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In this paper, a probabilistic method is proposed to analyze the steady-state operating conditions of an active electrical distribution system with Wind (WD) and Photovoltaic (PV) generation plants. This method takes into account the uncertainties of power load demands and power production from renewable generation systems and combines Monte Carlo simulation techniques and multi-linearized power flow equations. The power flow equations include models of wind turbine and PV generation units and multi-linearization is accomplished by applying a criterion based on the total active power of the system. The method properly extends a probabilistic method proposed in the relevant literature for traditional passive electrical distribution systems to the field of an active electrical distribution system with WD and PV generation units. Numerical applications are presented and discussed with reference to a 17-bus test distribution system characterized by WD and PV systems connected at different busbars. The results obtained with the proposed algorithm are compared with the results obtained using a Monte Carlo simulation algorithm that included non-linear power flow equations.

A Monte Carlo simulation study has been conducted of 60Co photons Compton scattered in concrete, illustrating the degraded energy spectra of gamma-ray radiation. Results are produced representing a NaI(Tl) detector model. We were able to analyse energy distributions of photons that reach the detector system after suffering several successive Compton scatterings in the target. The predicted decrease in intensity of single- and multiple-scattering peaks with increase in thickness of the target medium are in good agreement with experimental observations and findings reported by others.