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Polymerase chain reaction followed by high resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis is a simple, rapid and accurate method for molecular detection of various nematode species. The objective of the present study was, for the first time, to develop a PCR-HRM assay for the detection of various animal Trichostrongylus spp. A pair of primers targeting the ITS-2 rDNA region of the Trichostrongylus spp. was designed for the development of the HRM assay. DNA samples were extracted from 30 adult worms of Trichostrongylus spp., the ITS-2-rDNA region was amplified using PCR, and the resultant products were sequenced and characterized. Afterwards, the PCR-HRM analysis was conducted to detect and discriminate Trichostrongylus spp. Molecular sequence analysis revealed that 24, 4, and 1 of the samples were T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus and T. capricola, respectively. Results from PCR-HRM indicated that complete agreement was relatively found between speciation by HRM analysis and DNA sequencing for the detection of Trichostrongylus species. The PCR-HRM analysis method developed in the present study is fast and low-cost; the method can be comparable with other molecular detection techniques, representing a reliable tool for the identification of various species within the Trichostrongylus genus.

Present strategy introduces a novel method established for the synthesis of spherical shape ErVO4/MnWO4 heterostructures by a sonochemical method. This heterostructures with optima morphology can be synthesized by changing power and time ultrasound irradiation without any capping agent. BET analysis revealed that ErVO4/MnWO4 prepared in the presence of ultrasonic procedure has 75 times specific surface area as much as that of those was produced in the absence of ultrasonic rays. A variety of analyses (i.e., BET, XRD, TEM, EDS, FT-IR, and SEM) were applied for characterization of the ErVO4/MnWO4. Next, a selective and sensitive nanostructured sensor based on ErVO4/MnWO4 nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode (ErVO4/MnWO4/CPE) was constructed for electrochemical detection of tyrosine (Tyr). The electrochemical characterizations were performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Compared with the unmodified CPE, the oxidation peak current was significantly enhanced for Tyr. The impact of effective parameters on voltammetric response of Tyr was analyzed with design of experiments (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimized conditions, the oxidation peak current of Tyr was linear over a range of 0.08–400.0 μM with a detection limit of 7.7 nM. Finally, the usage of the proposed method was confirmed by the recovery tests of Tyr in biological samples.