2,933 results on '"ORIENTATION"'
Search Results
2. Perceptual learning evidence for supramodal representation of stimulus orientation at a conceptual level
- Author
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Cong Yu, Kai Wen, Ding-Zhi Hu, and Lihan Chen
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Modality (human–computer interaction) ,Computer science ,Transfer, Psychology ,Representation (systemics) ,Sensory Systems ,Task (project management) ,Stimulus (psychology) ,Ophthalmology ,Touch ,Orientation (mental) ,Perceptual learning ,Orientation ,Visual Perception ,Humans ,Learning ,Percept ,Transfer of learning ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
When stimulus inputs from different senses are integrated to form a coherent percept, inputs from a more precise sense are typically more dominant than those from a less precise sense. Furthermore, we hypothesized that some basic stimulus features, such as orientation, can be supramodal-represented at a conceptual level that is independent of the original modality precision. This hypothesis was tested with perceptual learning experiments. Specifically, participants practiced coarser tactile orientation discrimination, which initially had little impact on finer visual orientation discrimination (tactile vs. visual orientation thresholds = 3:1). However, if participants also practiced a functionally orthogonal visual contrast discrimination task in a double training design, their visual orientation performance was improved at both tactile-trained and untrained orientations, as much as through direct visual orientation training. The complete tactile-to-visual learning transfer is consistent with a conceptual supramodal representation of orientation unconstrained by original modality precision, likely through certain forms of input standardization. Moreover, this conceptual supramodal representation, when improved through perceptual learning in one sense, can in turn facilitate orientation discrimination in an untrained sense.
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- 2021
3. Mechanistic insights into the adsorption and bioactivity of fibronectin on surfaces with varying chemistries by a combination of experimental strategies and molecular simulations
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Xuetao Shi, Lin Wang, Wang Yingjun, Lijing Hao, Tianjie Li, Yan Fan, and Chang Du
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QH301-705.5 ,0206 medical engineering ,Biomedical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,hBMSCs ,Article ,Biomaterials ,Hydrophobic effect ,Molecular dynamics ,Adsorption ,Self-assembled ,Orientation ,Molecular dynamics simulation ,Monolayer ,Biology (General) ,Cell adhesion ,Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,Fibronectin ,biology ,Hydrogen bond ,Chemistry ,Biomaterial ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,020601 biomedical engineering ,TA401-492 ,biology.protein ,Biophysics ,0210 nano-technology ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Fibronectin (Fn) is significant to the performance of biomaterials, and the chemistry of biomaterial surface play important roles in Fn adsorption and subsequent cell behavior. However, the “molecular scale” mechanism is still unclear. Herein, we combined experimental strategies with molecular simulations to solve this problem. We prepared self-assembled monolayers with varying chemistries, i.e., SAMs-CH3, SAMs-NH2, SAMs-COOH and SAMs-OH, and characterized Fn adsorption and cell behaviors on them. Next, Monte Carlo method and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were employed to reveal the orientation/conformation of Fn on surfaces. We found that SAMs-CH3 strongly adsorbed Fn via hydrophobic interactions, but show poor bioactivity as the low exposure of RGD/PHSRN motifs and the deformation of Fn. SAMs-NH2 and SAMs-COOH could adsorb Fn efficiently via vdW interactions, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds and salt bridges. Fn exhibited excellent bioactivity for cell adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation as high exposure of bioactive motifs on SAMs-NH2, or as the activation of other inferior cell-binding motifs on SAMs-COOH. SAMs-OH showed poor Fn adsorption as the water film. However, the adsorbed Fn displayed non-negligible bioactivity due to high exposure of PHSRN motif and large degree of protein flexibility. We believe that the revealed mechanism presents great potential to rationally design Fn-activating biomaterials., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Molecular scale mechanism of Fn adsorption and activation on the surface was revealed. • Fn adsorbed on SAMs-CH3 via hydrophobic interactions and showed poor bioactivity. • Fn adsorbed on SAMs-NH2/SAMs-COOH via vdW/electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bond and salt bridge, having high bioactivity. • Fn seldom adsorbed on SAMs-OH as the water film, but displayed non-negligible bioactivity.
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- 2021
4. The McCollough World: Induction of orientation-contingent aftereffects with an altered-reality system
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Stephen A. Engel and Katherine E.M. Tregillus
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Live video ,Time Factors ,genetic structures ,Color vision ,05 social sciences ,Adaptation (eye) ,Adaptation, Physiological ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Sensory Systems ,03 medical and health sciences ,Ophthalmology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Figural Aftereffect ,Colored ,Orientation (mental) ,McCollough effect ,Orientation ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Color Perception ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
The McCollough Effect is a color aftereffect produced by exposure to colored, oriented patterns. For example, following adaptation to vertical red and horizontal green stripes in alternation, vertical black and white patterns appear greenish, while horizontal black and white patterns appear reddish. The striking aspect of the McCollough Effect is that just a few minutes of adaptation can produce an aftereffect lasting days or weeks. Though this effect is easily induced, previous work has shown that stronger effects can be achieved with longer periods of adaptation. To allow especially long adaptation durations, the current work develops a novel method of induction of the McCollough Effect using live video feed, filtered by orientation, and viewed with a head-mounted display. Results showed that this “McCollough World” paradigm was as strong an inducer (per unit time) as traditional paradigms using gratings, while allowing observers to adapt comfortably for multiple hours. Two hours of McCollough World adaptation produced effects that were significantly larger than 20 min of traditional adaptation, which is close to the tolerance limits for gratings. This work provides insight into the features necessary for induction of the McCollough Effect and provides a strategy for creating especially strong and long-lasting color aftereffects.
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- 2021
5. Semantically predictable input streams impede gaze-orientation to surprising locations
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Giuseppe Notaro and Uri Hasson
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Orientation (computer vision) ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,05 social sciences ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Foreknowledge ,Semantics ,Object (computer science) ,Gaze ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Orientation ,Saccade ,Saccades ,Eye tracking ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Predictability ,Psychology ,Orientation, Spatial ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
When available, people use prior knowledge to predict dimensions of future events such as their location and semantic features. However, few studies have examined how multi-dimensional predictions are implemented, and mechanistic accounts are absent. Using eye tracking, we evaluated whether predictions of target-location and target-category interact during the earliest stages of orientation. We presented stochastic series so that across four conditions, participants could predict either the location of the next target-image, its semantic category, both dimensions, or neither. Participants observed images in absence of any task involving their semantic content. We modeled saccade latencies using ELATER, a rise-to-threshold model that accounts for accumulation rate (AR), variance of AR over trials, and variance of decision baseline. The main findings were: 1) AR scaled with the degree of surprise associated with a target's location; 2) predictability of semantic-category hindered saccade latencies, suggesting a bottleneck in implementing joint predictions; 3) saccades to targets that satisfied semantic expectations were associated with greater AR-variance than saccades to semantically-surprising images, consistent with a richer repertoire of early evaluative processes for semantically-expected images. Predictability of target-category also impacted gaze pre-positioning prior to target presentation. The results indicate a strong interaction between foreknowledge of object location and semantics during stimulus-guided saccades, and suggest statistical regularities in an input stream can also impact anticipatory, non-stimulus-guided processes.
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- 2021
6. The peripheral sensitivity profile at the saccade target reshapes during saccade preparation
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Martin Rolfs and Lisa M. Kroell
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Eye Movements ,genetic structures ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Optics ,Foveal ,Orientation ,Saccades ,Humans ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,Eccentricity (behavior) ,Orientation, Spatial ,media_common ,Orientation (computer vision) ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Eye movement ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Saccade ,Visual Perception ,Spatial frequency ,Visual angle ,Psychology ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Goal-directed eye movements (saccades) bring peripheral objects of interest into high-acuity foveal vision. In preparation for the incoming foveal image, the perception of the saccade target may sharpen gradually before the eye movement is executed. Indeed, previous studies suggest that pre-saccadic attention shifts enhance sensitivity to high spatial frequencies (SFs) more than sensitivity to lower SFs. This pattern, however, was observed within a narrow frequency range and may reflect local changes in the shape of a broader underlying sensitivity profile. Depending on the development of the profile's shape, SFs above the previously examined range may profit less from saccade preparation. To assess the impact of saccade preparation on the shape of a broader sensitivity profile, we prompted observers to discriminate the orientation of a sinusoidal grating (the probe) presented briefly at the target of an impending saccade, at 10 dva (degree of visual angle) eccentricity. The probe's SF ranged from 1 to 5.5 cycles per dva (cpd) and was unpredictable on a given trial. We fitted observers' response accuracies across SFs with a log-parabolic, that is, inverted U-shaped function. Long before saccade onset, the profile peaked at .6 cpd and dropped off towards lower and higher SFs with broad bandwidth. During saccade preparation, the peak of the profile increased and shifted towards higher SFs while the bandwidth of the profile decreased. As a consequence of this reshaping process, pre-saccadic enhancement increased with SF up to 2.5 cpd, corroborating previous findings. Sensitivities to higher SFs, however, profited less from saccade preparation. We conclude that the extent of pre-saccadic enhancement to a particular SF is governed by its position on a broader sensitivity profile which reshapes substantially during saccade preparation. The shift of the profile's peak towards higher SFs increases resolution at the saccade target even when the features of relevant visual information are unpredictable.
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- 2021
7. Perceived variability reflects the reliability of individual items
- Author
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Jinhyeok Jeong and Sang Chul Chong
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Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Information processing ,Reproducibility of Results ,050105 experimental psychology ,Sensory Systems ,Standard deviation ,Human variability ,03 medical and health sciences ,Ophthalmology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,Perception ,Statistics ,Outlier ,Visual Perception ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Weighted arithmetic mean ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Reliability (statistics) ,media_common ,Optimal decision - Abstract
When confronted with many visual items, people can compute their variability accurately and rapidly, which facilitates efficient information processing and optimal decision making. However, how the visual system computes variability is still unclear. To investigate this, we implemented situations whereby estimates of variability based on several possible variability measures (e.g., range, standard deviation, and weighted standard deviation) could be differentiated, and then examined which best accounted for human variability perception. In three psychophysical experiments, participants watched two arrays of items with various orientations and judged which had more variable orientations. Results showed that perceived variability was most consistent with the weighted standard deviation based on the reliability of individual items. Specifically, participants gave less consideration to deviant orientations that were likely to be outliers, and greater consideration to salient orientations that were likely to be encoded precisely. This reliability-based weighted standard deviation suggests an efficient and flexible way of representing visual variability.
