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By reviewing the development history of stimulation techniques for deep/ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs, the new progress in this field in China and abroad has been summed up, including deeper understanding on formation mechanisms of fracture network in deep/ultra-deep oil and gas reservoir, performance improvement of fracturing fluid materials, fine stratification of ultra-deep vertical wells, and mature staged multi-cluster fracturing technique for ultra-deep and highly deviated wells/horizontal wells. In light of the exploration and development trend of ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs in China, the requirements and technical difficulties in ultra-deep oil and gas reservoir stimulation are discussed: (1) The research and application of integrated geological engineering technology is difficult. (2) The requirements on fracturing materials for stimulation are high. (3) It is difficult to further improve the production in vertical profile of the ultra-deep and hugely thick reservoirs. (4) The requirements on tools and supporting high-pressure equipment on the ground for stimulation are high. (5) It is difficult to achieve efficient stimulation of ultra-deep, high-temperature and high-pressure wells. (6) It is difficult to monitor directly the reservoir stimulation and evaluate the stimulation effect accurately after stimulation. In line with the complex geological characteristics of ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs in China, seven technical development directions are proposed: (1) To establish systematic new techniques for basic research and evaluation experiments; (2) to strengthen geological research and improve the operational mechanism of integrating geological research and engineering operation; (3) to develop high-efficiency fracturing materials for ultra-deep reservoirs; (4) to research separated layer fracturing technology for ultra-deep and hugely thick reservoirs; (5) to explore fracture-control stimulation technology for ultra-deep horizontal well; (6) to develop direct monitoring technology for hydraulic fractures in ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs; (7) to develop downhole fracturing tools with high temperature and high pressure tolerance and supporting wellhead equipment able to withstand high pressure.

Present study reports a controllable phase transformation of nickel (Ni) from amorphous to cubic crystal structures on tungsten (W) substrate by electrodeposition. X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to characterize the microstructure, micro-constituents and surface morphology of as-prepared Ni. The microstructure of Ni was strongly affected by the applied overpotential and deposition time. It is demonstrated that by controlling these two parameters either amorphous or cubic crystal structure of Ni on the W substrate could be obtained. The crystallization mechanism is discussed based on Gibbs crystal growth theory and Ostwald’s rule. It is concluded that W substrate, acting as a heat sink, can effectively promote the thermal stability of amorphous Ni, based on the data from differential scanning calorimetry and Kissinger’s model. This work contributes to the elucidation of the crystallization mechanism of Ni on W powder substrates, and proves that, better than alloying with other elements, incorporating powder substrates will significantly improve the crystallization temperature, hence the thermostability of amorphous Ni.

Electroless nickel/nickel-boron (Ni/Ni-B), Ni/alkaline Ni-P and Ni/acidic Ni-P double-layer coatings were deposited on AZ31 magnesium (Mg) alloy prepared by environmental fluoride-free solution under low temperatures. The morphologies, compositions, and crystal structures of three different double-layer coatings were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The corrosion resistance of the different double-layer coatings on Mg alloy surface was studied by electrochemical polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) tests, which indicated that the Ni/Ni-B coating presented the more superior corrosion resistance than the Ni/alkaline Ni-P and Ni/acidic Ni-P coatings. Meanwhile, the Ni/Ni-B coating exhibited good repeatability through the electrochemical polarization tests for three Ni/Ni-B samples that prepared under the same processing conditions. In addition, the optimal plating time for the Ni-B coating was further determined by electrochemical polarization tests of samples with different plating times.

