humans in future studies.

There is always a demand to develop better filter materials for the increasing pollution problems. This work deals with the study on the effect of activated carbon particles deposited on the honeycomb filter of catalytic converter for better adsorption of emission gases. In this work, naturally available banana plant materials were utilized to synthesize activated carbon. This was deposited in the form of coating on the honeycomb filter material. The effectiveness of adsorption of gases like NOx, CO and HC was analyzed using Atlon gas analyzer

Free cooling concept will play very important part in the future particularly in buildings. Air conditioners usage which leads to global warming can be partly reduced by using the free cooling concept. The best storage medium for cooling and heating is phase change material. Phase change material can be used effectively due to its energy storage capacity during charging and discharging process. The only disadvantage with phase change material is its low thermal conductivity and many researchers have studied various techniques for heat transfer enhancement and hence to improve the thermal conductivity. The present work aims to prepare a novel nano phase change material consisting of phase change material (Paraffin RT21) dispersed with Multiwall Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) and to study its thermal and rheological properties. The thermal properties like thermal conductivity and rheological properties like viscosity, shear rate, shear stress and density of the nano fluid for different concentrations of MWCNT were evaluated in presence of surfactant. The result explicates that the efficiency of the nano fluid with MWCNT nano particles are better than the Paraffin RT21. Also the present work will provide an input to design effective thermal energy storage system for free cooling application in buildings.

The fair description of the properties and reactions of asphalt layers under on-site conditions is necessary in order to maintain correct air terminal life standards as well as to coordinate the asphalt workouts of board exercises and to modify and accept the robotic reaction model. Continuous progressions in the Micro-Electro - Mechanical Sensor (MEMS)/Nano-Electro-Mechanical Sensor (NEMS) progresses and remote sensor systems coupled with capable vitality finding ideal models provide long haul chances, consistent, continuous reaction evaluation and well-being observation of the simple transport frameworks. This paper presents a synopsis survey of some ongoing investigations that have concentrated on the improvement of cutting edge brilliant detecting and checking frameworks for interstate asphalt framework with potential applications for long haul air terminal asphalt wellbeing observing. A few instances These future implementations include: the utilization of remote Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) labels for deciding warm inclinations in asphalt layers; self-fueled MEMS/NEMS multifunction sensor framework prepared to do constant, remote checking of restricted strain, temperature and dampness content in air terminal asphalt that will, in the end, forestall calamitous disappointments, for example, blow-ups on runways during heat waves.

The nozzle is a system intended to regulate the path or the fluid-flow characteristics when it leaves (or enters) the sealed space. A Nozzle is also an intersectional pipe or tube that can be used to direct or change the movement with fluids (liquids that gasses). It is also used to track the flow rate, direction, size, density, form and pressure of the stream from it. The direction of the fluid rises in a pump, at the cost of the energy demand. As the pace of the cruise often raises the noise of the jet and the friction is generated due to the instability of the flow which causes the noise in the aircraft's exhaust Nozzle, but the issue is not co-related with the time of the cruise, the key problem will also occur at the time of the ground run, It is closer to the population when the climb and the descent of the aircraft. Suppression is now one of the most powerful daunting study subjects in the Aviation sector to mitigate its effect on residents around the Airport and the biggest advancement is the usage of new aircraft of various conceptual designs. To have a pleasant journey and will not affects the creature around it, the focus on reduction of the Nozzle noise, in this research, Analysis of three different Nozzle shape and come up with best acoustic feature with the reason for being it.

In present generation, suspension plays most important aspects in heavy automobile vehicles the optimization of suspension, the leaf spring is introduced with new material selections in this paper. Leaf spring is a simple form of spring, it is widely used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. Leaf spring is long narrow plates attached to the body of the trailer axle. Leaf spring plays major role in automobile industries. Multi leaf spring in Indian Automobile Industries are very large automobile industries in Indian manufacturing companies majorly producing multi leaf spring for heavy load vehicles because this leaf spring it acts as an energy absorbing material on the virtue of its deflection. In this paper the study includes, the version of leaf spring is created in stable works of different materials FRP, Titanium Alloy, Super Bainite and Structural Steel. The 3D modeling of leaf spring is carried out using SOLIDWORKS 2013 and the analysis is done using ANSYS 17.2 software.