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- 2021
8. Brain-based concealed memory detection is driven mainly by orientation to salient items
- Author
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Gershon Ben-Shakhar, Chen Gueta, Leon Y. Deouell, Yuval Harpaz, and Nathalie klein Selle
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Deception ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,05 social sciences ,Lie Detection ,Brain ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Cognition ,050105 experimental psychology ,Arousal ,Orienting response ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Memory ,Salient ,Orientation (mental) ,Salience (neuroscience) ,Event-related potential ,Orientation ,Identity (object-oriented programming) ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
In the pursuit of new methods for concealed memory detection, event-related potential components (ERP) have been placed at the forefront of research. No method, however, is scientifically complete without a theory and the present study therefore aimed to unravel the cognitive processes underlying these ERPs (i.e., orienting and arousal inhibition). This was accomplished by using a Concealed Information Test (CIT) in which participants were once motivated to conceal and once motivated to reveal their identity. The results showed a similarly strong P3 CIT effect in the two motivational conditions, which was enhanced for high salience compared to low salience identity items. Similar results were observed when using a multivariate machine-learning algorithm - suggesting that brain-based concealed memory detection is driven mainly by orientation to salient stimuli, rather than by arousal inhibition. In addition, the algorithm, trained and tested on the ERPs of different identity items, achieved detection rates exceeding those achieved by the P3. This implies that CIT researchers and practitioners could potentially rely on the entire ERP waveform instead of a-priori selecting separate components. Together these results enrich current understanding of the mechanisms underlying neurophysiological responding to concealed information and pave the way for novel and powerful algorithms which could be used in real-life forensic investigations.
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- 2021
9. Novel characterization of subjective visual vertical in patients with unilateral spatial neglect
- Author
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Kae Nakamura, Kimitaka Hase, Masanori Wakida, Kimihiko Mori, and Shingo Hashimoto
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0301 basic medicine ,Vestibular system ,Unilateral spatial neglect ,medicine.medical_specialty ,General Neuroscience ,Subacute stroke ,Multisensory integration ,General Medicine ,Audiology ,Functional Laterality ,Perceptual Disorders ,Stroke ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation (mental) ,Orientation ,Space Perception ,Visuospatial cognition ,medicine ,Humans ,In patient ,Vestibule, Labyrinth ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Visual vertical (VV), visually perceived direction of gravity, is widely measured to assess the vestibular function and visuospatial cognition. VV has been assessed by comparing orientation and variability of measured values separately between subject groups. However, changes in orientation and variability often differ in patients with unilateral spatial neglect (USN). Here, we developed a novel classification of VV that combines orientation and variability and characterized the effects of USN on VV. Forty-three subacute stroke patients with or without USN (USN+, n = 17; USN-, n = 26) and 33 age-matched controls were included in the study. In darkness, a luminous line, initially tilted at 30° either to the left or right, gradually rotated towards the vertical. The VV was defined as the deviation of the subjectively-perceived vertical from the true vertical. The new classification demonstrated that, while the majority of USN + patients (14/17) exhibited large variability, nine showed normal orientation and five showed greater contra-lesional deviation of orientation, suggesting different underlying mechanisms for orientation and variability. Further analyses revealed VV deviation to the initial tilt in all groups. However, the deviation in USN + was larger and more variable, indicating attentional disorders. Such characterization would contribute to individually specified clinical rehabilitation.
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- 2021
10. A decision-time account of individual variability in context-dependent orientation estimation
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Ron Dekel and Dov Sagi
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Tilt illusion ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,Inference ,Stimulus (physiology) ,050105 experimental psychology ,Visual processing ,Correlation ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Bias ,Orientation ,Perception ,Prior probability ,Statistics ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,education ,Mathematics ,media_common ,education.field_of_study ,05 social sciences ,Illusions ,Sensory Systems ,Ophthalmology ,Homogeneous ,Visual Perception ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Following exposure to an oriented stimulus, the perceived orientation is slightly shifted, a phenomenon termed the tilt aftereffect (TAE). This estimation bias, as well as other context-dependent biases, is speculated to reflect statistical mechanisms of inference that optimize visual processing. Importantly, although measured biases are extremely robust in the population, the magnitude of individual bias can be extremely variable. For example, measuring different individuals may result in TAE magnitudes that differ by a factor of 5. Such findings appear to challenge the accounts of bias in terms of learned statistics: is inference so different across individuals? Here, we found that a strong correlation exists between reaction time and TAE, with slower individuals having much less TAE. In the tilt illusion, the spatial analogue of the TAE, we found a similar, though weaker, correlation. These findings can be explained by a theory predicting that bias, caused by a change in the initial conditions of evidence accumulation (e.g., prior), decreases with decision time (Dekel & Sagi, 2019b). We contend that the context-dependence of visual processing is more homogeneous in the population than was previously thought, with the measured variability of perceptual bias explained, at least in part, by the flexibility of decision-making. Homogeneity in processing might reflect the similarity of the learned statistics.HighlightsThe tilt aftereffect (TAE) exhibits large individual differences.Reduced TAE magnitudes are found in slower individuals.Reduced TAE in slower decisions can be explained by the reduced influence of prior.Therefore, individual variability can reflect decision making flexibility.
- Published
- 2020
11. Integration of contours defined by second-order contrast-modulation of texture
- Author
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Madeleine Kenwood, Robert F. Hess, and Alex S. Baldwin
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Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Texture (music) ,Curvature ,Luminance ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Wavelet ,Orientation ,Psychophysics ,Humans ,Contrast (vision) ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Mathematics ,media_common ,Orientation (computer vision) ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Pattern recognition ,Methods of contour integration ,Sensory Systems ,Form Perception ,Ophthalmology ,Noise ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Sensory Thresholds ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Photic Stimulation ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Boundaries in the visual world can be defined by changes in luminance and texture in the input image. A “contour integration” process joins together local changes into percepts of lines or edges. A previous study tested the integration of contours defined by second-order contrast-modulation. Their contours were placed in a background of random wavelets. Subjects performed near chance. We re-visited second-order contour integration with a different task. Subjects distinguished contours with “good continuation” from distractors. We measured thresholds in different amounts of external orientation or position noise. This gave two noise-masking functions. We also measured thresholds for contours with a baseline curvature to assess performance with more curvy targets. Our subjects were able to discriminate the good continuation of second-order contours. Thresholds were higher than for first-order contours. In our modelling, we found this was due to multiple factors. There was a doubling of equivalent internal noise between first- and second-order contour integration. There was also a reduction in efficiency. The efficiency difference was only significant in our orientation noise condition. For both first- and second-order stimuli, subjects were also able to perform our task with more curved contours. We conclude that humans can integrate second-order contours, even when they are curved. There is however reduced performance compared to first-order contours. We find both an impaired input to the integrating mechanism, and reduced efficiency seem responsible. Second-order contour integration may be more affected by the noise background used in the previous study. Difficulty segregating that background may explain their result.
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- 2020
12. Cognitive processes in aging effects on attentional alerting
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Daniel A. Levy, Alon Zivony, and Hadas Erel
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Adult ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Aging ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cognition ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,Humans ,Attention ,Sensory cue ,Aged ,media_common ,General Neuroscience ,030104 developmental biology ,Younger adults ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,Cues ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Developmental Biology ,Cognitive psychology ,Vigilance (psychology) - Abstract
Alerting, the process of achieving and maintaining a state of optimal vigilance, is crucial for detecting relevant stimuli and task performance. Age-related decline in the ability to use alerting cues is widely reported and attributed to changes in noradrenergic signaling. However, it remains to be determined whether aging affects all forms of alerting cues equally and whether older adults differently modulate their alerting sensitivity based on differences in cue predictivity relevant to the target task. We examined the performance of 135 younger adults and 103 older adults on three versions of the Attention Networks Test, using locational but spatially nonpredictive visual cues, locational spatially predictive visual cues, and spatially predictive auditory cues. Analysis of alerting effects indicated that while older adults derived less benefit from visual alerting cues than younger adults, they used auditory alerting cues equally well. Furthermore, cue spatial predictivity did not impact on aging effects on alerting. This heterogeneity in aging effects on alerting may indicate that they result primarily from cognitive rather than neuromodulatory changes.
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- 2020
13. Aging Affects Fine and Coarse Coding of Orientation Information in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex
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Zhimo Yao, Zhengguo Gao, Guangwei Xu, Xuan Wang, Yifeng Zhou, Bing Zhang, and Zhen Liang
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0301 basic medicine ,Aging ,Visual perception ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Macaque ,Correlation ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation (mental) ,Orientation ,biology.animal ,medicine ,Animals ,Contrast (vision) ,Visual Cortex ,media_common ,biology ,General Neuroscience ,Macaca mulatta ,030104 developmental biology ,Visual cortex ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Visual Perception ,Neural coding ,Neuroscience ,Photic Stimulation ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Coding (social sciences) - Abstract
Human visual function degrades with age. Previous studies of visual perception have shown that aged people have worse performance in the coding of orientation information. However, the neuronal mechanism still remains elusive. In this study, we performed in vivo extracellular single-unit recording in the primary visual cortex of senescent and young monkeys, and we used the Chernoff distance to quantify the encoded information of neurons for fine and coarse orientation difference. Our results showed that the Chernoff distance for fine orientation difference in senescent monkeys is significantly smaller than that in young monkeys. In contrast, the Chernoff distance for the coarse coding was comparable in young and old groups. Meanwhile, increased spontaneous response and maximum evoked response was also observed. Further investigation of neuronal correlation showed higher noise and signal correlations in aging monkeys than that in young monkeys. These correlation changes predicted a detrimental effect on the efficiency of population coding of orientation information. Taken together, our results suggest that the information coding efficiency of orientation information is impaired during aging and might account for the degradation of performance in human fine orientation discrimination task.
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- 2020
14. Underwater Path Integration: Using the Celestial Dome to Get Back Home
- Author
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Basil el Jundi
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biology ,Orientation (computer vision) ,Mantodea ,biology.organism_classification ,Geodesy ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Dome (geology) ,Mantis shrimp ,Crustacea ,Orientation ,Path integration ,Animals ,Cues ,Underwater ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Orientation, Spatial - Abstract
A new study shows that mantis shrimp employ path integration, based on celestial and egocentric cues as orientation references, to return to their underwater burrows.
