1. Efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine and exploratory analysis on anti-circumsporozoite antibody titres and protection in children aged 5–17 months in Kenya and Tanzania: a randomised controlled trial
- Author
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Terrell Carter, Jayne Gould, Tonya Villafana, Salum Msham, W. Ripley Ballou, Lorenz von Seidlein, Norbert Peshu, Didier Lapierre, Neema Mturi, Joe Cohen, Patricia Njuguna, Barbara Savarese, Philip Bejon, Martha M. Lemnge, John Lusingu, Johan Vekemans, Ally Olotu, Eleanor M. Riley, Omar Abdul, Anangisye Malabeja, Trudie Lang, Kevin Marsh, Marc Lievens, Erik Jongert, Samwel Gesase, Chris Drakeley, Preeti Vansadia, Ken Awuondo, Marie-Claude Dubois, and Amanda J. Leach
- Subjects
Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Fever ,030231 tropical medicine ,Protozoan Proteins ,Antibodies, Protozoan ,Tanzania ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Rabies vaccine ,Malaria Vaccines ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,Malaria, Falciparum ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Malaria vaccine ,business.industry ,RTS,S ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Vaccine efficacy ,Kenya ,3. Good health ,Vaccination ,Circumsporozoite protein ,Blood ,Infectious Diseases ,Rabies ,business ,Malaria ,Follow-Up Studies ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Summary Background RTS,S/AS01E is the lead candidate malaria vaccine. We recently showed efficacy against clinical falciparum malaria in 5–17 month old children, during an average of 8 months follow-up. We aimed to assess the efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E during 15 months of follow-up. Methods Between March, 2007, and October, 2008, we enrolled healthy children aged 5–17 months in Kilifi, Kenya, and Korogwe, Tanzania. Computer-generated block randomisation was used to randomly assign participants (1:1) to receive three doses (at month 0, 1, and 2) of either RTS,S/AS01E or human diploid-cell rabies vaccine. The primary endpoint was time to first clinical malaria episode, defined as the presence of fever (temperature ≥37·5°C) and a Plasmodium falciparum density of 2500/μL or more. Follow-up was 12 months for children from Korogwe and 15 months for children from Kilifi. Primary analysis was per protocol. In a post-hoc modelling analysis we characterised the associations between anti-circumsporozoite antibodies and protection against clinical malaria episodes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00380393. Findings 894 children were assigned, 447 in each treatment group. In the per-protocol analysis, 82 of 415 children in the RTS,S/AS01E group and 125 of 420 in the rabies vaccine group had first or only clinical malaria episode by 12 months, vaccine efficacy 39·2% (95% CI 19·5–54·1, p=0·0005). At 15 months follow-up, 58 of 209 children in the RTS,S/AS01E group and 85 of 206 in the rabies vaccine group had first or only clinical malaria episode, vaccine efficacy 45·8% (24·1–61·3, p=0·0004). At 12 months after the third dose, anti-circumsporozoite antibody titre data were available for 390 children in the RTS,S/AS01E group and 391 in the rabies group. A mean of 15 months (range 12–18 months) data were available for 172 children in the RTS,S/AS01E group and 155 in the rabies group. These titres at 1 month after the third dose were not associated with protection, but titres at 6·5 months were. The level of protection increased abruptly over a narrow range of antibody concentrations. The most common adverse events were pneumonia, febrile convulsion, gastroenteritis, and P falciparum malaria. Interpretation RTS,S/AS01E confers sustained efficacy for at least 15 months and shows promise as a potential public health intervention against childhood malaria in malaria endemic countries. Funding PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), GlaxoSmithKline.
- Published
- 2011