In the pond culture of Eriocheir sinensis, high limb-autotomy seriously affects the quality and culture's economic efficiency. Based on our previous studies, limb autotomy can induce the changes of hematological immune response in E. sinensis hemolymph. Eyestalk ablation can accelerate the regeneration of limbs after autotomy. To detect the important functional genes related to the hematological molecular immunity of E. sinensis, we compared and analyzed the hemolymph transcriptome data of the intact crab, left cheliped autotomized crabs and bilateral eyestalk ablation crabs with high-throughput sequencing techniques. The results showed that the three groups obtained 62 172 414, 68 143 682, and 67 811 618 clean reads, respectively. A total of 9567 differentially expressed genes were obtained by multiple comparison of the three groups' libraries. Gene ontology (GO) functional classification analysis shows that the differential genes belong to 42 categories of biological process, cellular components and molecular function. The differentially expressed genes in the three libraries were enriched to 344 specific KEGG metabolic pathways by KEGG enrichment analysis, such as the up-regulated gene (dual oxidase (Duox), tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein (YWHAQ)) in MAPK signaling pathway, the up-regulated gene (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH 1)) and down-regulated gene (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2 (UGT 2)) in metabolism of the xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 pathway, the down-regulated gene (actin gene (AG), heat shock protein 90 (HSP 90)) in fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis pathway. To verify the expression levels of DEGs identified by RNA-Seq, the above six hematological immune-related genes were selected for qRT-PCR validation, the qRT-PCR results were consistent with the DEGs results. Our research obtained abundant E. sinensis hemolymph transcriptome information by RNA-Seq, which provides multi-level information for the cloning of novel genes and the study of hemolymph molecular immunology mechanisms of E. sinensis.

Different environmental changes may have some consistent effects on soil microbial community, which remains largely unexplored. Here, we report a novel and general pattern that different environmental changes consistently selected for the sub-dominant soil bacterial phyla. We mimicked 16 types of environmental changes relevant to the Eurasian steppe ecosystem, including removing different number of plant functional groups, mowing, nitrogen adding, phosphorus adding, watering, warming, and some of their combinations. While the absolute abundance of each of the four dominant bacteria phyla (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Proteobacteria) did not show a consistent response to these treatments, that of the five sub-dominant phyla (Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospirae, and Planctomycetes) showed a consistent increase. The dominant phyla had high abundances of genes responsible for energy production/conversion and transcription, exhibiting oligotrophic traits; in contrast, the sub-dominant phyla had high abundance of 16S rDNA sequences, which could be due to greater rRNA copy number or smaller genomes, showing large growth/propagation potential and copiotrophic trait. Stochastic processes (e.g., random birth, death, colonization) played more important roles in structuring the sub-dominant than dominant phyla, and the treatments promoted the stochastic processes. The copiotrophy and stochasticity of sub-dominant phyla led to their positive responses to the treatments.

Complete Streets are designed to allow for safe access and use for all (e.g., pedestrians, bicyclists, transit commuters, motorists) to improve mobility and accessibility. Retrofitting Complete Street designs acts as an intervention by increasing active transportation activity and providing safety benefits (e.g., reducing motor vehicle involved crashes and injuries); however there is insufficient evidence related to economic benefits of this redesign. This study applied a natural experiment design to: (1) explore the economic benefits on single-family (SF) property value appreciation before-and-after the implementation of the Complete Street during the housing market boom (from 2000 to 2007), and (2) examine the economic resilience of Complete Street designs on maintaining SF property values during the housing market crash (from 2007 to 2011) at Edgewater Dr. in Orlando, FL. Propensity score matching was used to match intervention and control residences with similar building attributes. On average, SF homes exposed to Complete Streets had 8.2% and 4.3% higher home value appreciation and home value resilience than their counterparts in the adjacent non-exposed control area during housing market boom and recession, respectively. Further, on average, SF homes exposed to Complete Streets experienced relatively higher, at 2.7% and 1.6%, home value appreciation and home value resilience than their control counterparts around the nonadjacent auto-oriented control roads during housing market boom and recession, respectively. The implications of this study can inform local planning practice providing evidence that Complete Streets perform better than conventional street designs on maintaining a ‘healthy’ housing market in both economic boom and recession. The economic benefits found can be integrated with research that demonstrates public health and safety benefits of Complete Streets to address the current barriers in implementing Complete Streets and support for policies facilitating the implementation of Complete Streets nationally.

The performance of Fe-based catalysts has found to be remarkably improved by the addition of ZnO in the reaction of CO2 hydrogenation to linear α-olefins (LAO). The space time yield (STY) of C4-20 α-olefins for bimetallic Fe2Zn1 is 2.4 times of the Fe alone; while a C4-20 olefins selectivity of 60.7 % with an 89.3 % LAOs/olefins ratio in C4-20 alkenes at a CO2 conversion of 43.5 % was achieved as well. Using in situ X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), we have proved that the chemical state of Zn varied between 0 and +2 (Znδ+), accompanying by electronic donating from ZnOx to Fe. Focusing on electronic effects, we revealed the structure evolution during the induction period. The introduction of ZnO changed the ratios of FeCx/FeOx during the reaction. This study uncovered the chemical valence of Zn for CO2 to LAOs and its effects on the structure of active sites and the performance of Fe5C2-ZnO catalysts.

Increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition causes profound changes in the plant community, significantly threatening the terrestrial ecosystem function and stability worldwide. Random migration is a primary determinant of plant community assembly in the neutral model. However, whether its role is affected by N deposition is obscure. Therefore, the effects of eight N application rates (0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g N m−2 yr−1) on the estimated migration rate of plant community were examined in a long-term field study in a semiarid steppe. Our results indicated that N addition significantly impacted the estimated migration rate (F = 4.89, P

A novel optical image encryption scheme is proposed based on quick response code and high dimension chaotic system, where only the intensity distribution of encoded information is recorded as ciphertext. Initially, the quick response code is engendered from the plain image and placed in the input plane of the double random phase encoding architecture. Then, the code is encrypted to the ciphertext with noise-like distribution by using two cascaded gyrator transforms. In the process of encryption, the parameters such as rotation angles and random phase masks are generated as interim variables and functions based on Chen system. A new phase retrieval algorithm is designed to reconstruct the initial quick response code in the process of decryption, in which a priori information such as three position detection patterns is used as the support constraint. The original image can be obtained without any energy loss by scanning the decrypted code with mobile devices. The ciphertext image is the real-valued function which is more convenient for storing and transmitting. Meanwhile, the security of the proposed scheme is enhanced greatly due to high sensitivity of initial values of Chen system. Extensive cryptanalysis and simulation have performed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Ammonia-oxidizers play an essential role in nitrogen (N) transformation and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission in forest soils. It remains unclear if ammonia-oxidizers affect interaction between methane (CH4) uptake and N2O emission. Our specific goal was to test the impacts of changes in ammonia-oxidizing communities elicited by N enrichment on soil CH4 uptake and N2O emission. Based on a field experiment, two-forms (NH4Cl and NaNO3) and two levels (40 and 120 kg N ha−1 yr−1) of N were applied in the subtropical plantation forest of southern China. Soil CH4 and N2O fluxes, the abundance and structure of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities were measured using static chamber-gas chromatography, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Nitrogen addition tended to inhibit soil CH4 uptake, but significantly promoted soil N2O emission; moreover, these impacts were more significant with NH 4 + − N than with NO 3 − − N addition. NH4Cl addition significantly changed ammonia-oxidizer abundance with an increase in AOA and a decrease in AOB. Nitrogen additions significantly decreased the relative abundance of 329 bp and 421 bp of archaeal amoA gene. Negative relationships occurred between soil CH4 uptake and AOA abundance and between soil CH4 uptake and AOA/AOB ratio; however, a positive relationship was found between soil N2O emission and AOA abundance. These results indicate that a shift in abundance and composition of ammonia-oxidizing communities is closely linked to changes in soil CH4 uptake and N2O emission under N enrichment. Furthermore, AOA communities play a contrasting role from AOB communities for regulating the fluctuation between soil CH4 and N2O fluxes.

Background and aims Deposited NH 4 + and NO 3 − differently affect soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles due to their contrasting actions in terrestrial ecosystems. However, little information on the effects of exogenous NH 4 + and NO 3 − inputs on the exchange of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the subtropical plantation soils as well as their contribution to global warming is available to date. Methods Based on a field experiment, two-form (NH 4 Cl and NaNO 3 ) and two-level (40 and 120 kg N ha −1 yr −1 ) of N addition, in a slash pine plantation of southern China, we investigated soil CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes and related auxiliary variables (soil temperature and moisture) twice a week using static chamber–gas chromatography. The total global warming potential (GWP) of soil GHG fluxes and N 2 O emission factor (EF) were calculated. Results Low level of NaNO 3 addition significantly increased cumulative annual soil CO 2 emission by 33.7%. N addition significantly promoted annual soil N 2 O emission by 2.4–6.9 folds; moreover, ammonium-N addition had a greater promotion to soil N 2 O emission than nitrate-N addition. However, short-term N addition did not change soil CH 4 uptake. Also, soil CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes were positively correlated with soil temperature and moisture, while soil CH 4 uptake was only driven by soil moisture. Overall, elevated N addition increased the total GWP, and changed the temperature sensitivity (Q 10 ) of soil CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes. Conclusions These results suggest that chronic atmospheric N deposition changes soil-atmospheric GHG fluxes in the subtropical plantation of southern China depending on the levels and forms of N input, and would exacerbate global warming.