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- 2020
15. Behavioral responses of potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) to tobacco plant volatiles
- Author
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Chun Xiao, Wenxia Dong, Xiuge Zhang, Yu-lin Gao, and Xiang Li
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0106 biological sciences ,Nonanal ,Agriculture (General) ,Plant Science ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,orientation ,Phthorimaea operculella ,S1-972 ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Food Animals ,Collection methods ,Ecology ,fungi ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Decanal ,biology.organism_classification ,tobacco volatiles ,Horticulture ,electrophysiological response ,Octanal ,chemistry ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Animal Science and Zoology ,PEST analysis ,oviposition ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science - Abstract
Potato tuber moth (PTM) Phthorimaea operculella, also known as tobacco splitworm, is an important pest of tobacco plants. The knowledge on the interaction of tobacco plant volatiles and PTM behavior is limited. To clarify the effect of tobacco plant volatiles on the orientation and oviposition behaviors of PTM and to identify potential compounds for PTM control, tobacco plant volatiles were collected by headspace collection method, and volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thirteen electrophysiological active compounds were screened by employing coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection and from which nine available compounds were further verified by electroantennogram recording. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol showed significant attractant effect on the orientation behaviors of both male and female moths. Nonanal and decanal could only attract females, while octanal exhibited repellent effect on males. Oviposition selection experiment indicated that nonanal, decanal, decane and methyl hexadecanoate could stimulate the gravid females to lay more eggs, while octanal and 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylenthyl)-4-methyl phenol inhibited their oviposition. Our study added more compounds to the list that could serve as potential PTM deterrents or attractants.
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- 2020
16. Attention and awareness: Representation of visuomotor space in split-brain patients
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David J. Turk, Daniel J. Weeks, Alan Kingstone, Romeo Chua, and Jill A. Dosso
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Cognitive Neuroscience ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Brain and Behaviour ,Functional Laterality ,050105 experimental psychology ,Hand position ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,Humans ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,05 social sciences ,Contralateral hemisphere ,Brain ,Split-brain ,Hand ,Spatial coding ,Sensory input ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Cerebral hemisphere ,Cognitive Science ,Psychology ,Split-Brain Procedure ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Each cerebral hemisphere primarily controls and receives sensory input with regard to the contralateral hand. In the disconnected brain (split-brain), when the hands are uncrossed, direct visual access to each hand is available to the controlling (contralateral) hemisphere. However, when a hand crosses the midline, visual and tactile information regarding the hand are presented to different hemispheres. It is unknown how a contralateral hemi- sphere codes the position and orientation of a visually inaccessible hand in the discon- nected brain. The present work addresses this issue. We ask how each hemisphere represents “its” hand across hand positions that span the midline in the absence of cortical input from the contralateral hemisphere. In other words, when a hand is placed across the midline and is visually inaccessible, is it represented by the controlling hemisphere: (1) in accordance with its new position with respect to the body (e.g., a left hand “becomes” a right effector when it crosses the midline), (2) with left/right position information unal- tered (e.g., the left hand is represented as “left” regardless of its location), or (3) stripped of its location information altogether? The relationship between hand position and the spatial codes assigned to potential responses (an index of hand representation) was investigated in two split-brain patients using direct (Experiment 1) and orthogonal (Experiment 2) S-R compatibility paradigms. S-R compatibility effects in split-brain patients were consistent with those displayed by typical individuals. These findings suggest that position-based compatibility effects do not rely on cross-cortical connections. Rather, each hemisphere can accurately represent the full visuomotor space, a process that appears to be subserved by subcortical connections between the hemispheres.
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- 2020
17. Spatial distance and reactivity traits alter the positive perception of brushing by ewes
- Author
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Stéphane Andanson, Xavier Boivin, Cesar Augusto Taconeli, E. Delval, Alain Boissy, Herve Chandeze, Dominique Hazard, Priscilla Regina Tamioso, Carla Forte Maiolino Molento, Instituto Federal do Paraná, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Génétique Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage (GenPhySE ), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
- Subjects
sheep ,040301 veterinary sciences ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Posture ,Spatial Behavior ,emotional reactivity ,Positive perception ,Biology ,SF1-1100 ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,0403 veterinary science ,Animal science ,Heart Rate ,Orientation ,positive handling ,Heart rate ,Animals ,[INFO]Computer Science [cs] ,Session (computer science) ,Reactivity (psychology) ,Sheep, Domestic ,[SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics ,autonomic nervous system ,0402 animal and dairy science ,Feeding Behavior ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Animal culture ,behaviour ,[SDV.GEN.GA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Animal genetics ,Social Isolation ,Female ,Perception ,Animal Science and Zoology ,France - Abstract
International audience; Gentle handling seems to elicit positive states in sheep. The study investigated whether spatial distance alters sheep responses to brushing and whether spatial distance is influenced by reactivity. Twenty Romane ewes were assessed in three sessions: in Sessions 1 and 3, one grid separated the test animal from pen mates, with no distance between them, and in Session 2 two grids separated the test animal from pen mates by a distance of about 1.7 m. Ewes had been genetically selected for low (R−) or high (R+) behavioural reactivity to social isolation. Body postures, head orientation, ear postures, closed and half-closed eyes, tail wagging and feeding behaviour, in addition to heart rate (HR) and HR variability, as the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), standard deviation of all normal-to-normal (NN) intervals (SDNN), RMSSD/SDNN ratio and ratio between low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) powers (LF/HF) were assessed. Data were analysed using generalized linear models and linear mixed models. Session, genetic line and phase (pre-, brushing and post-brushing) were considered fixed effects. Increased distance in Session 2 might not have influenced ewes’ responses. Fewer changes in ear postures were noted in Session 3 than 1 (P
- Published
- 2020
18. Deconstructing the flight paths of hippocampal-lesioned homing pigeons as they navigate near home offers insight into spatial perception and memory without a hippocampus
- Author
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Anna Gagliardo, Sara Cioccarelli, Dimitri Giunchi, Enrica Pollonara, Silvia Colombo, Giovanni Casini, and Verner P. Bingman
- Subjects
Behavioral Neuroscience ,Homing Behavior ,Flight, Animal ,Orientation ,Space Perception ,Animals ,Columbidae ,Hippocampus - Abstract
The aim of this study was to exploit detailed analyses of GPS-recorded tracks to better characterise the impact of hippocampal (HF) lesion on spatial memory and perception in the context of homing pigeon navigation when reliant on familiar landscape features near the home loft following repeated releases from the same three locations. As reported previously, following HF lesion, a low spatio-temporal resolution analysis revealed that homing pigeons fly less direct paths home once near the loft. We now further show that 1) HF-lesioned pigeons are less likely to display fidelity to a particular flight path home when released from the same locations multiple times, 2) intact pigeons are more likely to exploit leading-line landscape features, e.g., a road or the border of a woodlot, in developing flight-path fidelity and 3) even when flying a straight path HF-lesioned homing pigeons are more likely to display relatively rapid, oscillatory heading changes as if casting about for sensory, presumably visual information. The flight behaviour differences between the intact and HF-lesioned pigeons persisted across the four releases from the three locations, although the differences became smaller with increasing experience. Taken together, the GPS-track data offer a detailed characterisation of the effects of HF lesion on landscape-based, homing pigeon navigation, offering new insight into the role of the hippocampal formation in supporting memory-related, e.g., fidelity to a familiar route home, and perhaps perceptual-related, e.g., oscillating headings, navigational processes.
- Published
- 2023
19. Which direction should I go? A quest for understanding the effect of TMS stimulus orientation on evoked responses
- Author
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Victor Souza, Tuomas Mutanen, Jaakko Nieminen, Aino Nieminen, Heikki Sinisalo, Shokoofeh Parvin, Joona Juurakko, Harri Piitulainen, Pantelis Lioumis, and Risto Ilmoniemi
- Subjects
EMG ,elektromyografia ,hermo-lihastoiminta ,TMS ,General Neuroscience ,transcranial magnetic stimulation ,transkraniaalinen magneettistimulaatio ,Biophysics ,EEG ,Neurology (clinical) ,orientation ,motoriikka - Abstract
The orientation of the electric field (E-field) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) plays a significant role in determining the magnitude of motor evoked potentials (MEP) and TMS-evoked potentials (TEP). However, fundamental mechanisms explaining the interaction of the induced E-field and the underlying neuronal populations are still largely unknown. We recently entered a quest to understand and describe neurophysiological and physical factors affecting the effect of the E-field orientation on the MEP and TEP. We developed a dual-coil TMS transducer capable of fast and accurate electronic control of the induced E-field orientation. With this transducer, we could scan the effect of stimulus orientation on TEPs and MEPs in single and paired-pulse protocols with unprecedented precision and accuracy. We further compared the experimental data with simulations of responses in realistic neuronal and brain models. Our results show that the spatial distribution of MEPs on the target muscle strongly depends on the E-field orientation. Furthermore, the simulations with realistic models indicate that multiple factors are needed to match closely the experimental data, such as the extent of the stimulated cortical area, E-field distribution, and neuronal population alignment relative to the cortical surface. Our studies provide relevant insights into how the physical properties of a TMS pulse interact with neuronal mechanisms of motor output generation and can be the basis for improving the targeting and effectiveness of TMS clinical treatments. nonPeerReviewed
- Published
- 2023
20. How words and space collide: Lexical and sublexical reading are reliant on separable reflexive and voluntary attention regions in hybrid tasks
- Author
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Josh Neudorf, Chelsea Ekstrand, Ron Borowsky, and Shaylyn Kress
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Temporoparietal junction ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Intraparietal sulcus ,Space (commercial competition) ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Inferior temporal gyrus ,Orientation ,Parietal Lobe ,Reflexivity ,Reading (process) ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,medicine ,Humans ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,media_common ,Cerebral Cortex ,Brain Mapping ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,05 social sciences ,Cognition ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Reading ,Female ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Reading ability requires the coordination of many cognitive processes to be effective, including spatial attention. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) evidence from Ekstrand et al. (2019) suggests that lexical reading is more associated with reflexive attentional orienting regions, whereas sublexical reading is more associated with voluntary attentional orienting regions. The current research sought to further examine the neuroanatomical relationship between reading and attention using a novel experimental design in fMRI. Participants performed four hybrid attentional orienting and reading-aloud tasks, where a reflexive or voluntary spatial cue preceded a lexical or sublexical target. Results indicated that lexical reading resulted in greater activation in the right temporoparietal junction, a reflexive orienting region. Sublexical reading resulted in greater activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus, left fusiform and inferior temporal gyrus, and right superior parietal lobule and intraparietal sulcus (voluntary orienting regions). Further, we found an interaction between reading and attention in the middle occipital gyrus. This study provides the most direct evidence to date that lexical and sublexical reading recruit differential attentional orienting regions during single-word reading in skilled readers. Implications for models of reading and attention, as well as for strategic remediation of their dysfunction, are discussed.
