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Adolescence usually involves a higher risk of personal maladjustment that can be related to clinical symptomatology and scholar maladjustment. This study includes an analysis of the prevalence of clinical and school-maladjustment and personal adjustment in secondary school adolescent from the Basque Country. The study adapts and validates the S3 self-report version of the Behaviour Assessment System for Children and Adolescents (BASC). The sample consisted of 1827 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years. Although some differences in the adjustment levels for males and female were found, the associated effect sizes are small. In addition, the Basque-language version of the BASC-S3 has psychometric properties similar to those of the Spanish and original versions of the measurement tool, thus it can be of great use in the Basque-speaking adolescent population.

This study was aimed at explaining the mediating role of social problem solving in relationship between family type and personal adjustment. Sample group (size) of this study was consisted of 342 female high school students from fourfold areas of Shiraz that were selected using the cluster sampling. The instrument used in this study is consisted of three questionnaire, social problem solving, family process and content questionnaire and multidimensional adjustment questionnaire. The validity of these scales was evaluated by the researchers using the Chronbach's alpha test. Data analysis was done using the Baron and Kenny path analysis approach (1986). The results of research analysis showed that the social problem solving has a significant role in relationship between family type and personal adjustment.

Studies have found high discomfort issues in green buildings where occupants find it too cold during the winter and too hot during the summer. Green buildings are highly climate responsive since they are usually dependent upon natural ventilation and natural daylight. In conventional buildings, occupants are not so dependent on the building design to moderate temperature and lighting. This paper investigates occupants responses to discomfort in conventional and green buildings to better understand how they behave, and whether they behave differently. This study examines what people do when they are too hot or too cold. Three coping mechanism were tested (i) environmental adjustment, (ii) personal adjustment and (iii) psychological adjustment. Results in this paper showed that in response to being cold, occupants in green buildings engaged more in personal adjustments, less environmental adjustment, and more in psychological adjustment compared to conventional buildings. While in response to being hot, these coping mechanisms were less apparent. The paper examines what adjustments people make when they are too hot or too cold, and compares these behaviours in different building types.

Contemporary research on individual differences in unconditional self-acceptance indicates that low unconditional self- acceptance is detrimental to well-being and, in some cases, could lead to mental health issues and mental disorders. Within this study a sample of adults (N=62; M=39.67) was investigated in order to observe the level of their unconditional self-acceptance and the relation between: self-acceptance and gender; self-acceptance and study level. The correlation with age was also discussed. Correlation between obtained scores and the probability of the occurrence of some disorders was discussed. Social implications also were highlighted for the studied sample.

En este trabajo se somete a verificacion un modelo estructural segun el cual el ajuste escolar y el personal (satisfaccion con la vida) durante la adolescencia dependen del autoconcepto academico del alumnado, ejerciendo el apoyo social percibido (tanto el familiar como el del circulo de amistades) un efecto fundamental tanto sobre el autoconcepto como sobre el ajuste psicosocial. Participaron en el estudio 858 estudiantes, de entre 13 y 22 anos, de la ciudad de Iquique (Chile), de los cuales el 39.08% eran hombres mientras que 60.92% eran mujeres. Los resultados confirman la importancia que el apoyo familiar ejerce tanto sobre el ajuste escolar como sobre el ajuste personal mientras que no sucede lo mismo con el apoyo del grupo de amigos; asimismo el autoconcepto academico se muestra como variable mediadora asociada al ajuste escolar y en menor medida a la satisfaccion con la vida. Estos datos se discuten tanto desde perspectivas educativas como en orden a futuras investigaciones.

The research examined individual differences in people's propensity to connect with others (PCO). A measure of PCO, with components for making friends (strong ties), making acquaintances (weak ties), and joining others (bridging ties), was developed and tested in two studies involving 144 undergraduates and 197 health-care employees. PCO and its components were significantly positively associated with social network characteristics (including size, betweenness centrality, and brokerage) and indicators of personal adjustment including support received, attainment, well-being, influence, and suggestion-making. PCO had effects beyond those of major personality traits, and PCO components displayed distinctive relationships with work network characteristics.

