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Kilbrook spring is a thermal spring in east-central Ireland. The temperatures in the spring are the highest recorded for any thermal spring in Ireland (maximum of 25 °C). The temperature is elevated with respect to average Irish groundwater temperatures (9.5–10.5 °C), and represents a geothermal energy potential, which is currently under evaluation. A multi-disciplinary investigation based upon an audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) survey, and hydrochemical analysis including time-lapse temperature and chemistry measurements, has been undertaken with the aims of investigating the provenance of the thermal groundwater and characterising the geological structures facilitating groundwater circulation in the bedrock. The three-dimensional (3-D) electrical resistivity model of the subsurface at Kilbrook spring was obtained by the inversion of AMT impedances and vertical magnetic transfer functions. The model is interpreted alongside high resolution temperature and electrical conductivity measurements, and a previous hydrochemical analysis. The hydrochemical analysis and time-lapse measurements suggest that the thermal waters have a relatively stable temperature and major ion hydrochemistry, and flow within the limestones of the Carboniferous Dublin Basin at all times. The 3-D resistivity model of the subsurface reveals a prominent NNW aligned structure within a highly resistive limestone lithology that is interpreted as a dissolutionally enhanced strike-slip fault, of Cenozoic age. The karstification of this structure, which extends to depths of at least 500 m directly beneath the spring, has provided conduits that facilitate the operation of a relatively deep hydrothermal circulation pattern (likely estimated depths between 560 and 1000 m) within the limestone succession of the Dublin Basin. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the winter thermal maximum and simultaneous increased discharge at Kilbrook spring is the result of rapid infiltration, heating and re-circulation of meteoric waters within this structurally controlled hydrothermal circulation system. This paper illustrates how AMT may be useful in a multi-disciplinary investigation of an intermediate-depth (100–1000 m), low-enthalpy, geothermal target, and shows how the different strands of inquiry from a multi-disciplinary investigation may be woven together to gain a deeper understanding of a complex hydrothermal system.

We use two studies to explore how individuals manage perceptions of impostorism as they train for their future careers. Drawing on interviews with 20 professionals in training, our qualitative analysis uncovered various tactics (both constructive and maladaptive) used by these individuals to cope with perceived impostorism. Among these tactics, seeking social support from individuals outside of their program peer group (e.g., professors, family, friends, and significant others) appeared to be more effective in dampening perceptions of impostorism than seeking support from peers within their program. We use Conservation of Resources Theory (COR) to develop testable hypotheses about this observed relationship between different sources of social support and perceptions of impostorism, and find support for this pattern of results in a group of 213 professionals in training. We also discuss the implications for research on impostorism, COR, social support, and early career entry.

Purpose: To characterize the Emergency Department (ED) presentation of necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI) and identify severity markers. Procedures: Retrospective chart review of pathologically diagnosed NSTIs presenting to an urban ED from 1990–2001. Cases were identified from a surgical database, ICD-9 search and prospectively. Five Emergency Physicians (EPs) abstracted data using a standardized form. Severe NSTI was defined by any of the following: death, amputation, intensive care unit (ICU) stay >24 h, >300 cm 2 debrided. Severe and non-severe cases were compared using chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and multivariate logistic regression testing. Findings: The 122 cases were characterized by: injection drug use, 80%; fever, 44%; systolic blood pressure (BP) 20 × 10 9 /L, 43%; median time to operation, 8.4 h; mortality, 16%. The managing EP suspected NSTI in 59%. A systolic BP 18 mg/dL, radiographic soft tissue gas, admission to a non-surgical service and clostridial species were independently associated with severe NSTI. Conclusions: Pathologically defined NSTIs have a wide spectrum of ED presentations and early diagnosis remains difficult.

Summary The integration of voice science, voice pathology, medicine, public speaking, acting, and singing has been central to evolution in all fields. The Voice Foundation Symposia have played a seminal and central role in fostering integration among disciplines. The result has been an improvement in the knowledge and practice in each field. And the future promises to be even more informative and exciting.

Parallel C is one of a number of high level languages now being used to program the transputer as well as Occam. These languages have been used successfully to program the transputer in a variety of application areas. Large-scale software systems should be specified at higher levels of abstraction during the early stages of system development. Design methods promote a systematic and methodical approach to the development of software. This paper describes the use of a particular method, HOOD, for the design of transputer-based systems. It has been used with Ada and C to program other architectures. Both HOOD and Parallel C support concurrency and are based on the synchronous approach to inter-process communication. Therefore, a consistent approach to concurrency and communication is adopted at the design and implementation phases. The paper outlines the transformation from HOOD to Parallel C and the implementation of HOOD's design features. The overall approach is best used with coarse-grain client-server applications, though some optimization during implementation is still necessary.