The main aim of the present experimental investigation is to evaluate mechanical properties of natural fibre ridge gourd with polymers laminates prepared with different combinations of fiber and resin. Laminates were fabricated by hand layup method. The impregnation of laminates is done by epoxy resin and polyester resin as matrix material. The ridge gourd is cheaper, biodegradable and Eco Friendly and it is located in all the areas and it can be available during all the seasons. With various structures of patterns materials characteristics is observed that with different combinations glass, ceramic fibers with ridge gourd with epoxy resin and polyester resin laminates increases its mechanical properties. In tensile strength ceramic fiber with epoxy resin and fiber mat shows increase strength such as 140.68 MPa and 77.3 in hardness strength. Likewise compressive strength in natural fiber with ridge guard shows increased strength.

The Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) is one of the effective methods to fabricate the reinforced metal matrix. The heating rate and holding time is very less compared to other casting processes. It is a time-consuming process as well as fabricated components are free from defects. Aluminium alloys are involved in engineering applications such as structures, panels, automobile and aerospace. In present concept deals one of the aerospace alloys such as Al 7068. This alloy is converted to Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) through the accumulation of tungsten carbides (WC) in spark plasma sintering process. The various input constraints are selected as sintering temperature, pressure and holding time. The tensile strengths are considered as the response. The Taguchi based optimization is applied to find the best combinations of the level of factors.

Nanocomposite Graphene is a 2D structure which has an extreme job in material sciences. This paper will examine the Modified properties of a nano-composite graphene doped with ARAMID fibre by the direct blending procedure. The ARAMID fibre is taken as an example which is created by vacuum sack shaping procedure. Here, Epoxy was used as a sapphire and HY951 as a hardener. Three distinct examples are produced depending upon the level of nanocomposite graphene based 2%, 5%, 10% and 20% individually. We saw the quality of the ARAMID fibre expanding when treated with nanocomposite. The level of a nanocomposite enhancement leads to an expansion in the quality of the fibre. Anyway, as the nanocomposite past 5% deteriorates the quality of the fibre. Moreover, we additionally observed that the Fiber's interfacial property is lowered when the nanocomposite has been used past edge limit.

We report a ZrO2/Fe2O3/RGO nanocomposite was synthesized via insitu -hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer (DRS), Raman, Photoluminescence (PL) and BET analysis to study the structural, morphological and optical properties. FESEM images declares that ZrO 2 particles are uniform discs like nanostructure shape with clear facets and narrow size distribution; Fe 2O3 were agglomerated, which leads to have completely dispersed with the rGO and forms a ZrO2/Fe2O3/RGO nanocomposite. The elemental composition (Zr, Fe, O and C) of as-prepared ZrO2/Fe2O3 /RGO nanocomposite was confirmed using EDX. FTIR and Raman analysis confirmed the GO was reduced into RGO during the synthesis of ZrO 2/Fe2O3 /RGO nanocomposite. The synthesized catalysts were examined for photocatalytic activity by the degradation of Congo Red (CR) and Acetophenone (AP) under visible light illumination, these results clearly prompted that ZrO 2/Fe2O3/RGO nanocomposite shows a high photodegradation efficiency of CR and AP under visible light illumination than ZrO2/Fe2O3, pure Fe2O3 and pure ZrO2.