This study examined the effectiveness of a self-administered behavioural family intervention (BFI) for parents of toddlers, within the context of a regular telephone counselling service provider. Telephone counsellors were trained in the delivery of BFI, and 110 mothers of toddlers completed the intervention. There were significant short-term effects of intervention in terms of child behaviour problems and parenting style, parenting confidence and anger. In addition, there were improvements in mother's personal adjustment, and lower levels of parenting conflict. The intervention effects were maintained at 3-month follow-up. The results provide support for the effectiveness of self-administered BFI, and have implications for the population level delivery of behavioural family interventions.

Individual and contextual factors in childhood and adolescence that were hypothesized to contribute to career pathways were examined in a prospective study. Four career pathway groups were distinguished in a sample of 202 at-risk men (23–24 years of age); namely, young men with long-term unemployment, short-term unemployment, full employment, or a college education. Measures of educational attainment, family and peer characteristics, and personal adjustment during childhood and adolescence were used to determine if they would predict early adult career pathways. Findings indicated that the long-term unemployed young men, overall, showed the poorest levels of educational attainment, family and peer characteristics, and personal adjustment during childhood and adolescence.The most important predictors of differing career pathways were educational attainment, arrests, and mental health problems. Implications of the findings for conceptualizing the school-to-work transition within an integrative framework are discussed.

The reentry experiences of 66 overseas-experienced American college students were examined to determine if reverse culture shock influenced self-reported problem severity, willingness to see a counselor, and student support service usage. This survey study revealed significant findings that bear upon student services programming conducted by college student personnel workers. First, returnees experiencing a high level of reverse culture shock were more likely to report more personal adjustment and shyness problems/concerns than were returnees experiencing a low level of reverse culture shock. Second, willingness to see a counselor for personal problems/concerns was not necessarily related to one's level of reverse culture shock. Finally, a negative correlation was observed with regard to reverse culture shock and student support service usage; as reverse culture shock increased, service usage decreased. Programming implications are discussed.

Communication problems in foreign subsidiaries stem from a variety of sources and lead to a number of negative consequences for both parent country and host country managers. This article focuses on such sources and consequences by investigating United States (US) firms in South Korea. The results indicate that expatriate managers experience more significant communication problems than their host country counterparts, as well as more difficulty regarding personal adjustment, interpersonal relations, and task performance.

From 117 studies on the outcome of behavioral parent training (BPT) to modify child antisocial behavior, 26 controlled studies met criteria for inclusion in a meta-analysis. Results support the short-term effectiveness of BPT to modify child antisocial behavior at home and school, and to improve parental personal adjustment. However, research still needs to examine if positive changes as a function of BPT are maintained over time, are comparable to changes resulting from other interventions for child antisocial behavior, and are related to important methodological and contextual variables. Findings and directions for future research are discussed in light of the limitations of the current literature on antisocial child behavior.

The husbands of 33 agoraphobic women were studied systematically before and for 1 yr after their wives received intensive exposure in vivo mainly in small, cohesive groups. Although most husbands reported improved personal adjustment 1 yr after their wives' therapy, many had experienced transitory negative reactions such as anxiety and depressive symptoms. These were most likely to occur after large, rapid improvements in the phobic and general symptoms of severely-disabled patients. Such improvements challenged the husbands' capacity to adapt to their wives' changed attitudes and behaviour, particularly regarding sex roles. These findings explain why reports of negative effects on husbands are found infrequently in behavioural studies of agoraphobia, which generally exclude patients with major additional symptoms, have relatively high drop-out rates and generate improvements comparatively slowly. In contrast, group exposure in the present study generated rapid improvements and inhibited dropping-out, even in patients with severe additional symptoms and problems, who were included in the study. Thus, the likelihood of repercussions on the husband was maximized. Negative effects were most likely in husbands who had adapted to their wives' disability as part of a sex-role stereotyped view of marriage, and in husbands who were persistently critical and unsupportive of their wives.

