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In this current work, the herbicidal activity of fungal metabolites stacked chitosan nanocomposite against significant aquatic invasive weed Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) was examined. Herbicidal metabolites from the fungal strain Allophoma oligotrophica were extracted and purified under standard condition. Altered ionic gelation technique was received for the amalgamation of chitosan nanocomposite fabricated with herbicidal metabolites. Synthesized nanocomposite incited checked herbicidal impact on the leaflets of water hyacinth. Synthesized nanocomposite induced marked herbicidal effect on the tested leaflets of water hyacinth. Necrotic development on the tested leaflets at earlier incubation period followed by progressive enhancement of necrotic lesion reveals the noteworthy herbicidal activity of the synthesized nanocomposite. Parenchymal, mesenchymal tissue disintegration, reduction of total chlorophyll content, elevated anti oxidative enzymes and changes in qualitative protein profiling of tested leaflets reveals the nanocomposite induced noteworthy morphometric and functional effects. Effect of solvents on the release profile demonstrates that ethyl acetate treatment brought about controlled or sustained release of metabolites. No sign of toxic effect on the zebra fish embryonic developmental stages revealed biocompatibility of the nanocomposite.

The phycocyanin was purified by Sephadex- G-100 and RP-HPLC and protein content was found to be 52.82% and the high purity fraction was collected and RP-HPLC analysis of fractionated phycocyanin, the α-subunit and β-subunit were detected in 4.9 and 11.1(mAU). The frequency of peak 1456.26 cm−1 has showed the CH2 bending vibration and the protein amide II band was detected at 1539.20 cm−1 (C O stretching) and 2358.94 cm−1. In 1H NMR analysis, 14 chemical shifts (δ) were observed and signals confirmed namely alkyl halide, alkene, aldehyde proton and carboxylic acid. The in vivo anticancer effect was assessed by MTT assay against HepG-2 cell lines and in vivo antidiabetic effect was carried out through α-amylase and β-glucosidase enzyme inhibition methods. The promising anticancer effect 68% was noticed at the concentration of 500 μg/ml and lower anticancer effect was noticed at the concentration of 100 μg/ml against Hep-G2 cell lines. The α-amylase and β-glucosidase enzyme inhibition of phycocyanin showed dose dependent and maximum inhibition effect at 250 μg/ml. Phycocyanin anti-inflammatory effect such as inhibition of albumin denaturation, antiproteinase, hypotonicity-induced haemolysis and anti-lipoxygenase activities have been recorded maximum level at 500 μg/ml. Phycocyanin have complex structure and high molecular weight with more biomedical applications for drug development.

In this study, the phytoremediation technology from marine source Dunaliella salina was chosen to eliminate fluoride ions from aqueous solution by Adsorption isotherm, Kinetics and RSM optimization methods. Marine microalgae were collected, identified and mass cultured then its physical characteristics, functional groups and surface microstructure was examined by FT-IR, NMR, XRD and SEM analysis also the same was performed on post treated bioadsorbent. Fluoride removal was optimized by different conditions through response surface methodology and kinetics modelling also performed. Several active functional groups were noticed in IR spectra and NMR of pre and post treated microalgal biosorbent. Many micropores, crystalline structure, voids were observed in pre-treated and lesser in post treated bioadsorbent, removal process was optimized by temperature, pH, dose and time and its showed high influence of removal process. The fluoride removal process was optimized by response surface methodology, Langmuir Isotherm, Freundlich Isotherm, Temkin isotherm, Pseudo I order, Pseudo II order and Intra particle diffusion and revealed that the F ions removal mechanism clearly. Microalgae are novel, low-cost and effective bio based innovative methods which are sustainable for the bioremediation of fluoride from water bodies and industrial wastewaters.

The chemical composition, structural features and bioactivities of chitosan derivatives were studied and reported here. Chitin and chitosan was extracted by chemical methods and yield was recorded 35% and 41%, moisture and ash has showed 7.4, 0.73, 1.2 and 0.79% and Ca was recorded high level (590 ppm). The IR spectrum has showed NH primary and secondary amines, OH group and several sugar stretching. N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), H-2 proton of glucosamine (GlcN), Anomeric protons, H-1 [GlcN (H-1D), GlcNAc (H-1A)] were noticed in 1H NMR and anomeric, methyl carbon atoms in 13C NMR. Rough surface, irregular block, crystalline with cluster and porosity structure was noticed by SEM observation. Antioxidant effect has showed good and concentration depended in four antioxidant assays. The α-amylase and β-glucosidase enzyme inhibition effect of chitosan has showed promising and dose depend also anticoagulant potential. Chitosan could be used in pharmaceutical industry and tissue engineering.

