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This study examined the perception of the rotating Kanizsa square by using a fixed-trial familiarization method. If the Kanizsa square is rotated across the pacmen, adult observers perceive not only a rotating illusory square, but also an illusory expansion/contraction motion of this square. The phenomenon is called a "rotational dynamic illusion". In experiments 1 and 2, we investigated whether infants perceived the rotational dynamic illusion, finding that 3-8-month-old infants perceived the rotational dynamic illusion as a simple rotation of the Kanizsa square. In experiment 3, we investigated whether infants perceived the rotational dynamic illusion as a rotation of the Kanizsa square or as a deformation of shape, finding that 3-4-month-old infants did perceive the rotational dynamic illusion as a rotation of the Kanizsa square. Our results show that while 3-8-month-old infants perceive the rotating Kanizsa square, however, it is difficult for the infants to extract expansion/contraction motion from the rotational dynamic illusion.

One of the main goals of image understanding and computer vision applications is to recognize an object from various images. A lot of studies on recognizing objects based on invariable shapes have been explored, however, in reality, there are many objects with multiple configurations, which are very difficult to be recognized. We call this kind of problem as the recognition of multiple configurations of objects (RMCO). To achieve RMCO, firstly we obtain a shortest path (the Geodesic distance path) between two feature vectors in pre-shape spaces; along this obtained path, we can generate a series of data which can be used to recognize the observed objects by using shape space theories. In other words, we may augment the database content with very limited data to recognize more objects.

It has been known that the visual system can detect more than one disparity and/or motion direction at the same region in the image. These multiple (or transparent) surfaces can be perceived when, for example, we are looking scenes through a glass. However, many conventional models cannot deal with these multiple surfaces. The present paper investigates the neural encoding and decoding of multiple disparities with the binocular energy model, which is known as a biologically plausible model. Based on the analysis of the response of the energy model to multiple disparities, the present paper proposes a stereo model that can detect disparities of two overlapping surfaces.

A high-precision image position sensing method for a position sensitive detector (PSD) with a kaleidoscopic mirror tunnel (KM-PSM) is introduced. In order to increase the relative resolution of the image position detecting element itself, a hybrid type position sensitive device (R-HPSD) has been invented. A 1 -D mark direction sensing method (PM-DSM) which consists of a 1 -D image position sensing element, a cylindrical lens and a parallel mirror tunnel is proposed for the realization of a high-precision and miniaturized 3 -D position measuring system. Furthermore, an optical range sensing method (RORS), which is suitable for realizing a miniaturized optical range sensing probe based on the triangulation, is proposed.

A null-test of three-dimensional surfaces is made by using Moire topography with a synthetic deformed grating generated by a computer. The procedure for making the synthetic grating is to calculate the theoretical position of the grating lines so that the grating projected onto the surface under test is be observed as a set of straight lines when the surface has a desired shape. Several optical configurations are proposed. Experimental results on the null-test of press-formed steel plates are presented.