- Published
- 2019
21. A millipede compound eye mediating low-resolution vision
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Dan-E Nilsson and John D. Kirwan
- Subjects
Difference of Gaussians ,genetic structures ,Computer science ,Visual Acuity ,Vision, Low ,Stimulus (physiology) ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,Animals ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Computer vision ,Arthropods ,Image resolution ,biology ,business.industry ,Low resolution ,05 social sciences ,Millipede ,Compound eye ,biology.organism_classification ,3d anatomy ,Sensory Systems ,Ophthalmology ,Cylindroiulus punctatus ,Models, Animal ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Photic Stimulation ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Millipedes are a species-rich and ancient arthropod clade which typically bear a pair of lateral compound eyes with a small number of large facets. To understand the visual tasks that underlie the evolution of millipede eyes, their spatial resolving performance is of key importance. We here investigate the spatial resolution of the millipede Cylindroiulus punctatus using behavioural assays. Individual animals were placed in the centre of a cylindrical arena under bright downwelling light, with dark stimuli of varying angular dimensions placed on the arena wall. We used continuous isoluminant stimuli based on a difference of Gaussians signal to test for orientation to the dark target via object taxis. Headings of individual animals were tracked in relation to the stimuli to determine whether the animals oriented towards the stimulus. We implemented a multilevel logistic regression model to identify the arc width of the stimulus that animals could resolve. We then modelled the angular sensitivity needed to identify this. We also related the visual performance to the 3D anatomy of the eye. We found that C. punctatus can resolve a stimulus of 56° period (sufficient to detect a 20° dark target). Assuming a contrast threshold of 10%, this requires a receptor acceptance angle of 72° or narrower. Spatial resolving power this low would only suffice for the simplest visual tasks, such as shelter-seeking.
- Published
- 2019
22. Testing the adequacy of luminous change descriptors to represent dynamic attributes in outdoor views
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Rodriguez, Francisca, Garcia-Hansen, Veronica, Allan, Alicia, Isoardi, Gillian, Rodriguez, Francisca, Garcia-Hansen, Veronica, Allan, Alicia, and Isoardi, Gillian
- Abstract
Outdoor views are critical for sustaining well-being in urbanized environments, as they increase opportunities for contact with natural and dynamic features. Yet, current view assessment procedures do not investigate the role of dynamic attributes in views. In this study, we evaluated a systematic procedure to test the adequacy of representing dynamic outdoor attributes as a function of lightness changes over time. Using image processing and monitoring techniques, we examined the presence of lightness changes in views in two seasons and as a function of three spatial parameters. In Part 1, we evaluated light variations in 16 distinct view scenes collected in summer (n = 320 intervals). In Part 2, we examined daylight changes in four pairs of identical view scenes collected in summer and fall (n = 80 intervals each). Continuous solar radiation measurements anchored lightness changes values as a function of sky conditions. The results showed the recurrence of lightness changes in views for Part 1 (77%) and Part 2 (75%), suggesting the prevalence of light changes in views across the year. In Part 1, lightness changes in views presented statistical significance in naturalistic conditions and three sky types, yet more data is needed for comparative analysis. In Part 1, the prevalence of Global variation in views was demonstrated. Likewise, two view types (i.e., Roof and Wall) showed a clear frequency of lightness changes under naturalistic conditions (76% and 74%). These outcomes help to sustain the adequacy of lightness change for describing dynamic attributes in views.
- Published
- 2021
23. Animal Navigation: The Mystery of Open Ocean Orientation
- Author
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Ana M. M. Sequeira
- Subjects
Islands ,0301 basic medicine ,Oceans and Seas ,Biology ,Geodesy ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Turtles ,Animal navigation ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation (mental) ,Orientation ,Animals ,Animal Migration ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Summary Animals can move thousands of kilometres in the ocean before returning with pinpoint accuracy to specific locations. How animals accomplish this feat continues to puzzle scientists. New research provides evidence for how turtles re-orientate during their migrations.
- Published
- 2020
24. Shared neural mechanisms between imagined and perceived egocentric motion – A combined GVS and fMRI study
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Fred W. Mast, Marius Moisa, Lars Michels, Christian C. Ruff, Gianluca Macauda, Bigna Lenggenhager, University of Zurich, and Macauda, Gianluca
- Subjects
Male ,Brain activity and meditation ,Motion Perception ,Motion (physics) ,Mental rotation ,0302 clinical medicine ,10007 Department of Economics ,Vestibular system ,Egocentric mental rotation ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,10093 Institute of Psychology ,05 social sciences ,Brain ,Cognition ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,330 Economics ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Imagination ,Female ,Vestibule, Labyrinth ,Psychology ,Adult ,2805 Cognitive Neuroscience ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,610 Medicine & health ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Insular cortex ,050105 experimental psychology ,Lateralization of brain function ,3206 Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Young Adult ,Neural activity ,03 medical and health sciences ,10043 Clinic for Neuroradiology ,Orientation ,Reaction Time ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Set (psychology) ,Galvanic vestibular stimulation ,3205 Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Perspective (graphical) ,functional magnetic resonance imaging ,galvanic vestibular stimulation ,Space Perception ,Mental space ,150 Psychology ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,Neuroscience ,Psychomotor Performance ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Research ReportShared neural mechanisms between imagined andperceived egocentric motioneA combined GVSand fMRI studyGianluca Macaudaa,*, Marius Moisab, Fred W. Masta, Christian C. Ruffb,Lars Michelsc,1and Bigna Lenggenhagerd,1aDepartment of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, SwitzerlandbZurich Center for Neuroeconomics (ZNE), Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlandcDepartment for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, SwitzerlanddDepartment of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerlandarticle infoArticle history:Received 16 November 2018Reviewed 20 December 2018Revised 6 February 2019Accepted 2 April 2019Action editor Paolo BartolomeoPublished online 12 April 2019Keywords:Egocentric mental rotationGalvanic vestibular stimulationFunctional magnetic resonanceimagingabstractMany cognitive and social processes involve mental simulations of a change in perspective.Behavioral studies suggest that such egocentric mental rotations rely on brain areas thatare also involved in processing actual self-motion, thus depending on vestibular input. In acombined galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) and functional Magnetic Resonance Im-aging (fMRI) study, we investigated the brain areas that underlie both simulated changes inself-location and the processing of vestibular stimulation within the same individuals.Participants performed an egocentric mental rotation task, an object-based mental rotationtask, or a pure lateralization task during GVS or sham stimulation. At the neural level, weexpected an overlap between brain areas activated during vestibular processing andegocentric mental rotation (against object-based mental rotation) within area OP2 and thePosterior Insular Cortex (PIC), two core brain regions involved in vestibular processing. ThefMRI data showed a small overlap within area OP2 and a larger overlap within the PIC forboth egocentric mental rotation against object-based mental rotation and vestibular pro-cessing. GVS did not influence the ability to perform egocentric mental rotation. Our resultsprovide evidence for shared neural mechanisms underlying perceived and simulated self-motion. We conclude that mental rotation of one's body involves neural activity in the PICand area OP2, but the behavioral results also suggest that those mental simulations of one'sbody might be robust to modulatory input from vestibular stimulation.
- Published
- 2019
25. Visual search for complex objects: Set-size effects for faces, words and cars
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Sarra Djouab, Andrea Albonico, Jason J. S. Barton, and Jennifer Hemström
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Facial recognition system ,050105 experimental psychology ,Correlation ,Visual processing ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,Perception ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Object type ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Visual Word ,Aged ,media_common ,Visual search ,Verbal Behavior ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition ,Recognition, Psychology ,Pattern recognition ,Middle Aged ,Sensory Systems ,Ophthalmology ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Female ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Automobiles ,Facial Recognition ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
To compare visual processing for different object types, we developed visual search tests that generated accuracy and response time parameters, including an object set-size effect that indexes perceptual processing load. Our goal was to compare visual search for two expert object types, faces and visual words, as well as a less expert type, cars. We first asked if faces and words showed greater inversion effects in search. Second, we determined whether search with upright stimuli correlated with other perceptual indices. Last we assessed for correlations between tests within a single orientation, and between orientations for a single object type. Object set-size effects were smaller for faces and words than cars. All accuracy and temporal measures showed an inversion effect for faces and words, but not cars. Face-search accuracy measures correlated with accuracy on the Cambridge Face Memory Test and word-search temporal measures correlated with single-word reading times, but car search did not correlate with semantic car knowledge. There were cross-orientation correlations for all object types, as well as cross-object correlations in the inverted orientation, while in the upright orientation face search did not correlate with word or car search. We conclude that object search shows effects of expertise. Compared to cars, words and faces showed smaller object set-size effects, greater inversion effects, and their search results correlated with other indices of perceptual expertise. The correlation analyses provide preliminary evidence supporting contributions from common processes in the case of inverted stimuli, object-specific processes that operate in both orientations, and distinct processing for upright faces.
- Published
- 2019
26. A new look at the developmental profile of visual endogenous orienting
- Author
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Sheila G. Crewther, Katherine A Johnson, Oriane Landry, Sarah J. Fleming, and Philippe A. Chouinard
- Subjects
Male ,genetic structures ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Middle childhood ,050105 experimental psychology ,Task (project management) ,Orientation ,Reaction Time ,Saccades ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Selection (linguistics) ,Humans ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Child ,Set (psychology) ,Orientation, Spatial ,05 social sciences ,Action (philosophy) ,Covert ,Saccade ,Eye tracking ,Female ,Psychology ,psychological phenomena and processes ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
There is a long-standing assumption that covert measurement of orienting, the shifting of the “mind’s eye” independent of a saccade to a location in space, is a more “pure” measure of underlying attention than overt measurement of orienting. Testing attention covertly often relies on target detection tasks, which depend on making a decision about when and where a target has appeared and what is the appropriate action, all of which are potential confounds in measuring attention in children. This study cross-sectionally examined developmental profiles at ages 6–12 years of endogenous visual orienting. We used two tasks: one that measured orienting with a traditional covert attention button press response and one that measured orienting with eye tracking to measure overt saccades. The results obtained from the two orienting tasks demonstrate that each task measures distinct underlying processes with clear developmental profiles. Orienting, when measured by overt saccades, may be mature by 6 years of age, whereas the more complex manual response selection skills required in manual reaction time covert attention tasks continue to develop through middle childhood.
