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Zhejiang Rosy Vinegar (ZRV) is a traditional condiment in Southeast China. This study aimed to track the physicochemical, microbiological, sensory changes, and metabolomic profiles of ZRV during fermentation and aging. The increase of acidity and decrease of reducing sugar were associated with the dominant growth of Lactobacillus and Acetobacter. The total 35 volatile compounds were identified in ZRV, mainly containing alcohols, esters, acids, aldehydes, ketones acids, phenols and nitrogen-containing. Compared to phenethyl acetate with sweet aroma in fresh vinegar, the compound with high odor activity values was isoamyl acetate with fruity aromas in aged vinegar. Furthermore, 1309 types of non-volatile components were identified, and histidine metabolism and arginine biosynthesis were revealed as main pathways during fermenting and aging. Concurrently, various bioactive substances in ZRV were identified. This study enriched the knowledge on the components and flavor of ZRV, and assist to improve the production quality of vinegar.

Adipose tissue is endocrine organ that responds by secreting numerous hormones that regulate metabolism in skeletal muscle and the liver. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of spexin and adiponectin in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver and evaluate the relationship between circulating adipocytokines and insulin resistance. Two groups of subjects were evaluated: 41 non-alcoholic fatty liver subjects (age 35.17 ​± ​12.29 year, BMI 30.97 ​± ​2.75 ​kg/m2) and 38 normal controls (age 38.47 ​± ​11.63 year, BMI 22.83 ​± ​3.00 ​kg/m2). Plasma concentrations of spexin and adiponectin were determined using immunosorbent assay kits. Insulin resistance was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) formula derived from fasting insulin and glucose levels. Compared to normal controls, plasma concentrations of spexin and adiponectin were significantly lower in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver (P ​, Highlights • The plasma spexin levels were decreased in patients with NAFLD. • A negative correlation was shown between spexin and HOMA-IR. • A negative correlation was shown between adiponectin and HOMA-IR.