Electrochemical methanol reformation (ECMR) method has been identified as one of the most effective method for on-site hydrogen production. However, concentrated research towards the development of efficient inexpensive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst holds the pivotal role in realizing the hydrogen economy. In this context, for the first time N-graphene supported Pd (Pd/NG) was synthesised and employed as an HER catalyst in ECMR process. N-graphene was synthesised by modified Hummer's method followed by Pd deposition through hydrothermal route. The electrocatalytic activity of Pd/NG for hydrogen evolution was evaluated by CV and LSV techniques. Tafel slope of Pd/NG and Pt/C was calculated from LSV curves and was found to be 33 and 31 mV/decade, respectively. Exchange current density was found to be 3.6 and 3.2 × 10−4 A cm−2 for Pd and Pt catalysts, respectively. The enhanced electrocatalytic activity is majorly attributed to the N-doping and uniform distribution of Pd nano particles on graphene. Further, the performance of Pd/NG was also evaluated in single ECMR cell using Pt–Ru/C at anode and Pd/NG at cathode as electrocatalysts. The results indicated the suitability of Pd/NG as cathode electrocatalyst for HER in ECMR process.

The industrial scenario demands the product to be produced in higher surface finish with minimum tool wear. Grinding is predominantly known to provide excellent surface finish among other machining processes. The scope for improvement is always exists in the processes. In the meantime, Material Removal Rate (MRR) of the procedure ought not to be affected. Since, it directly affects the productivity of the process. The composite Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) has preferred properties involving high strength-over weight extent, high shortcoming restriction, high modulus-to-weight extent, etc. Due to the non-uniform and varying in magnitude, high gratings /abrasiveness and high strength ability of the reinforcement in CFRP composites, results in difficult to-cut (surface materials) in surface grinding shapes. The conventional surface grinding process on CFRP requires high cutting force at the same time material removal rate is low. In request to decrease and eliminate these intricacies, Rotary Ultrasonic Machining (RUM) is favoured for surface grinding of CFRP composites. In this paper, interdisciplinary reviews on CFRP composites have been done under the reaction of surface grinding of the composite using rotary ultrasonic machining. This paper will give the guidelines to future research in impacts on CFRP under RUM observational studies.

In upcoming trends of industrial needs the improvement of highly strong material, thermal and mechanically sustainable property of materials are upgrading in current generations. To reach the demands of the industrial scenario the friction, wear and other tribo-ability of various materials has been investigated. This paper presents on the effects of tribological behavior of disk brake-materials in comparison to polymer composites. Aluminum matrix composites with Al2O3 reinforcements give predominant mechanical and physical properties. Al-Al2O3 Ceramics has wider applications in a various fields such as vehicle, aviation, military equipment and other applications. Kevlar is a thermo- safe and solid manufactured fiber, identified with different Aramids, Kevlar-119 has higher elongation capacity, adaptable weariness resistant, yarn types found in mechanical elastic products such as tires, hoses and other wide and larger productivity of applications are utilized, it achieves an excellence of thermal and other properties. A carbon-Ceramic is a subgroup of Ceramics which offers excellent braking performance, which withstand high temperature and very light weight material. This makes tempting filler for manufacturing strong matrices of ceramics and wear well over the time. These are made from Carbon-fillers and these results in high-performance driving. Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel has carbon compound steels with its highly excellent in erosion braking properties and minimal in cost compared with other CMC’s .In recent year’s comparatively minimum attention have been focused in this concepts. This paper states the art of Tribo-behavior of disk brake materials. In future, this paper helps the researchers to identify the influence on the mechanical properties of composite and the study in tribological behavioral of material investigations.

Retinopathy is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in the developed world, it is provoked by complications of mellitus. The consequence of retina complications are exudate in retina patients perceive no symptoms until visual loss develops. The employment of digital images for diagnosis of eye diseases could be exploited for computerized early detection of exudate from retinal image. In existing System, the blood vessel is detected using morphological operations. To overcome the disadvantages of the existing system the proposed method Exudate Image Identification (EII) approach which will track the images as exudate and non-exudate and it categorize the image with the criteria of mild, moderate and severe based on the captured images. The small exudates are identified with the green channel images. From the images the exudates are calculated with the proposed blood vessel segmentation and optical segmentation algorithm. From this the exudates are calculated with the method called parametric analysis, which can be used for the quick analysis of the exudate evaluation of a Diabetic Retina (DR).