Predominant loss of neutral CO 2 has been observed under conditions of low-energy collision-induced dissociation from a prototypical molecular radical cation of the tripeptide aspartylglycylarginine ([DGR] + ). The decarboxylation occurs mainly from the side chain of the aspartic acid residue and partially from the C-terminal carboxyl group. The structural and mechanistic features that facilitate CO 2 loss from the Asp side chain of [DGR] + and its chemically modified analogs incorporating methylation have been elucidated using a combination of Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus modeling and density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level. Current mechanistic investigations suggest that the loss of CO 2 from the side chain of the aspartic acid residue involves hydrogen atom transfer from its carboxyl oxygen atom in conjunction with α-centered radical transfer to the β-centered radical on the aspartic acid side chain. Minor CO 2 loss from the C-terminal carboxyl group occurs through the [DG α R] + isomer, with the radical migrating to the α-carbon of the middle Gly residue. Barriers against the CO 2 loss from the side chain of the aspartic acid residue and from the C-terminus of [DG α R] + are approximately 30 and 36 kcal mol −1 , respectively.

In this work, Fe3O4/Cu composites with both nanorods and nanospheres have been constructed by one-step hydrothermal method. With the decrease of Fe/Cu molar ratio, Cu2+ ions enter into the lattice of Fe3O4 and substituted for Fe2+/Fe3+ ions firstly, then part of Cu2+ ions start to be reduced to Cu metal at molar ratio of 27:3. The samples only possess nanospheres with molar ratio of 30:0–27:3, while nanorods emerge and particle size of nanospheres reduces simultaneously with the ratio reaching to 25:5–23:7. Finally, contributed by nature resonance loss of Fe3O4, high conductivity loss of Cu, interfacial polarization between heterogeneous Fe3O4 and Cu as well as the coexistence of nanospheres and nanorods, the composite with Fe/Cu molar ratio of 25:5 shows RLmin of −53.43 dB and broad bandwidth (RL

Knowledge about how Eriocheir sinensis interacts with microorganisms in its ambient environment is still lacking. Using RNA-Seq, we determined the most conserved genes and pathways compared with other animals and detected highly-induced immune genes in E. sinensis hemocytes post-in vivo challenge with different microbial derivatives. In total, 33.2 million high-quality reads were generated and assembled into 177,679 contigs. Completeness assessment and functional annotation were performed. Lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and β-1, 3-glucan stimulation induced 373, 173, and 108 differentially expressed (DE) transcripts, respectively. GO terms such as 'G-protein-coupled receptor binding', 'negative regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity', and 'positive regulation of blood circulation' were enriched in the DE transcripts. Quantitative real-time PCR validated the data for selected genes. Our data contribute to understanding the immune defense mechanism in E. sinensis and the development of the innate immune system, thereby providing insights into disease control and prevention in aquaculture.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a central role in driving biogeochemical processes in soils, but little information is available on the relation of soil DOM dynamics to microbial activity. The effects of NO3- and NH4+ deposition in grasslands on the amount and composition of soil DOM also remain largely unclear. In this study, a multi-form, low-dose N addition experiment was conducted in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in 2007. Three N fertilizers, NH4Cl, (NH4)(2)SO4 and KNO3, were applied at four rates: 0, 10, 20 and 40 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1). Soil samples from surface (0-10 cm) and subsurface layers (10-20 cm) were collected in 2011. Excitation/emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (EEM) was used to assess the composition and stability of soil DOM. Community-level physiological profile (CLAP, basing on the BIOLOG Ecoplate technique) was measured to evaluate the relationship between soil DOC dynamics and microbial utilization of C resources. Nitrogen (N) dose rather than N form significantly increased soil DOC contents in surface layer by 23.5%-35.1%, whereas it significantly decreased soil DOC contents in subsurface layer by 10.4%-23.8%. Continuous five-year N addition significantly increased the labile components and decreased recalcitrant components of soil DOM in surface layer, while an opposite pattern was observed in subsurface layer; however, the humification indices (HIX) of soil DOM was unaltered by various N treatments. Furthermore, N addition changed the amount and biodegradability of soil DOM through stimulating microbial metabolic activity and preferentially utilizing organic acids. These results suggest that microbial metabolic processes dominate the dynamics of soil DOC, and increasing atmospheric N deposition could be adverse to the accumulation of soil organic carbon pool in the alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

