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The present review explores fruit wastes as potential and low-cost substrates for economical production of cellulase enzymes. Being renewable, vast availability and having rich organic nutrient, these fruit wastes can be exploited to produce cellulase enzyme for various industrial applications. This review aimed to explore recent insight in sustainable production of microbial cellulolytic enzymes following solid state fermentation (SSF) wherein different types of fruit wastes as a potentially viable and alternative form of substrates have been utilized. In addition, detailed about the characteristics, mechanisms and market scenario of cellulase enzymes produced through a range of microbial species have been discussed. Further, impacts of different physicochemical parameters on solid-state fermentation based enzyme production and scale up issues have also analyzed. Moreover, applications of cellulases to produce different types of biofuels have been evaluated while emphases are made on existing hindrances and the possible strategies to improve the enzyme production process using fruit wastes.

Applications of thermostable enzymes in various industries are highly demanding, and considered as one of the most feasible solutions to gain the high productivity of the related bio-processing. Nevertheless, cost-intensive production of enzymes with low reactivity and stability make them non-suitable for different sustainable industrial applications. Focusing on this aspect, the present study deals with the sustainable and low-cost green synthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using rice straw extract as the food waste which function as the natural reducing reagent and investigates the utility of IONPs to improve the thermo-stability of enzyme. Herein, physiochemical properties of newly synthesized IONPs have been analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Moreover, impact of green route synthesized IONPs is studied to improve the thermal stability of commercially available endo-glucanase (EG) enzyme as a model system. It is noticed that IONPs significantly supported to enhance the thermal stability of EG enzyme, wherein enzyme exhibited thermal stability at 70 °C up to 15 h, and suggesting high potential of thermally stable enzyme for numerous industrial applications.

Microbes recycling nutrient and detoxifying ecosystems are capable to fulfil the future energy need by producing biohydrogen by due to the coupling of autotrophic and heterotrophic microbes. In granules microbes mutualy exchanging nutrients and electrons for hydrogen production. The consortial biohydrogen production depend upon constituent microbes, their interdependence, competition for resources, and other operating parameters while remediating a waste material in nature or bioreactor. The present review deals with development of granular algae-bacteria consortia, hydrogen yield in coculture, important enzymes and possible engineering for improved hydrogen production.

Background Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV), because of its ability to extensively manipulate host immunity during active infection, has been suggested to be involved in autoimmunity. However, its influence on T-cells and cytokines in systemic autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) is indistinct. Methods We investigated the in-vitro response of T lymphocytes from SLE and SSc patients to CMV antigen. Functional activity of T lymphocytes was determined by estimating Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines. Results We observed that CMV antigen stimulation in-vitro resulted in significant increase in CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SLE and SSc patients; response dominated by CD4+ than CD8+ memory T-cells. SSc T-cell response was differentiated by aberrant increase in CD4+CD25+ T-cells. CMV antigen caused elevation in IL-4 and IFN-γ production in both patient PBMCs, whereas IL-2 was also raised in SLE PBMCs. The development of large pool of memory T-cells and overproduction of IFN-γ may result in flare-up of autoimmunity in these patients. Conclusion Our study provides an insight into the immunopathological potential of CMV-reactive immune cells to develop new potential strategies for targeted therapeutic intervention.

The incidences of melanomas are increasing by leaps and bounds across the globe despite early detection and intervention. The numbers of patients dying from metastatic melanoma have been continually increased over the past thirty years. It has been considered as one of the most therapy-resistant malignancies due to the cross-resistant mechanism developed by the metastatic cells. With time, many new therapies came and they failed miserably. Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody that works to activate the immune system by targeting CTLA-4 proved to be a boon for advance melanoma very recently. But it could not stand firmly against the resistant metastatic skin cancer cells. Now, the new skin cancer drug named pembrolizumab proved as a new miraculous molecule. It's a humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks a biological pathway called programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), which melanoma cells activate to suppress the immune system. This antibody has surpassed ipilimumab at all the stages of clinical trials because of its non-cross resistant mechanism to malignant cells. The present review critically analyses the reasons of efficacy success of pembrolizumab over ipilizumab shown at various stages of clinical trials.

Purification of any bioactive compound obtained by biotransformation process is a critical aspect for its quality and recovery leading to its commercial viability. In this study, several solvents and their interactions were studied for the recovery of 3-demethylated colchicine (3-DMC; anti-cancer drug) from the fermentation medium. Due to inherent toxicity of chloroform, we also aimed at its removal from the solvent extraction system. A quadratic mixture model was developed using RSM with interaction terms as shown by contour/3D plots. A set of 15 experiments were performed and validated with different solvent combinations. In this study, the developed polynomial model showed a high F -value (362.36) and R 2 value (0.99) which suggests the suitability of D-optimal design to predict the responses accurately. The results indicated higher recoveries of 5.95 g/l of 3-DMC, without the use of chloroform enabling efficient extraction of 3-DMC for commercial applications.