- Published
- 2019
27. The role of somatosensory input in target localization during binocular and monocular viewing while performing a high precision reaching and placement task
- Author
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Kimihiro Noguchi, Naime Tugac, David Gonzalez, and Ewa Niechwiej-Szwedo
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,genetic structures ,Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Sensory system ,Kinematics ,Somatosensory system ,Task (project management) ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Vision, Monocular ,Orientation ,Humans ,Contrast (vision) ,Computer vision ,media_common ,Vision, Binocular ,Modality (human–computer interaction) ,Monocular ,business.industry ,Distance Perception ,eye diseases ,Sensory Systems ,Ophthalmology ,030104 developmental biology ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Space Perception ,030221 ophthalmology & optometry ,Female ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Binocular vision ,Psychomotor Performance - Abstract
Binocular vision provides the most accurate and precise depth information; however, many people have impairments in binocular visual function. It is possible that other sensory inputs could be used to obtain reliable depth information when binocular vision is not available. However, it is currently unknown whether depth information from another modality improves target localization in depth during action execution. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess whether somatosensory input improves target localization during the performance of a precision placement task. Visually normal young adults (n = 15) performed a bead threading task during binocular and monocular viewing in two experimental conditions where needle location was specified by 1) vision only, or 2) vision and somatosensory input, which was provided by the non-dominant limb. Performance on the task was assessed using spatial and temporal kinematic measures. In accordance with the hypothesis, results showed that the interval spent placing the bead on the needle was significantly shorter during monocular viewing when somatosensory input was available in comparison to a vision only condition. In contrast, results showed no evidence to support that somatosensory input about the needle location affects trajectory control. These findings demonstrate that the central nervous system relies predominately on visual input during reach execution, however, somatosensory input can be used to facilitate the performance of the precision placement task.
- Published
- 2019
28. Should we pay attention to eye movements? The impact of bilateral eye movements on behavioral and neural responses during the Attention Network Test
- Author
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Lisa Payne, Morgan Purcell, Jessica I. Fleck, and Carolyne Halko
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Eye Movements ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Audiology ,Functional Laterality ,050105 experimental psychology ,Task (project management) ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Event-related potential ,Orientation ,Attention network ,Reaction Time ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Evoked Potentials ,Episodic memory ,N100 ,05 social sciences ,Eye movement ,P200 ,Test (assessment) ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Female ,Cues ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Bilateral eye movements (EMs) have been associated with enhancements in episodic memory and creativity. We explored the influence of EMs on behavior and event related potential (ERP) responses during the Attention Network Test (ANT). Participants completed ANT trials after bilateral EMs or a center-fixation control manipulation. We examined condition (EM, control) and handedness (consistent, inconsistent) differences for overall task performance, as well as alerting, orienting, and executive attention networks. Behaviorally, there was a trend for inconsistent-handed participants to display faster RTs across cue types, and greater accuracy for no cue, double, and center cue trials when compared to consistent handers, yet consistent handers garnered greater improvements in behavior following altering and orienting cues than inconsistent handers. Although there were no behavioral differences between EM and control conditions, target-locked N100 and P200 ERPs were weaker in the EM than control condition for all cue types, except spatial cues for which there were no differences between groups. Because stronger N100 and P200 responses have been linked to increased selective attention, we speculate that ERP differences between EM and control conditions, in the absence of behavioral differences, may indicate that participants exposed to EMs required less selective attention to successfully complete the task.
- Published
- 2019
29. An alignment maximization method for the kinematics of the eye and eye-head fixations
- Author
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Joanne Fielding, Hoam Chung, and Binbin Chen
- Subjects
Eye Movements ,Computer science ,Fixation, Ocular ,Kinematics ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Computer vision ,Monocular ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Eye movement ,Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular ,Gaze ,Sensory Systems ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Ophthalmology ,Head Movements ,Fixation (visual) ,Eye tracking ,Listing's law ,Artificial intelligence ,Vestibulo–ocular reflex ,business ,Psychomotor Performance ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The orientation of human eyes is uniquely defined with respect to their gaze direction, known as Donders' law. Further, the manner in which the eyes follow Donders' law varies as a function of the situation. When the head is stationary, the Donders' surfaces are flat planes but they tilt when eye fixation distance changes. These planes also shift and rotate when head orientation changes with respect to the direction of gravito-inertial acceleration. When the head is free to rotate, the Donders' surfaces are twisted. In this paper, we present a systematic method to analyze the kinematics of the eye under different gaze situations utilizing the measurement of alignment between various coordinate frames. Kinematic equations are presented for various eye movements ranging from simple head-fixed monocular shifts of eye gaze to complex eye-head shifts of gaze. At each stage, we show that simulated eye orientations that derived from our equations are able to capture the variations of Donders' surfaces and they are comparable with experimental results in the literature. The final equations we propose provide the unified kinematics of head-upright far gaze, head-upright binocular fixation, head static tilted monocular gaze and head-free monocular gaze.
- Published
- 2019
30. Orienting toward threat: Contributions of a subcortical pathway transmitting retinal afferents to the amygdala via the superior colliculus and pulvinar
- Author
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Nicholas D. Mitchell, Adam Platt, Kristin Koller, and Robert D. Rafal
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Superior Colliculi ,Visual perception ,Adolescent ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Stimulus (physiology) ,Pulvinar ,Amygdala ,Retina ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,Neural Pathways ,Fractional anisotropy ,Saccades ,medicine ,Humans ,Afferent Pathways ,Superior colliculus ,Fear ,Middle Aged ,Visual field ,Diffusion Tensor Imaging ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Saccade ,Female ,Visual Fields ,Psychology ,Neuroscience ,Photic Stimulation ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Tractography - Abstract
Probabilistic diffusion tractography was used to provide the first direct evidence for a subcortical pathway from the retina to the amygdala, via the superior colliculus and pulvinar, that transmits visual stimuli signaling threat. A bias to orient toward threat was measured in a temporal order judgement saccade decision task, under monocular viewing, in a group of 19 healthy participants who also underwent diffusion weighted MR imaging. On each trial of the behavioural task a picture depicting threat was presented in one visual field and a competing non-threatening stimulus in the other. The onset interval between the two pictures was randomly varied and participants made a saccade toward the stimulus that they judged to have appeared first. The bias to orient toward threat was stronger when the threatening stimulus was in the temporal visual hemifield, suggesting that afferents via the retinotectal tract contributed to the bias. Probabalistic tractography was used to virtually dissect connections between the superior colliculus and the amygdala traversing the pulvinar. Individual differences in microstructure (fractional anisotropy) of the streamline predicted the magnitude of the bias to orient toward threat, providing supporting evidence for a functional role of the subcortical SC-amygdala pathway in processing threat in healthy humans.
- Published
- 2019
31. Influence of ply-angle on fracture in antisymmetric interfaces of CFRP laminates
- Author
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G. Pappas, C. Blondeau, and John Botsis
- Subjects
Toughness ,Work (thermodynamics) ,Bridging (networking) ,Materials science ,stacking-sequence ,fiber bridging ,02 engineering and technology ,composites ,orientation ,energy-release rate ,Fracture toughness ,0203 mechanical engineering ,delamination migration ,multidirectional laminates ,Composite material ,crack migration ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Strain energy release rate ,Antisymmetric relation ,toughness ,Fracture mechanics ,mode-i ,traction-separation relations ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Ceramics and Composites ,Fracture (geology) ,identification ,i interlaminar fracture ,0210 nano-technology ,dcb - Abstract
Laminated composites are prone to fracture at layer interfaces . Such damage impairs their structural response and engenders important constraints in design. In this work, the influence of ply orientation on crack growth resistance was studied for three different antisymmetric interfaces and compared to a unidirectional reference one, using double cantilever beam specimens with equivalent stiffness , loaded under mode I conditions. Fracture toughness at initiation was found interface-independent. In all angle-ply specimens, distinct slow and fast phases of crack propagation were observed. Crack increments due to fast growth, were characterized using experimental energy release rates and verified from fracture surface analysis. The slow propagation phases were accompanied by large scale bridging involving intra-ply growth in the adjacent plies , with toughness increasing inversely with the angle. Mechanistic investigations suggest a consistent fracture pattern in terms of the interface angle. For each interface angle, a single traction-separation relation, obtained from the experimental energy release rate and crack opening displacements, was sufficient to model two consecutive slow propagation phases. These relations were used in 2D cohesive element models to predict very well the loading history.
- Published
- 2019
32. Adaptive perception of changes in affordances for walking on a ship at sea
- Author
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Ruixuan Li, Jeffrey B. Wagman, Thomas A. Stoffregen, and Hannah Walter
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Motion Perception ,Biophysics ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Adaptation (eye) ,Walking ,Motion (physics) ,Deck ,Judgment ,Motion ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Gait (human) ,Orientation ,Perception ,Wind wave ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Naval Medicine ,Affordance ,Gait ,Ships ,media_common ,Front (oceanography) ,030229 sport sciences ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Adaptation, Physiological ,Female ,Psychomotor Performance ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Geology ,Marine engineering - Abstract
Ocean waves cause oscillatory motion of ships. Oscillatory ship motion typically is greater in roll (i.e., the ship rolling from side to side) than in pitch (i.e., tipping from front to back). Affordances for walking on a ship at sea should be differentially influenced by ship motion in roll and pitch. When roll exceeds pitch, the maximum walkable distance within a defined path should be greater when walking along the ship's short, or athwart axis than when walking along its long, or fore-aft axis. When pitch exceeds roll, this relation should be reversed. We asked whether such changes in ship motion would be reflected in judgments of direction-specific affordances for walking. Participants (experienced maritime crewmembers) judged how far they could walk along a narrow path on the ship deck. On different days, sailing conditions were such that the relative magnitude of pitch and roll was reversed. Judgments of direction-specific affordances for walking mirrored these changes in ship motion. The accuracy of judgments was consistent across directions, and across changes in ship motion. We conclude that experienced maritime crewmembers were sensitive to dynamic variations in affordances for walking that were, themselves, a function of dynamic properties of the animal-environment system.
- Published
- 2019
33. Feasibility of using a fully immersive virtual reality system for kinematic data collection
- Author
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Spitzley, Kate A. and Karduna, Andrew R.