The chitin and chitosan of S. prashadi was prepared through demineralization, deproteinzation, deacetylation process and sulfation were carried by chlorosulfonic acid in N,N-dimethylformamide. The sulfate content in chitosan was found to be 18.9%. The carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen composition of the sulfated chitosan were recorded 39.09%, 6.95% and 6.58% respectively. The structural analysis was done by using FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy technique. The DSC curves of sulfated chitosan showed a large endothermic peak resolved with To value of 54.57°C and TP value of 97.46°C. The morphology of sulfated chitin and sulfated chitosan were studied by SEM. The Further in vitro antioxidant activity of sulfated chitosan was screened by scavenging activity of superoxide radical assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, metal-ion chelating effect and reducing power. Its anticoagulant activity was tested for human plasma with respect to Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) and Prothrombin Time (PT). Results prove that sulfated chitosan has potent antioxidant and anticoagulant activity.

Exopolysaccharide (EPS) designated as HMEPS was isolated from Halolactibacillus miurensis and purified through gel filtration chromatography. EPS extracted from the supernatant yielded a 56.1% total carbohydrate content. The ash and moisture content were 12.1% and 1.5% respectively. Galactose and glucose were found as main monosaccharides of the HMEPS through HPLC analysis. FT-IR spectra of the HMEPS revealed its composition with hydroxyl, alkenes, amide and carboxyl as functional groups and aliphatic amine and alkynes at the fingerprint region. In vitro antioxidant activity was investigated against hydroxyl, DPPH, superoxide free radicals and the scavenging activity against all were found to be dose dependent proportionately. HMEPS showed higher reducing ability against superoxide radical and potency in chelating the ferrous ions. 10mg/ml of HMEPS was found equivalent to 2.7units of ascorbic acid through the total antioxidant assay. Phylogenetic relation of H. miurensis SEEN MKU3 (GenBank number KT803852) was plotted with MEGA 5.0.

Antimicrobial prospective of dichloromethane and methanolic extracts of Rhizophora apiculata was to evaluate against urinary tract infective strains such as Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeurginosa , Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae , methanolic extract showed better quality results at 250–350 µg/ml against all strains. And minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were recorded at 160 µg/ml concentration level against for four strains excluding S. aureus at 240 µg/ml. Six phytochemicals (cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, coumarins, quinines and steroids) present in methanolic extract. Two spots were separated in thin layer chromatography and identified as genistein and unidentified alkaloids in addition to showed antibacterial activity in the TLC bioautography overlay assay screening. Together with characterized the genistein and alkaloids for FT-IR spectrum and displayed the occurrence of active functional groups such as hydrogen, carbonyl, carboxylic and ketones. These findings advise that the mangrove metabolites might be a potential candidate for the individualization of novel templates for the development of new antimicrobial agents or combinations of drugs for chemotherapy.

To evaluate the antioxidant potential of phosphorylated chitosan from the Sepioteuthis lessoniana gladius that is thrown as waste in seafood processing industries. Chitin was extracted from the gladius of S. lessoniana by demineralization and deproteinization. Chitosan was obtained by deacetylation of chitin in strong alkali and phosphorylated by using ortho-phosphoric acid. The structure of phosphorylated chitosan was elucidated through Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant efficacy of phosphorylated chitosan was assessed through scavenging activity against 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt) (ABTS), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. The ability to chelate ferrous ion was also assessed. The yield and water solubility of phosphorylated chitosan was calculated as 81% and 78% respectively. The antioxidant activity of phosphorylated chitosan was found concentration dependent. The phosphorylated chitosan scavenges DPPH, ABTS, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals by 56.97%, 76.56%, 71.57% and 56.33% respectively and Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) values of scavenging those radicals were reported as 4.53, 0.46, 0.38 and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. The chelating ability of phosphorylated chitosan was 59.56% with IC50 of 4.07 mg/ml. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of phosphorylated chitosan was compared with that of the standards such as Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA), ascorbic acid, α-Tocopherol and Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA). The results of the present investigation suggest that the phosphorylated chitosan with potent antioxidant property could be used as an alternative antioxidant that from a natural non-conventional source.