Responses provided by over 6000 students, faculty, parents, and corporate personnel directors to questions concerning the social purposes and personal traits presumably indexed by grades were evaluated on the basis of factor analysis. Results for the social purposes set yielded a four-factor solution: (1) information, (2) motivation, (3) standards, and (4) pleasing parents. Analysis of the trait set produced a three-factor solution: (1) interpersonal skills, (2) ability to perform in a system, and (3) intelligence. When questions concerning respondents' college GPAs and their belief that grades predict success were evaluated, items defining the information factor of the social purposes set correlated positively with both GPA and the belief that grades predict success; items defining the motivation factor correlated with the view that grades predict success but not with GPA; items defining the standards factors did not correlate with either measure; and items defining the pleasing parent factor correlated negatively with GPA but not with the belief that grades predict success. For trait items, results indicated that if grades were seen to index either intelligence or ability to perform in a system they correlated with GPA and the belief that grades predict success; if they were seen to index personal adjustment, they failed to correlate with either GPA or the belief that grades predict success. Considered in conjunction with other analyses, results suggest that college grade meaning is comprised of four major components: social meaning, trait meaning, personal meaning, and procedural meaning.

A review of early test data and school, environmental, and sociometric information on 46 Ss from the Austin Longitudinal Research Project suggests that certain indicators are useful as precursors of personal adjustment nine years later. The following seven proved to be significant: (1) Number of Koppitz's Emotional Indicators in the Human Figure Drawing, (2) Sociometric rejection by peers in first grade, (3) Father's occupational, (4) Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) Pathognomic Verbalization, (5) HIT Anxiety, (6) HIT Hostility, and (7) HIT Form Appropriateness. Strong trends in the expected directions were noted on the Goodenough-Harris HFD score, WISC Full Scale IQ, and positive sociometric rating by first-grade peers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of Project AWARE on children's attitudes about themselves, peers, teachers, principals, and school. Data were collected on children's sex, race, stanine score on achievement tests, and pretest performance in order to determine the differential effects of the treatment. Eighty students were included in the study, 40 in the experimental group and 40 in the control group. All were from fourth and fifth grade classrooms. The major findings were that children involved in the program achieved greater personal adjustment and accepted responsibility for negative outcomes in social situations (internal control). White children scored higher in personal and social adjustment. Black children evidenced more positive attitudes toward school. Girls scored significantly higher than boys on the social adjustment subtests and attitudes toward peers. Black children in the control group had less positive attitudes toward teachers than white children in the experimental group

Bibliotherapy is defined as an interaction between the reader and certain literature which is useful in aiding personal adjustment. A review of the literature includes a discussion of its uses in mental hospitals, with maladjusted individuals; and in the classroom, with retarded, gifted, and average students. Bibliographies are suggested for bibliotherapeutic purposes from the primary grades through college, and some studies are offered which support these uses. It is concluded that bibliotherapy can help meet the developmental needs not only of young people in the classroom, but also of some maladjusted individuals.

In order to determine whether college graduation and vocational development are accompanied by an upsurge in amount and kinds of personal problems, senior students were contrasted with juniors according to three categories of specific-diffuse postgraduate career endeavors. Personal adjustment problems were assessed by the Mooney Problem Checklist, and response bias controlled by the MMPI K Scale. Results indicated that students report increased personal problems during the senior year, specifically where vocational choices are decisively formulated; furthermore, problems tend to cluster into specifiable adjustment areas. Findings were discussed in terms of college graduation as a transitional stage, and implications were drawn for the career counseling process.

In a recent resurrection of the Adorno hypothesis, Bagley has claimed that racists suffer from poor self-esteem. It is pointed out that much of Bagley's own evidence is inconsistent with his claim and it is submitted that studies of racism in Germany and South Africa would be more relevant than Bagley's study of English schoolchildren. Two general population random samples from Munich in Germany and Bloemfontein in South Africa are described. In Germany neurotics were found to be especially tolerant towards “Gastarbeiter” and in South Africa anxiety was unrelated to dislike of Blacks. It is concluded that any relationship between measures of personal adjustment and racial sentiment is a product of the culture and not a cause-effect relationship. Racism is not confined to maladjusted people.