- Subjects
Computer science ,0206 medical engineering ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,02 engineering and technology ,Kinematics ,Virtual reality ,Signal ,Motion capture ,Motion ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Control theory ,Orientation ,Immersion (virtual reality) ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Computer vision ,Observational error ,Data collection ,business.industry ,Orientation (computer vision) ,Rehabilitation ,Virtual Reality ,020601 biomedical engineering ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,Feasibility Studies ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Commercially-available Virtual Reality (VR) systems have the potential to be effective tools for simultaneous visual manipulation and kinematic data collection. Previously, these systems have been integrated with research-grade motion capture systems to provide both functionalities; however, they are yet to be used as stand-alone systems for kinematic data collection. This study aimed to validate the HTC VIVE VR system for kinematic data collection by evaluating the accuracy of its position and orientation signals. The VIVE controller and tracker were each compared to a Polhemus Liberty magnetic tracking system sensor for angular and translational measurement error and signal drift. A sensor from each system was mounted to opposite ends of a rigid segment which was driven through fifty rotations and fifty translations. Mean angular errors for both the VIVE tracker and controller were below 0.4°. Mean translational error for both sensors was below 3 mm. Drift in the Liberty signal components was consistently lower than drift in VIVE components. However, all mean rotational drift measures were below 0.1° and all mean translational measures were below 0.35 mm. These data indicate that the HTC VIVE system may be a valid and reliable means of kinematic data collection. However, further investigation is necessary to determine the VIVE’s suitability for capturing extremely minute or high-volume movements.
- Published
- 2019
34. Is auditory distraction by changing-state and deviant sounds underpinned by the same mechanism? Evidence from pupillometry
- Author
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François Vachon, Alexandre Marois, and John E. Marsh
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Dissociation (neuropsychology) ,Audiology ,Pink noise ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,050105 experimental psychology ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cognition ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,Distraction ,medicine ,Pupillary response ,Humans ,Tonic (music) ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Recall ,Mechanism (biology) ,General Neuroscience ,05 social sciences ,Pupil ,C800 ,Sound ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Acoustic Stimulation ,Mental Recall ,Auditory Perception ,Female ,sense organs ,Psychology ,Perceptual Masking ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Pupillometry - Abstract
The mere presence of task-irrelevant auditory stimuli is known to interfere with cognitive functioning. Disruption can be caused by changing auditory distractors (the changing-state effect) or by a sound that deviates from the auditory background (the deviation effect). The unitary account of auditory distraction explains both phenomena in terms of attentional capture whereas the duplex-mechanism account posits that they reflect two fundamentally different forms of distraction in which only the deviation effect is caused by attentional capture. To test these predictions, we exploited a physiological index of attention orienting: the pupillary dilation response (PDR). Participants performed visual serial recall while ignoring sequences of spoken letters. These sequences either comprised repeated or changing letters, and one letter could sometimes be replaced by pink noise (the deviant). Recall was poorer in both changing-state and deviant trials. Interestingly, the PDR was elicited by deviant sounds but not changing-state sounds, while a tonic increase in pupil size was found throughout changing-state trials. This physiological dissociation of the changing-state and the deviation effects suggests they are subtended by distinct mechanisms thereby procuring support for the duplex-mechanism account over the unitary account.
- Published
- 2019
35. Effects of multimodal synchrony on infant attention and heart rate during events with social and nonsocial stimuli
- Author
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Lorraine E. Bahrick, Lori M. Curtindale, Robert Lickliter, and John Colombo
- Subjects
Male ,Time Factors ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Social stimuli ,Stimulus (physiology) ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Heart Rate ,Salience (neuroscience) ,Orientation ,Perception ,Heart rate ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Social Behavior ,media_common ,05 social sciences ,Infant ,Alertness ,Acoustic Stimulation ,Auditory Perception ,Visual Perception ,Female ,Psychology ,Photic Stimulation ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Attention is a state of readiness or alertness, associated with behavioral and psychophysiological responses, that facilitates learning and memory. Multisensory and dynamic events have been shown to elicit more attention and produce greater sustained attention in infants than auditory or visual events alone. Such redundant and often temporally synchronous information guides selectivity and facilitates perception, learning, and memory of properties of events specified by redundancy. In addition, events involving faces or other social stimuli provide an extraordinary amount of redundant information that attracts and sustains attention. In the current study, 4- and 8-month-old infants were shown 2-min multimodal videos featuring social or nonsocial stimuli to determine the relative roles of synchrony and stimulus category in inducing attention. Behavioral measures included average looking time and peak look duration, and convergent measurement of heart rate (HR) allowed for the calculation of HR-defined phases of attention: Orienting (OR), sustained attention (SA), and attention termination (AT). The synchronous condition produced an earlier onset of SA (less time in OR) and a deeper state of SA than the asynchronous condition. Social stimuli attracted and held attention (longer duration of peak looks and lower HR than nonsocial stimuli). Effects of synchrony and the social nature of stimuli were additive, suggesting independence of their influence on attention. These findings are the first to demonstrate different HR-defined phases of attention as a function of intersensory redundancy, suggesting greater salience and deeper processing of naturalistic synchronous audiovisual events compared with asynchronous ones.
- Published
- 2019
36. Reading speed of patients with infantile nystagmus for text in different orientations
- Author
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Muli Sousou, Harold E. Bedell, Valerie Gavrilov, and Liat Gantz
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Visual acuity ,Adolescent ,Audiology ,050105 experimental psychology ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Vision test ,Normal control ,Grade level ,Vision Tests ,05 social sciences ,Infantile nystagmus ,Middle Aged ,Sensory Systems ,Ophthalmology ,Reading ,Case-Control Studies ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Nystagmus, Congenital ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Two case studies in the literature report on patients with infantile nystagmus (IN) who preferred to read text that is oriented vertically rather than horizontally. The current study systematically evaluated the effect of text orientation (−60 to +90 deg with respect to horizontal) on reading speed in nine individuals with IN associated with albinism at Hadassah Academic College (HAC), seven individuals with IN at the University of Houston (UH), and a total of 17 normal control observers. Observers at HAC read 40-character passages of Hebrew text from standardized 2nd grade level reading material and observers at UH read MNRead acuity chart sentences. Letter size was two to six lines larger than each observer’s measured visual acuity. In both individuals with IN and normal observers reading speed was fastest for horizontally oriented text and decreased for other orientations. However, reading speed decreased significantly more for non-horizontally orientated text in the observers with IN, compared to controls. In general, it is recommended that to achieve best reading performance patients with IN read horizontally oriented text.
- Published
- 2019
37. Executive control dysfunction in subclinical depressive undergraduates: Evidence from the Attention Network Test
- Author
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Tingting Yang and Ling Xiang
- Subjects
Male ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Executive Function ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,Cognitive resource theory ,Conflict resolution ,Reaction Time ,medicine ,Humans ,Attention ,Students ,Control (linguistics) ,Evoked Potentials ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Subclinical infection ,Depressive Disorder, Major ,Neuropsychology ,medicine.disease ,030227 psychiatry ,Test (assessment) ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Major depressive disorder ,Female ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Background It has been proposed that depressed individuals have broad neuropsychological dysfunction, particularly in the executive control domain. The Attention Network Test (ANT) is widely used to assess the efficiency of three attention networks: alerting, orienting, and executive control. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) indicators of attention processing in subclinical depressive undergraduates. Methods Seventeen undergraduates with subclinical depressive symptoms and sixteen control undergraduates completed the Attention Network Test (ANT). Results The results indicated no difference in behavioral performance on the three attention networks between the two groups; and there was a similar ERP pattern in the ERP components involved in alerting and orienting (cue-N1 and target-N1) in both groups. Additionally, for executive function network, no difference in the N2 component associated with conflict detection was observed between the two groups. However, there was an increase in the congruency effect of the conflict-sustained potential (SP; incongruent minus congruent) related to conflict resolution in undergraduates with subclinical depressive symptoms compared with control undergraduates. Limitations The present study is limited by its small sample size which might result in inadequate statistical power to detect potential group differences in behavior. Additionally, the present study focused primarily on individuals with subclinical depression, and the extent to which these findings would generalize to those with more severe symptoms or clinical major depressive disorder is unknown. Conclusions The findings suggest that undergraduates with subclinical depressive symptoms might need to recruit additional compensatory cognitive resources to obtain an equivalent behavioral performance compared with that in undergraduates with none or few depressive symptoms in executive control processing. The current study further provides evidence for the cortical inefficiency theory, which might account for executive control dysfunction in individuals with subclinical depression.
- Published
- 2019
38. Selective attention network impairment during the interictal period of migraine without aura
- Author
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Xunyao Hou, Shanjing Nie, Mimi Han, Yingjuan Ma, Jian Chen, Song Xu, Yan Hong, and Xueping Liu
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Migraine without Aura ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Aura ,Audiology ,Executive Function ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,Physiology (medical) ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Medicine ,Attention ,Ictal ,Attention deficits ,Selective attention ,business.industry ,Neuropsychology ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Neurology ,Migraine ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Female ,Surgery ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Psychometric tests ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Stroop effect - Abstract
Attention deficits have been demonstrated in migraine patients during the interictal period, but these findings are not consistent across all studies. These inconsistencies may arise due to the different aspects of attention measured by various psychometric tests. Current theories divide attention into three separate domains subserved by separate networks: alerting, orienting, and executive control. The attention network test (ANT) was developed to measure all three attention networks and so may reveal more specific attention deficits among migraineurs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the attention function of migraine without aura (MwoA) patients using a series of neuropsychological scales and the ANT, and to assess the relationships between attention function and headache characteristics (e.g., history, frequency, and duration of each attack). Our results showed that MwoA patients exhibited significantly longer response times (RTs) of the executive control network, whereas no significant differences were observed in alerting and orienting network RTs between groups. MwoA patients also exhibited poorer performance than health control (HC) on the Stroop III and Shape Trail test B (STT B) tests. Spearman's analysis revealed positive correlations between executive control network RTs and both frequency and duration of migraine attack. MwoA patients demonstrate impairments of the executive control network, which appear to be exacerbated by more frequent and longer migraine attacks.
- Published
- 2019
39. Perceiving perpendicular and parallel contours in the frontoparallel plane
- Author
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Ekaterina Koshmanova and Tadamasa Sawada
- Subjects
Parallelism (rhetoric) ,genetic structures ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Modified method ,Geometry ,Models, Psychological ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,Perception ,Psychophysics ,Perpendicular ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,media_common ,Physics ,Orientation (computer vision) ,Plane (geometry) ,05 social sciences ,Sensory Systems ,Retinal image ,Form Perception ,Ophthalmology ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Sensory Thresholds ,Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Constant (mathematics) ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The perception of a pair of contours in a retinal image cannot be understood simply by adding up the perceptions of the individual contours, especially when they form a perpendicular junction, or are parallel to one another. It is the relationship among the contours that determines what is perceived. Note that it is hard to actually compare the perception of such configurations quantitatively. We managed to do this by testing the perception of such configurations in three psychophysical experiments in which the perception was characterized by measuring the orientation threshold of a single contour. This threshold was estimated by using a modified Method of Constant Stimuli based on the assumption that contours forming a configuration are perceived individually, and that they are integrated linearly. This assumption made the quantitative comparison of the perceived configurations possible. We found that changes of the estimated threshold depended on the type of the configuration, specifically thresholds estimated from a perpendicular junction were substantially lower than thresholds estimated from a single contour or from a non-perpendicular junction. The lowest thresholds were observed when the threshold was estimated from a pair of parallel contours. These results suggest that the visual system is sensitive to perpendicular junctions and parallel contours in a retinal image.