We synthesized Fe2O3/RGO nanocomposite (NC) via simple and green hydrothermal method. The structure, morphology and thermal stability of prepared NC was studied using XRD, FESEM, EDS, TGA, FTIR and UV-DRS. As-synthesized NC was tested for photocatalytic activity by the degradation of model organic pollutant, 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) under visible light irradiation. The effect of pH and H2O2 were studied on photocatalytic degradation of 4-NP by Fe2O3/RGO NC. This NC as benign photocatalyst for completely degraded 4-NP in 50 min. We stated that H2O2 played a key role in photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutant under visible light irradiation with the help of composite which was prepared by hydrothermal route. However H2O2 acts as promising oxidant due to its high efficiency, low cost and produce harmless co-additives. Moreover H2O2 can serve as electron scavengers and generates the hydroxyl radicals.

In recent years the process of developing hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) with a regenerative braking system is been thought by the manufacturers and the usage of HEV is been eventually increased. Regenerative braking is a mechanism that helps to slow down the moving electric vehicle. By this slow-down process, the kinetic is been converted into electrical energy, and this converted energy can be either stored or used immediately. The regenerative braking system involves various benefits. Proper implementation of the regenerative braking system extends the driving range, improves the braking efficiency, reduces brake wear, and also improves the energy. Due to the recharging capability of the battery during travel, it is determined that regenerative brakes have innovative features. It also results in less thermal conductivity and balances the tribological factor so that the regenerative brakes last longer than non-regenerative brakes. The regenerative braking system is almost used in all of the hybrid and battery charged electric cars. The fuels which is been used in the vehicles are natural gas and biodiesel. Biodiesel is been obtained by the extraction of a few natural products which helps in the movement of the vehicle. Without any mechanical connection with the motors and ICE (Internal Combustion Engine), the battery is being charged. In this method, the required energy for charging the battery is been captured and the need which is not needed for charging is been used for vehicle propulsion. It also helps in improving fuel efficiency depending on the size of the motor. HEV's emit zero carbon into the atmosphere when compared with ICE based vehicles. A hybrid vehicle runs on a twin powered engine which uses the blend of natural oil in it which helps in conserving the amount of energy. Hybrid Electric Vehicle is eco-friendly and it has a better gas mileage performance. This research is a detailed study of the future development of highly efficient with low pollution HEV.

In the current era, a number of devices and gadgets are communicating in real time environment using advanced wireless technologies. In addition, the implementations of smart cities, smart offices, smart home automation and many others are also in the agenda of government as well as corporate sectors. These interconnected things are generally associated with a specific term Internet of Things (IoT) in which enormous gadgets and smart objects communicate with each other on specific wireless protocols. IoT is also referred as Ubiquitous Computing or Pervasive Computing and many real time applications are under deployment using these technologies.

A simple, scalable chemical battery was developed for the production of optimized battery and thermal recycling of energy. The first double chipset architecture in the industry to optimize the Running cost and power consumption by Lithium –ion batteries cycled at a maximum present level of 55 AMP, a particular Max Pulse Discharge Currentof 15 A (

In recent days, the aluminium related metal matrix was an essential role in manufacturing sectors due to its substance properties. In the present topic, describes the duralumin composite was manufactured through stir casting method. The Tantalum Carbide (TaC) was a reinforcement material used to duralumin MMC. The substance composition was studied through Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX). The machinability characteristics were analyzed through Spark Erosion Process (SEP). The Material Subtraction Rate (MSR) was measured by the variation of current, pulse on time and voltage. The parametric optimization was achieved by Taguchi technique and its effects were calculated by variance test.

