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To investigate the role of suprapubic bladder aspiration (SBA) in the diagnosis of retrograde ejaculation (RE) which is diagnosed with the observation of sperm in post-ejaculatory urine (PEU). However, sperm is also observed in PEU after the wash out of the retained ejaculate in the urethra with the expulsion of urine in several subjects. Therefore, detection of sperm in PEU in the diagnosis of RE is problematic and a better method is needed to overcome the ambiguity of positive PEU and to identify which patient experience true RE.A cohort of patients underwent an examination for RE over a two-year period at a single specialist centre. All patients underwent SBA and semen analysis. Sperm was investigated in urine aspirated from the bladder and in PEU.Thirty-two patients (age range 18-62 years) underwent SBA and PEU for investigation of RE. Sperm was detected both in SBA and PEU in 19 patients, while 5 patients revealed sperm only in PEU. The mean number of sperm found in SBA was less than the mean number of sperm observed in PEU in all 19 patients.SBA is a reliable and feasible method in the diagnosis of RE and can distinguish the true RE in which sperm flows backward into the bladder from the retained ejaculate in the urethra. The whole ejaculate does not likely flow retrogradely and RE could be a partial leakage of the ejaculate into the bladder.

Accidents caused by steering gear malfunctions, especially during port berthing maneuvers, the strait, and canal crossings, can lead to hazardous consequences on the environment and human life. This study aims to provide the risk evaluation and investigation of the root causes of the steering gear failures on board using Fuzzy Bayesian Networks. To determine the effects of root causes on steering gear failures, the Bayesian Network was built in the NETICA software. Running several scenarios on the network are ensured the investigation of how the root reasons affect the problem. Prior and conditional probabilities obtained from meetings and interviews with six different experts were used to apply Bayesian inference. Sensitivity analysis, forward propagation analysis by applying the best- and worst-case scenarios, and validation of the network were conducted. Results depicted that the functionality of the electrical and mechanical line components is essential to preventing the breakdown of the steering gear system. The most significant contributor to component-related electrical failures is loose or corroded wiring and connections, whereas hydraulic oil-sourced errors have a significant impact on equipment wear and malfunction. The probability of a steering gear accident is assessed to be 13.7% under the best-case scenario and 79.1% in the worst-case scenario.