- Published
- 2019
40. Pigeons spontaneously form three-dimensional shape categories
- Author
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Michael E. Young, Edward A. Wasserman, Jessie J. Peissig, and Irving Biederman
- Subjects
Depth Perception ,Visual perception ,business.industry ,Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition ,Pattern recognition ,General Medicine ,Discrimination Learning ,Form Perception ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Three dimensional shape ,Categorization ,Orientation ,Reaction Time ,Animals ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Artificial intelligence ,Columbidae ,Reinforcement ,business ,Orientation, Spatial ,Photic Stimulation ,Mathematics - Abstract
We explored the pigeon's representation of the shape of simple three-dimensional objects (geons) rotated in depth (four views each of four geons). Pigeons assigned to the Categorization group had to respond differentially to images of four different geons-termed arch, barrel, brick, and wedge-based on their 3D shape, regardless of the orientation of the object. Pigeons assigned to the Pseudocategorization group had to respond differentially to the same objects based on groupings that did not correspond to object identity, which required the learning of local orientation-dependent features (e.g., a concave curve on top, or the position of an illumination hotspot). The Categorization group, which could employ object-identity representations, quickly achieved highly accurate responding. The Pseudocategorization group, however, failed to achieve reliable above-chance responding. In addition, the reaction times for the Categorization group were significantly shorter than for the Pseudocategorization group. These results indicate that pigeons show a strong, spontaneous tendency to categorize the shapes of different orientations in depth of the same 3D object as similar, if not equivalent; they do so despite the vast differences in image characteristics caused by the variations in orientations, even when such categorization is contrary to the reinforcement contingencies.
- Published
- 2019
41. Gaze-cueing and endogenous attention operate in parallel
- Author
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Daniel T. Smith, Gillian Slessor, Douglas Martin, Ailbhe Finnerty, and Jessika Papp
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Involuntary attention ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Fixation, Ocular ,Stimulus (physiology) ,050105 experimental psychology ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Orientation ,Reaction Time ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Cued speech ,High probability ,05 social sciences ,Schematic ,General Medicine ,Gaze ,Time course ,Female ,Cues ,Psychology ,Facial Recognition ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
The present research assessed the nature of endogenous shifts of attention based on internally generated expectations (i.e., target location probability) and involuntary attention shifts following eye-gaze cues from line-drawings of schematic faces (Experiment 1) and photographs of real neutral faces (Experiment 2) and fearful faces (Experiment 3). The time-course of these two forms of attention was explored by manipulating the gaze-target SOA (i.e., 100 ms, 200 ms, 300 ms). In all three experiments, target location probability influenced responding at each SOA with faster responses to high probability than low probability targets. However, the time-course of involuntary attention shifts was dependent on the gaze-cueing stimulus employed. For photographs of neutral gaze, endogenous orienting of attention was most efficient at the briefest SOA with involuntary attention shifts emerging later. However, both schematic and fearful gaze-cues influenced responding across all SOAs, which is indicative of stronger gaze-cueing effects from these cues. At 200 ms there was an additive effect as responses were slowest when the target had been invalidly cued by neutral gaze and also appeared in the low probability location. Taken together these findings suggest that these forms of involuntary and endogenous attention can operate in parallel and relatively independently, but can show potentially differing levels of influence, dependent on the time course in which they take to operate.
- Published
- 2019
42. The P200 predominantly reflects distance-to-norm in face space whereas the N250 reflects activation of identity-specific representations of known faces
- Author
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Stella J. Wuttke and Stefan R. Schweinberger
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,050105 experimental psychology ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Face perception ,Face space ,Orientation ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Evoked Potentials ,General Neuroscience ,05 social sciences ,Brain ,Electroencephalography ,Recognition, Psychology ,Negativity effect ,P200 ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Mental representation ,Female ,Optimal distinctiveness theory ,Norm (social) ,Psychology ,Facial Recognition ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
The norm-based face space model (nMDFS) predicts that perceived typicality decreases with distance to the norm. Accordingly, an original face and its corresponding anti-face (deviating in exactly opposite direction from the norm) should inherit equivalent levels of typicality. Similarly, varying distance-to-norm (DTN, in absolute values) should have equivalent effects on typicality for both unfamiliar faces and their anti-faces. Here we reasoned that familiar faces would not follow this rule, due to the special nature of their mental representations. We investigated event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to familiar and unfamiliar faces and their anti-faces with different DTN (±0.33, ±0.66, and ±0.99). Across DTN, rated typicality was highest for original familiar faces, whereas all other face stimuli exhibited the expected gradual decrease of typicality with increasing DTN. ERPs showed pronounced DTN effects in the occipitotemporal P200 (190–260 ms), with progressively smaller amplitudes for faces with higher DTN, for all face types. By contrast, prominent effects of familiarity were found for the subsequent N250 (260–400 ms) and a late occipitotemporal negativity (LN, 400–800 ms). A large increase of occipitotemporal negativity was observed for original familiar faces versus their non-recognizable anti-faces. Analogous effects were small or absent for unfamiliar faces versus their anti-faces. These results confirm the N250 and LN as correlates of the processing of the identity of known faces, and show for the first time that the face-sensitive P200 is primarily modulated by DTN of a face in nMDFS.
- Published
- 2019
43. Characteristics and determinants of the academic goals in nursing education: A cross-sectional study
- Author
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Lucía Morán, Lazcano, Víctor M, González-Chordá, Fred Gustavo, Manrique-Abril, Águeda, Cervera-Gasch, Desirée, Mena-Tudela, Laura, Andreu-Pejó, and María Jesús, Valero-Chillerón
- Subjects
academic goal ,education ,academic performance ,Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate ,orientation ,Education ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,motivation ,Humans ,Students, Nursing ,Education, Nursing ,Goals ,General Nursing ,nursing students - Abstract
Background: Academic goals guide the learning mode of nursing students, focus their objectives and influence the acquisition of skills. However, research on academic goals and related variables is scarce. Objective: To study the relationship between different sociodemographic and academic variables with the type of academic goal in nursing students at the Universitat Jaume I (Spain). Design: Cross-sectional study conducted between September 2020 and June 2021. Settings and participants: Undergraduate nursing students at Universitat Jaume I (n = 263). Methods: The Academic Goal Orientation questionnaire was administered. In addition, the variables age, gender, route to university, previous health studies, previous training in critical thinking, degree year and average grade on academic record were collected. A descriptive analysis of the sample and an analysis of the association between variables were performed. In addition, exploratory multinomial logistic regression was performed. Results: The nursing students preferred the Learning Goal (95.8%; n = 263), and this increased among the students as their average grade increased. The results of the multivariate analysis indicated that students with a lower average grade, those from advanced years and those without previous training in critical thinking preferred the Work Avoidance and Self-defeating Ego Goals. Conclusion: The preferred goal among the students was learning. The variables that influenced the type of goal were year, average grade and previous training in critical thinking. Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Jaume I
- Published
- 2022
44. Scapulothoracic muscle activity during kinetic chain variations of a prone elevation exercise
- Author
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Dorien Borms, Annelies Maenhout, Kelly Berckmans, Valentien Spanhove, Fran Vanderstukken, and Ann Cools
- Subjects
Shoulder ,SURFACE ,ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ,Electromyography ,Rehabilitation ,Exercise therapy ,SCAPULAR MUSCLE ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Periscapular muscles ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,TRAPEZIUS ,ACTIVATION ,Scapula ,Isometric Contraction ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Superficial Back Muscles ,TRUNK ROTATION ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,REHABILITATION EXERCISES ,KINEMATICS ,SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME ,ORIENTATION ,Exercise ,Original Research - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Scapular rehabilitation exercises should target appropriate muscles. Recently, adding external rotation resistance to scapular exercises has gained interest. Moreover, clinical experts advise kinetic chain integration into shoulder rehabilitation exercises. OBJECTIVE: To investigate scapular muscle activity during kinetic chain variations of a prone elevation exercise. METHODS: Activity of the upper (UT), middle (MT), and lower (LT) trapezius and serratus anterior (SA) muscles was determined with surface electromyography (EMG) in 31 asymptomatic participants during six prone elevation exercise variations. Variation was created by adding external rotation resistance, adding trunk extension, or changing exercise position (prone on a Swiss ball with knees or feet supported, or prone on a physiotable). All data were normalized as a percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (% MVIC). For each muscle, a Friedman's ANOVA was conducted to analyse statistical differences in EMG signal intensity between exercises. RESULTS: The LT was moderately (42 - 48% MVIC) and MT highly (63 - 66% MVIC) activated during all exercise variations. No significant differences between exercises for these muscles could be detected. Adding external rotation to a prone elevation exercise decreased UT activity while adding trunk extension increased UT activity. Altering exercise position had no influence on scapular muscle activity except increased UT activity when lying prone on a physiotable with trunk extension. CONCLUSION: Prone elevation exercises are appropriate for facilitating LT and MT activity. Adding external rotation inhibits UT activity while UT facilitation could be achieved when adding trunk extension.
- Published
- 2022
45. Designing technology for spatial needs: Routines, control and social competences of people with autism
- Author
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Romina Castaldo, Amon Rapp, Maurizio Tirassa, Federica Cena, and Roberto Keller
- Subjects
Semi-structured interview ,Design ,Autism ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,02 engineering and technology ,Semi-structured interviews ,Interactive maps ,Orientation ,Engineering (all) ,Human-Computer Interaction ,Hardware and Architecture ,Education ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,050107 human factors ,Medical model ,Conceptualization ,05 social sciences ,Perspective (graphical) ,General Engineering ,Human factors and ergonomics ,020207 software engineering ,Cognition ,medicine.disease ,Variety (cybernetics) ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY ,Psychology ,Software ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Over the years, the relationship between technology and people with autism has been framed mainly in a medical model, where technology is primarily aimed at mitigating deficits and providing helps to overcome limitations. This has yielded a variety of Human-Computer Interaction designs addressed to improve the autistic individuals’ daily tasks and behavior. In this article, we want to explore a different approach, by proposing a phenomenological take on the autistic lived experience, which could integrate the results achieved by the medical model, and offer a “first person perspective” on autism. More precisely, by adopting a cognitive approach to urbanism we want to explore how autistic individuals conceptualize and experience the spaces they inhabit. To this aim, we interviewed 12 adults with a diagnosis of autism asking them to recount their everyday movements and city living activities. Building on the study findings, we identified three kinds of spaces that characterize their life and outlined a series of design considerations to support technology interventions for satisfying their spatial needs. Then, during a design session, we developed our conceptualization as well as our design suggestions, yielding a more nuanced picture of how space is subjectively constructed by autistic people.