This research reviews on the importance of carbon and other nutrients for the better fertility of the soil. Carbon is one of the main elements in soil which has many origins and sources of occurrence. Each source may have its own specialty and capability in giving the soil better properties. In the current work, the role and importance of various nutrients and carbon in improving the fertility and other properties of the soil is discussed in detail. Also soil test has been conducted for sandy natured soil by adding compost in two different ways such as plain compost and compost with activated carbon. It was found that the activated carbon compost has improved the fertility of the soil tested. This paper will helpful for future researcher to develop carbon and nutrients of the soil to integrate the richness content of the soil and to growth the healthy agriculture and plantations in future generation.

In this research work, the main objective is to enhance the performance, combustion characteristics and reduce emissions of compression ignition engine using alternative fuel. Four experimental investigations and one numerical analysis are carried out to identify the optimum biodiesel blend and modification methods. Mahua oil issued. In this study due to its ease of availability compared with other non-edible oils. Two types of engine modifications were made. First one is Low Heat Rejection (LHR) and second one is Low Temperature Combustion (LTC). In the LHR modification the engine parts such as the cylinder head and the piston head is coated by the alumina (Al2O3) with a thickness of 350 μm. For the LTC modification the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) process was adopted with help of control valves. CFD analysis was done through ANSYS FORTE software comparing with the experimental results. The variation between the CFD analysis and experiment results was 4% to 9%. Hence from this study, ANSYS FORTE is one of the suitable CFD software for evaluating the performance of the IC engine. The biodiesel blends B20 and the LHR modification technique by ceramic coating, along with LTC modification of 15% EGR yields better performance and lower emissions.

Organic solvents like methanol is commonly used in pharmaceutical industries as a separation media in the purification process of drugs, and it contains various contaminants like ethyl acetate, methyl formate, acetic acid, etc. in the effluent stream. In the aspect of utilizing this industrial waste/effluent, we attempted to generate pure hydrogen by Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) based Electrochemical Methanol Reformation (ECMR) process. The present study reports, the influence of ethyl acetate as a potential impurity in methanol on performance of ECMR cell for hydrogen production. Initially, electrochemical half-cell studies carried out using various concentrations of ethyl acetate (0.25, 0.5 and 1%) and their effect was studied systematically. In addition, the ECMR full cell performance was also evaluated with these concentrations and performance deterioration observed during long operation hours and discussed the possible regeneration method in view of its further practical development. The observed cell performance deterioration was attributed to formation of reaction intermediates during oxidation of methanol-water, which was identified by using FTIR and NMR analysis. Potentiostatic mode with operating potential of ∼0.86 V was used as a method to regenerate the cell performance.

Glass fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites are widely used in various industries as important structural components. Unlike metals, strain induced and damage states of an anisotropic composite are hard to predict under real time loading. With that focus, a piezoresistivity material based Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system for laminated polymer composite is proposed in the study to measure the strain induced in the composite under real time loading. Nickel based alloys such as Karma and Nichrome alloys are embedded into the composites to monitor the strain and damage induced in the composites. The resistance measurement setup with embedded strain sensing nickel alloy is tested with uni-axial tension and flexural load for performance evaluation. The piezoresistivity response of the nickel alloys is used to predict the strain induced and damage state of the composites, when subject to real time loading. The piezoresistivity response of the nickel alloy is inferred in two phases such as deformation phase and failure phase, which clearly shows the various states of strain and damage induced in the composites. In repeated loading, by monitoring the shift in the piezoresistivity response curve of embedded nickel alloy during loading and unloading condition can be directly correlated with the accumulation of permanent damage in the composites.

In the present investigation Samarium doped barium cerate electrolyte powder of (1-x)Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ -xBaCe0.8Sm0.2O3-δ (where x = 0.1 mol fraction) stoichiometry formula is successfully synthesized through wet chemical route. A SDC-BCS nanocomposite electrolyte is premeditated with respect to its thermal, structural, morphological properties and conductivity performance. The crystal structure and microstructure of the SDC-BCS composite is investigated from XRD and SEM analysis. TG analysis reveals that the calcination temperature (900 °C) of the as prepared powder sample. The crystal structure of as prepared SDC-BCS composite powder is identified as cubic perovskite with orthorhombic distortions occurred at 900 °C. From TEM analysis, the particle size is found to be around 32 nm. SEM analysis reveals that the existence of dual phase microstructure in the composite at 1400 °C. The preparation of dense SDC-BCS nanocomposite with the development of dual phase microstructure is achieved for the better ionic conductivity in SDC-BCS nanocomposites for SOFC application.