It is crucial to understand the effects of enhanced nitrogen (N) deposition on soil methane (CH4) uptake to develop a better comprehension of carbon (C) dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. A two-year field study was conducted to assess the effects of various forms of N (NH4+ and N-3(-)) and associated N deposition rates (0, 10,20 and 40 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) on alpine meadow soil CH4 fluxes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Soil CH4 fluxes, soil temperature, and soil moisture were monitored weekly using the static chamber technique and gas chromatography. Soil inorganic N pools, soil pH and aboveground biomass were measured monthly to examine the key controlling factors of soil CH4 flux. Our results showed that N addition significantly promoted plant growth and changed soil water-filled pore space (WFPS), but did not alter soil inorganic N storages over the short term. Low rates of N addition significantly decreased the seasonal amount of CH4 uptake by 8.6% compared with the control. Soil CH4 fluxes were mainly determined by soil WFPS, followed by inorganic N availability. N addition increased the contribution of soil WFPS, pH and soil NO3- storage. The observed reduction in CH4 uptake caused by N addition may be largely due to a decrease in physical diffusion, as the biochemical inhibition effects on methanotrophic bacteria are minor. These results suggest that soil inorganic N is a regulatory factor of soil CH4 uptake, and its promotion or inhibition to soil CH4 uptake depends on the N status in terrestrial ecosystems. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Background and aims Sitosterolaemia (STSL; OMIN #210250) is a disorder of lipid metabolism and a rare autosomal recessive condition caused by loss-of-function biallelic mutations in the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette, subfamily G member 5 (ABCG5) gene (NM_022,436.2) or in the adjacent ABCG8 gene (NM_022,437.2). STSL patients often have high plasma total sterols and present a heterogeneous phenotype. Here, we describe a male patient with a post-mortem diagnosis of STSL who was admitted to the emergency department with advanced heart failure, tendon xanthomas and findings from the follow up with his living family members. Methods We established a family pedigree and performed whole-exome next-generation sequencing for the patient and Sanger sequencing of DNA samples obtained from his living family members. Plasma sterol (β-sitosterol) level was measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results Both the patient and his younger brother carried a homozygous mutation of p. R263Q (c.788G > A) in the ABCG8 gene. The patient's plasma plant sterol level was extremely high (β-sitosterol: 107.5 μg/ml), and the plasma β-sitosterol level of his younger brother without tendon xanthomas was also abnormally high (51.5 μg/ml). The β-sitoserol levels of other living family members including ones with a heterozygous mutation of p. R263Q (c.788G > A) were normal (i.e. undetectable). Based on the results of genetic detection and very high plasma level of β-sitosterol, we made a definitive diagnosis of STSL. Conclusions Emergency physicians should be aware of the need to further investigate individuals with xanthomas and cardiovascular disease using biochemical and genetic analyses to aid in diagnosis and intervention.