We describe a method for standardizing cytotoxicity assays by the use of cryopreserved, fluorescently labeled target cells. The cells are labeled in batches with the fluorogenic element europium (Eu) and frozen in multiple aliquots. Replicate aliquots can be thawed on different days and used for cytotoxicity assays. Thawed pre-labeled cells from the same batch are killed reproducibly, allowing cytotoxicity assays to be standardized. The target cells need only be thawed, washed, counted for viability and used. The availability of pre-labeled, cryopreserved targets facilitates the assessment of cytotoxic activity of individual donors at different times. The method also simplifies the use of large panels of target cell types. By using this procedure it is not necessary to maintain active cultures of target cells, nor is it necessary to use and dispose of radioisotopes. These pre-labeled target cells can be used in various assays where the result is a destroyed target cell such as cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement mediated cytotoxicity, or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

On December 23, 2009, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a new high-dose seasonal influenza vaccine designed for adults 65 years or older. Fluzone High-Dose (sanofi pasteur), approved through the accelerated-review pathway, contains 60 mcg hemagglutinin (HA) antigen from each of the three influenza strains, which is four times the amount of each antigen in traditional injectable seasonal influenza vaccines. Preventing influenza in patients 65 years or older is an area of interest because of the rapid increase in the number of individuals in this patient group and the fact that the group accounts for up to 90% of influenza-related mortality.1,2 However, the protective efficacy of the traditional inactivated influenza vaccine appears to be much lower in elderly adults compared with younger adults.3 Studies have shown that, in general, after age 65 years, individuals have a lower response rate to inactivated influenza vaccine based on hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers.4,5 It is hypothesized that the aging immune system is considerably less able to mount an adaptive immune response, which impairs the body’s ability to make antibodies when exposed to a vaccine. One approach to improve antibody responses to influenza vaccine in elderly individuals is to increase the dose of antigen. Keitel et al.6 showed dose-related increases in HAI antibody responses in 202 medically stable ambulatory patients older than 65 years. The maximum dose of HA used in the trial was 60 mcg per strain. In patients with low preimmunization antibody titers, responses to the vaccine with 60 mcg antigen per strain compared with 15 mcg per strain nearly doubled 1 month after vaccination. Although the high-dose influenza vaccine caused an increase in the frequency of injection site reactions, the majority of those reactions were mild and transient. Couch et al.7 also compared 60 versus 15 mcg HA per strain doses using the 2004–05 seasonal vaccine in patients older than 65 years (range 65– 95). The patients were separated into two groups (one group consisting of 78% of all enrollees who had received the seasonal vaccine 2 to 5 months earlier and those who had not), then randomized into highor standarddose groups. In addition to HAI titers, neutralization tests were performed against all three component antigens. Both vaccines evoked substantial increases (defined as a fourfold increase or more in antibody titers) against all three virus strains in all four groups. The high-dose vaccine produced higher mean titers than the standard dose for all three antigens. Notably, a low percent of patients reached this greaterthan-fourfold increase in titers that is considered protective. The percent of patients who developed adequate titers for HAI ranged from 16.8% to 23.6% for standard dose versus 35.0% to 51.5% for high dose. The percent reaching adequate levels of neutralizing antibody titer ranged from 16.3% to 25.0% for standard dose versus 36.9% to 43.7% for high dose. The adverse effects, though not serious (primarily pain and myalgias), were more common in the high-dose group. Another study published by Falsey et al.8 compared the immunogenicity of high-dose influenza vaccine with standard-dose influenza vaccine in adults 65 years or older. This randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of 3,837 participants reported significantly higher geometric mean HAI antibody titers (GMTs) and rates of seroconversion and seroprotection in participants who received highversus standarddose vaccine. One month after vaccination, the GMT ratio of high-dose compared with standard-dose vaccine was 1.7 for influenza subtype A/H1N1, 1.8 for subtype A/H3N2, and 1.3 for type B. High-dose vaccine met predefined superiority criteria for H1N1 and H3N2 strains and noninferiority criteria for the B strain. This study also reported higher rates of injection site reactions with the high-dose vaccine compared with the standard-dose vaccine, although they were generally not severe. The CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) code for Fluzone High-Dose has been established (90662) and described as “Influenza virus vaccine, split virus, preservative free, enhanced immunogenicity via increased antigen content, for intramuscular use.” It will be packaged as 0.5-mL prefilled syringes without needles in packages of 10. Additional information on private insurance and Medicare coverage has not been released at this time. According to sanofi pasteur officials, the vaccine will be available in the fall for the 2010–11 influenza season and will cost approximately twice as much as the seasonal vaccine (announced at February 2010 Advisory Committee on

Two enzymic forms of kynurenine formamidase (EC 3.5.1.9) from Drosophila melanogaster were separated and partially purified by pH fractionation, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fractionation and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. The enzymes were also separated by DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and distinguished by their different rates of thermal inactivation. The multiple forms are termed formamidase I and formamidase II. The molecular weight of formamidase I as measured by Sephadex G-75 chromatography is 60 000 and that of formamidase II is 31 000. The pH optima are broad, ranging between 6.7 and 7.8 for formamidase I and 6.5 and 8.0 for formamidase II. The apparent K m values are 5·10 −3 and 0.83·10 −3 M, respectively. The possibility that formamidase II is an active subunit of formamidase I is discussed, although neither enzyme will convert to the other when separated and rechromatographed. Eight organisms were tested for the presence or absence of multiple forms of formamidase. Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis have both enzymes; cow, chicken, yeast and housefly have formamidase I only, and mouse and frog have formamidase II only.

Our research group has been involved in developing a binding agent to add to pelletized densified refuse derived fuel (dRDF). Initial tests showed that Ca(OH) 2 is effective in reducing the rate of degradation of dRDF pellets. Further tests were done analyzing the affect of this binder on PAH and PCB emissions. Both PAH and PCB emissions were reduced considerably upon the addition of four to eight percent binder to the pellets.