Glass fibre reinforced polymer composites are extensively used as an advanced engineering material, particularly in aviation industries because of its superior properties. Unlike metals, damage and failure of the composites are complicated to predict under real-time loading due to its anisotropic nature. With that focus, reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) based Structural Health Monitoring for polymer composite is proposed in this work. The prioritised aim of this study is to measure the strain induced and the degree of damage accumulated in the composites. To achieve this, the rGO coated glass fibres are embedded into polymer composite to evaluate the strain and damage induced in the composites by measuring the fractional change in the piezoresistance of the coated fibre. The piezoresistive response of the coated fibres showed linear variation under low (elastic) deformation. However, under high (plastic) deformation, the piezoresistance varied nonlinearly with an irregular stepped increment. This nonlinear stepped increment is marked due to the initiation and propagation microcracks in the polymer composites. The damage accumulation in the composite is predicted by measuring the deviation of piezoresistance from the elastic response line using statistical analysis. A statistical correlation is established between the damage accumulation and the experimentally calculated residual strength. The electromechanical study on the rGO coated glass fibres suggested as potential applications for the strain and damage monitoring of composite materials.

In the present investigation, the densities (ρ) and viscosities (η) are reported for binary mixtures N-methylformamide with o-substituted aniline (2-chloroaniline, 2-methylaniline and 2-methoxyaniline) over the entire composition range from 303.15 K to 318.15 K and at atmospheric pressure 0.1 MPa. The experimental data is used to calculate excess volume (VE), deviation in viscosity (∆ η) and excess Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow (G⁎E). The excess partial molar volumes, V ¯ m , 1 E and V ¯ m , 2 E and excess partial molar volumes V ¯ m , 1 ° E and V ¯ m , 2 ° E at infinite dilution have also been calculated. The variations in these properties with composition for all the binary mixtures suggest loss of dipolar association, difference in size and shape of the component molecules, dipole-dipole interaction and hydrogen bonding between N-methylformamide with o-substituted aniline. Furthermore, the FTIR spectra have been recorded at 298.15 K and found to be useful for understanding the presence of hydrogen bonding between nitrogen atom of amino group of o-substituted aniline and hydrogen atom of the amide group of N-methylformamide in the liquid mixtures. A good agreement is obtained between excess quantities and spectroscopic data.

A phase-change memory (PCM) material, in device, has been prepared by melt-quenching technique, which has a better glass forming ability. The device is formed on glass substrate coated with ITO as bottom electrode and Al as top electrode. This device switches with a threshold voltage of 4.5V in voltage sweep mode, with resistance difference of 3 orders. This device has set and resettable state for several cycles, with input current of 0.5mA for SET and 15mA RESET state. And the device data retention with various temperature shows that is likely to be a thermally suitable material for phase-change memory applications.

Let K⊆IRn denote the second-order cone. Given an n×n real matrix M and a vector q∈IRn, the second-order cone linear complementarity problem SOLCP(M,q) is to find a vector x∈IRn such that x∈K,y:=Mx+q∈KandyTx=0. We say that M∈Q if SOLCP(M,q) has a solution for all q∈IRn. An n×n real matrix A is said to be a Z-matrix with respect to K iff: x∈K,y∈KandxTy=0⟹xTMy≤0. Let ΦM(q) denote the set of all solutions to SOLCP(M,q). The following results are shown in this paper: • If M∈Z∩Q, then ΦM is Lipschitz continuous if and only if M is positive definite on the boundary of K. • If M is symmetric, then ΦM is Lipschitz continuous if and only if M is positive definite.

Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) nanoparticles were reinforced in Poly(ethylene Oxide) (PEO) and Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrices by in situ technique. The presence of CdS in PEO and PMMA matrix was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis disclosed the co-ordination of CdS in the matrices. Thermal analysis of the nanocomposites was carried out using Differential Scanning calorimetric studies (DSC). The optical studies using UV–vis spectroscopy were carried out to find the band gap of the materials and the absorption onset. The CdS particle size in the matrices was found by Effective Mass Approximation (EMA) model using the band gap values and was confirmed by TEM studies. The surface trapped emissions of the nanocomposites were observed from the photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The distribution of CdS particles in the polymer matrices were presented by Atomic force microscopic studies (AFM).

The expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) substrate based composite polymer electrolyte membrane was prepared using Nafion® ionomer and titania nanotube (TNT) as a filler in the matrix and demonstrated its use as electrolyte in a polymer electrolyte Membrane (PEM) based electrochemical methanol reformation (ECMR) for hydrogen generation. The composite membranes were characterised for their mechanical strength and thermal stability using dynamic mechanical analyser (DMA) and thermo–gravimetric analysis (TGA). Methanol cross-over studies were carried out for composite membrane and compared with commercial Nafion® 117 membrane. The PEM based ECMR cell with composite membrane shows comparable performance related to Nafion® 117 with lower methanol crossover rates.

Densities, speeds of sound and viscosities were measured for the binary mixtures N-methylformamide (NMF) with 2-alkoxyethanols (2-methoxyethanol (ME), 2-ethoxyethanol (EE) and 2-butoxyethanol (BE)) at T = (303.15 to 318.15) K. These experimental data have been used to calculate excess volume (VE), excess isentropic compressibility (κsE), deviation in viscosity (∆ η) and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow (G⁎E). The excess partial molar volumes, V m , 1 E and V m , 2 E and excess partial molar volumes V m , 1 ° E , and V m , 2 ° E at infinite dilution have also been calculated. The variations of these properties with composition of binary mixtures suggest loss of dipolar association, difference in size and shape of the component molecules, dipole–dipole interaction and hydrogen bonding between unlike molecules. The excess parameters have been fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation and the results were analyzed in terms of acid–base interactions, hydrogen bond, and dipole–dipole interaction between unlike molecules. Further, the FTIR spectra have been recorded at 298.15 K and found to be useful for understanding the presence of hydrogen bonding between oxygen atom of carbonyl group of N-methylformamide and hydrogen atom of the –OH group of 2-alkoxyethanols molecules in the present liquid mixtures. A good agreement is obtained between excess quantities and spectroscopic data.

Palladium nanoparticles (Pd–NP) were synthesized via silica hard template (SBA–15) assisted method and used as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst in electrochemical methanol reformation (ECMR) process. Morphology and electrochemical performances of synthesized Pd–NP were determined by TEM, XRD and cyclic voltammetry method. Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) were fabricated using Pd–NP and tested in single ECMR cell. The results show that, the synthesized Pd–NPs can be used as an alternative electrocatalyst for HER in ECMR cell.

The economic competitiveness of the wave energy converter can be improved by adopting a novel approach of integrating a wave energy converter with a vertical porous chambered breakwater. The scope of utilising the wave energy trapped inside a chambered breakwater, using a heaving type wave energy converter model is assessed through experimental and numerical investigations. Three different model cases with different model configurations were tested in a wave tank facility. The reflection characteristics of the chambered breakwater, wave elevations trapped inside the chamber and capability of the wave energy converter model to absorb the trapped wave energy are evaluated and presented in this paper. Adopting a chamber width of the breakwater model that matches the resonant period of the chamber and the incident wave period is found to improve the efficiency of the system to trap more wave energy inside the chamber. The reflection characteristics from the breakwater are found to reduce with the introduction of the wave energy converter model. The average power generation performance of the wave energy converter is found to increase by 20% after integrating it with the chambered breakwater than that of the stand-alone wave energy converter.