The effects of increasing nitrogen (N) deposition on soil N dynamics and soil acidification in boreal forests are not well understood. Previous studies have shown that changes in N availability could, in turn, affect the magnitude and direction of soil net N mineralization and nitrification rates as well as soil acidification. To better understand the responses of soil inorganic N content and acidification to increased atmospheric N deposition, a cold-temperate coniferous forest in the Daxing’anling region was selected for a low level N addition experiment with different forms of N. It was hypothesized that the soil inorganic N dynamics influenced by plant uptake and soil transformation, immobilization and loss in these N limited boreal forest soils would be sensitive to N addition, even under low level input. It was also hypothesized that the combined effects of NH 4 + – N and NO 3 - – N addition on soil acidification would be different from their individual effects. During the growing season (May to September) of 2010, soil samples of the organic (Oae horizons combined) and mineral (0–30 cm) layers of each plot were collected to measure inorganic N ( NH 4 + – N and NO 3 - – N ) contents and soil pH. The results showed that most of the NH 4 + – N and NO 3 - – N in the cold-temperate coniferous forest soil was accumulated in the organic layer, and decreased with depth. Contrary to expectations, N addition had no effect on the NH 4 + – N content of the organic or mineral soil, while low N addition significantly increased the soil NO 3 - – N content in the mineral horizons. Moreover, the addition of nitrate fertilizers such as KNO3 and NH4NO3 had a strong effect on soil NO 3 - – N content in the top 10 cm of the mineral layer. Both soil NO 3 - – N and NH 4 + – N contents showed obvious seasonal variations, which were consistent with the seasonal pattern of the soil pH values. This was that low and high N addition tended to lead to accumulated soil NO 3 - – N in the peak of the growing season. High N and NH4NO3 addition significantly reduced soil pH in the mineral horizons, and the effects of NH 4 + – N and NO 3 - – N addition on soil acidification were additive, which agreed with the second hypothesis. These results suggest the responses of the cold-temperate coniferous forest to chronic N deposition are more sensitive than other N rich forests. Soil NO 3 - – N and NH 4 + – N dynamics inconsistently respond to N addition in different soil horizons, months, added N levels and N types. The difference in early response to N input between NH 4 + – N and NO 3 - – N could be related to soil N status and differences in the content and properties of N ions. Environmental variables including soil temperature and moisture have the greatest impact on the N dynamics. Soil acidification caused by N addition affects the overall performance of soil inorganic N dynamics including plant uptake and soil N transformation and loss. It should be noted that soil pH in N limited boreal forest soils may be more vulnerable to N deposition, and its critical load may be 30–50 kg N ha−1 year−1. Long-term studies are needed to reveal the responses of N dynamics and soil pH to increased N deposition and to clarify the mechanisms responsible for soil acidification.

South China and surrounding regions extend from the eastern Tibetan plateau, through the tectonically stable Sichuan basin and the broad Mesozoic magmatic and fold belt, to the trench-arc-basin system in the western Pacific which provide an ideal place to study deformation of the continental lithosphere under long-term magmatism and oceanic subduction. We obtained the effective elastic thickness ( T e ) and its anisotropy of South China and surrounding regions from the analysis of coherence between topography and satellite gravity using wavelet methods. The T e values of the study area vary from 2 to 75 km, with relatively low T e values (≤ 30 km) along the tectonic boundaries, the North–South Gravity Lineament (NSGL) and seismic zones, and in the regions with high surface heat flow. The evenly low T e values in the Lower Yangtze region and the Cathaysia block can be attributed to the long-lived subduction of the Paleo-Tethys and the Paleo-Pacific ocean basins beneath the South China block (SCB). The NSGL in the SCB may separate the unmodified (high T e ) and thermally weakened (low T e ) continental lithosphere due to oceanic subduction. Despite different distances to the tectonic boundaries, earthquakes occur more frequently in regions with T e values of 10–30 km, implying strain concentration in the low- T e regions. A positive correlation between seismic activity and the magnitude of T e anisotropy suggests that a highly anisotropic mechanical structure will promote strain localization and brittle failure in the lithosphere. The poor correlation between the weak axis of T e anisotropy and the dynamic indicators of the present tectonic regime (the shear-wave splitting direction, the maximum horizontal compressive stress direction) confirms that T e anisotropy mainly reflects tectonic inheritance of the continental lithosphere.

In this paper, a hybrid social model of econometric model and social influence model is proposed for evaluating the influence of pricing policy and public education policy on residential habit of electricity using in power resources management. And, a hybrid society simulation platform based on the proposed model, called residential electricity consumption multi-agent systems (RECMAS), is designed for simulating residential electricity consumption by multi-agent system. RECMAS is composed of consumer agent, power supplier agent, and policy maker agent. It provides the policy makers with a useful tool to evaluate power price policies and public education campaigns in different scenarios. According to an influenced diffusion mechanism, RECMAS can simulate the residential electricity demand–supply chain and analyze impacts of the factors on residential electricity consumption. Finally, the proposed method is used to simulate urban residential electricity consumption in China.