- Published
- 2018
46. One versus two eyes makes a difference! Early face perception is modulated by featural fixation and feature context
- Author
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Roxane J. Itier and Karisa Parkington
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,genetic structures ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Pixel intensity ,Audiology ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Functional Laterality ,050105 experimental psychology ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Face perception ,Orientation ,Perception ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Visual Cortex ,media_common ,05 social sciences ,Electroencephalography ,Neural Inhibition ,Fixation (psychology) ,eye diseases ,body regions ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Visual Perception ,Evoked Potentials, Visual ,Female ,Nasion ,sense organs ,Psychology ,Facial Recognition ,Photic Stimulation ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The N170 event-related potential component is an early marker of face perception that is particularly sensitive to isolated eye regions and to eye fixations within a face. Here, this eye sensitivity was tested further by measuring the N170 to isolated facial features and to the same features fixated within a face, using a gaze-contingent procedure. The neural response to single isolated eyes and eye regions (two eyes) was also compared. Pixel intensity and contrast were controlled at the global (image) and local (featural) levels. Consistent with previous findings, larger N170 amplitudes were elicited when the left or right eye was fixated within a face, compared to the mouth or nose, demonstrating that the N170 eye sensitivity reflects higher-order perceptual processes and not merely low-level perceptual effects. The N170 was also largest and most delayed for isolated features, compared to equivalent fixations within a face. Specifically, mouth fixation yielded the largest amplitude difference, and nose fixation yielded the largest latency difference between these two contexts, suggesting the N170 may reflect a complex interplay between holistic and featural processes. Critically, eye regions elicited consistently larger and shorter N170 responses compared to single eyes, with enhanced responses for contralateral eye content, irrespective of eye or nasion fixation. These results confirm the importance of the eyes in early face perception, and provide novel evidence of an increased sensitivity to the presence of two symmetric eyes compared to only one eye, consistent with a neural eye region detector rather than an eye detector per se.
- Published
- 2018
47. Free surface effects on the recrystallization of compressed, stable, Al-Mn single crystals
- Author
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M. Miszczyk, Julian H. Driver, Henryk Paul, Mechanical Department, University of Technology (Opole), Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Laboratoire Georges Friedel (LGF-ENSMSE), Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), and Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)
- Subjects
Materials science ,Misorientation ,Annealing (metallurgy) ,Nucleation ,ORIENTED GROWTH ,02 engineering and technology ,Al-1%wt.Mn alloy ,01 natural sciences ,GRAIN BOUNDARY MIGRATION ,[SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials ,law.invention ,Orientation imaging microscopy ,Optical microscope ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,Texture ,010302 applied physics ,Condensed matter physics ,Mechanical Engineering ,HIGH-PURITY LEAD ,Recrystallization (metallurgy) ,Recrystallization and grain growth ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,EVOLUTION ,Grain size ,STRAIN PATH ,Mechanics of Materials ,Free surface ,Stable orientation ,MICROSTRUCTURE ,ORIENTATION ,0210 nano-technology ,BEHAVIOR ,IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS ,NUCLEATION ,Electron backscatter diffraction - Abstract
International audience; The free surface effect on the grain crystallography and morphology during recrystallization has been studied in stable Goss {110} and brass {110} - oriented single crystals of Al-1%wt.Mn alloy. The samples were plane strain compressed up to a strain of about 0.5 to develop a homogeneous structure comprising two sets of symmetrical microbands and then lightly annealed. The variation of recrystallization after annealing was then analysed by optical microscopy and SEM/EBSD on different cross-sections. The results are discussed in terms of the misorientation angle and axis distributions. The free surface provokes high frequency nucleation leading to a small grain size compared to internal sections of the bulk sample. However, the free surface and surface 'quality' do not modify the orientations of the recrystallized grains, i.e. similar groups of recrystallized grain orientations were observed for all sections. This leads to a strong misorientation relation between deformed/recovered area orientations and the limited number of groups of recrystallized grain orientations, basically the same as those observed during bulk recrystallization of similar crystals.
- Published
- 2018
48. Holistic face perception is impaired in developmental prosopagnosia
- Author
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Katie Fisher, John Towler, and Martin Eimer
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Matching (statistics) ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Facial recognition system ,050105 experimental psychology ,Task (project management) ,psyc ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Memory ,Face perception ,Orientation ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Control (linguistics) ,Evoked Potentials ,Repetition (rhetorical device) ,05 social sciences ,Brain ,Electroencephalography ,Middle Aged ,Prosopagnosia ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Face (geometry) ,Visual Perception ,Identity (object-oriented programming) ,Female ,Psychology ,Facial Recognition ,Photic Stimulation ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Individuals with developmental prosopagnosia (DP) have severe difficulties recognising familiar faces. A current debate is whether these face recognition impairments derive from problems with face perception and in particular whether individuals with DP cannot utilize holistic representations of individual faces. To assess this hypothesis, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) during a sequential face identity matching task where successively presented pairs of upright faces were either identical or differed with respect to their internal features, their external features, or both. Participants with DP and age-matched controls reported on each trial whether the face pair was identical or different. To track the activation of cortical visual face memory representations, we measured N250r components over posterior face-selective regions. N250r components to full face repetitions were strongly attenuated for DPs as compared to control participants, indicating impaired face identity matching processes in DP. In the Control group, the N250r to full face repetitions was superadditive (i.e., larger than the sum of the two N250r components to partial repetitions of external or internal features). This demonstrates that holistic face representations were involved in identity matching processes. In the DP group, N250r components to full and partial identity repetitions were strictly additive, indicating that the identity matching of external and internal features operated in an entirely part-based fashion, without any involvement of holistic representations. In line with this conclusion, DPs also made a disproportionate number of errors on partial repetition trials, where they often failed to report a change of internal facial features. This suggests an atypical strategy for encoding external features as cues to identity in DP. These results provide direct electrophysiological and behavioural evidence for qualitative differences in the representation of face identity in the occipital-temporal face processing system in developmental prosopagnosia.
- Published
- 2018
49. Prenatal Material Hardships and Infant Regulatory Capacity at 10 Months Old in Low-Income Hispanic Mother-Infant Pairs
- Author
-
Alan L. Mendelsohn, Mary Jo Messito, Suzette O. Oyeku, Anne E. Fuller, and Rachel S. Gross
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Longitudinal study ,Surgency ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Mothers ,Patient Health Questionnaire ,Article ,Food Supply ,Self-Control ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,Residence Characteristics ,Orientation ,030225 pediatrics ,Economic Status ,Humans ,Medicine ,Longitudinal Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Temperament ,Poverty ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,media_common ,Extraversion and introversion ,Depression ,business.industry ,Stressor ,Infant ,Hispanic or Latino ,Moderation ,Confidence interval ,Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Housing ,Linear Models ,Female ,Safety ,business ,human activities ,Stress, Psychological ,Demography - Abstract
Objective Prenatal maternal stresses have been associated with infant temperament patterns linked to later behavioral difficulties. Material hardships, defined as inability to meet basic needs, are important prenatal stressors. Our objective was to determine the associations between prenatal material hardships and infant temperament at 10 months. Methods This was a longitudinal study of mother-infant pairs in a randomized controlled trial of a primary care-based early obesity prevention program (Starting Early). Independent variables representing material hardship were: housing disrepair, food insecurity, difficulty paying bills, and neighborhood stress (neighborhood safety). Dependent variables representing infant temperament were assessed using questions from 3 subscales of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire: orienting/regulatory capacity, negative affect, and surgency/extraversion. We used linear regression to investigate associations between individual and cumulative hardships and each temperament domain, adjusting for confounders, and testing for depression as a moderator. Results Four hundred twelve mother-infant pairs completed 10-month assessments. Thirty-two percent reported food insecurity, 26% difficulty paying bills, 35% housing disrepair, and 9% neighborhood stress. In adjusted analyses, food insecurity was associated with lower orienting/regulatory capacity scores (β = −0.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.47 to −0.04), as were neighborhood stress (β = −0.50; 95% CI, −0.83 to −0.16) and experiencing 3 to 4 hardships (compared with none; β = −0.54; 95% CI, −0.83 to −0.21). For neighborhood stress, the association was stronger among infants of mothers with prenatal depressive symptoms (interaction term P = .06). Conclusion Prenatal material hardships were associated with lower orienting/regulatory capacity. These findings support the need for further research exploring how temperament relates to child behavior, and for policies to reduce prenatal material hardships.
- Published
- 2018
50. Anatomical and principal axes are not aligned in the torso: considerations for users of geometric modelling methods
- Author
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Michael Thelwell, Simon Choppin, Sean Clarkson, Ben Heller, Alice Bullas, and Jon Wheat
- Subjects
Male ,Computer science ,0206 medical engineering ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,02 engineering and technology ,Models, Biological ,Inverse dynamics ,03 medical and health sciences ,symbols.namesake ,Imaging, Three-Dimensional ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orientation ,Orientation (geometry) ,medicine ,Humans ,Computer Simulation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Rehabilitation ,Mathematical analysis ,Principal (computer security) ,Torso ,Moment of inertia ,020601 biomedical engineering ,Euler angles ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Geometric design ,symbols ,Mathematics ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Principal axis theorem - Abstract
The accuracy and accessibility of methods to calculate body segment inertial parameters are a key concern for many researchers. It has recently been demonstrated that the magnitude and orientation of principal moments of inertia are crucial for accurate dynamic models. This is important to consider given that the orientation of principal axes is fixed for the majority of geometric and regression body models. This paper quantifies the effect of subject specific geometry on the magnitude and orientation of second moments of volume in the trunk segment. The torsos of 40 male participants were scanned using a 3D imaging system and the magnitude and orientation of principal moments of volume were calculated from the resulting geometry. Principal axes are not aligned with the segment co-ordinate system in the torso segment, with mean Euler angles of 11.7, 1.9 and 10.3 in the ZXY convention. Researchers using anatomical modelling techniques should try and account for subject specific geometry and the mis-alignment of principal axes. This will help to reduce errors in simulation by mitigating the effect of errors in magnitude of principal moments.
- Published
- 2020
Catalog
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