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Chemokines are small, secreted molecules that mediate inflammatory reactions. Neurons and astrocytes constitutively express chemokines implicated in the process of neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) has been widely related to this process. However, the constitutive expression of this molecule by neurons has not been elucidated so far. In this study, we set out to characterize the neurochemical phenotype of MCP-1-expressing neurons in the rat neocortex to infer its role in basal conditions. We observed the presence of two populations of neurons expressing MCP-1: One population of cells with weak expression of MCP-1 corresponding to principal neurons (Tbr-1 positive) and a second population with high expression of MCP-1 corresponding to inhibitory neurons (GAD-67 positive), in particular to CCK/CBR1 interneurons. Moreover, high MCP-1-expressing neurons were metabolically active (pCREB positive). The population of CCK interneurons that co-localizes with MCP-1 corresponds to the regular-spiking basket cells and is co-responsible for the perisomatic inhibition of principal pyramidal neurons. Previous studies have demonstrated that MCP-1 can alter the electric properties of neurons and a tonic function for this molecule has been postulated. As CCK-inhibitory neurons are affected in mood disorders, whether the expression of MCP-1 was maintained in humans could be part of the link between inflammatory responses and observed changes in mood state. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.