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Two commercially available simple ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate and 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethansulfonate, effectively promote the solvent-free dehydrative carbon–carbon (C–C) bond-forming reaction of a variety of diarylmethanols and triarylmethanols with π-rich heteroaromatics, such as pyrroles, indole, furan, and thiophene without ring-opening and polymerization to give the corresponding not only 2-substituted pyrroles, furan, and thiophene but also 3-substituted indoles in good to excellent yields with moderate to excellent regioselectivities. These dehydrative C–C bond formation reactions of alcohols offer several advantages, such as the use of stoichiometric amounts of π-rich heteroaromatics and ionic liquids, water is the only by-product, there is no need for either organic solvents or expensive metal or strong Bronsted acid catalysts in the reaction, and the diversity of diarylmethylation and triarylmethylation.

Monitoring cell-mediated immunity (CMI) can be used to estimate the risk of viral infections in kidney transplant recipients. The Immuknow (IMK) assay measures CD4(+) T-cell adenosine triphosphate activity, assesses patient CMI status, and assists clinicians in determining the risk of viral infection.We retrospectively analyzed 224 IMK values in 39 kidney transplant recipients at our institution from April 2012 to January 2013. We analyzed the relationship between IMK value and viral infection during the early and late post-transplantation periods. Multiple regression analyses were performed, to determine which factors impacted the results of the IMK assay.Eight patients developed viral infections, including BK virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and shingles. Five infections occurred in the early post-transplantation period (50 d) and 3 in the late period (120 d). The IMK levels in patients who developed an infection in the early period were within normal limits; however, those in the late period were significantly lower than 200 ng/mL (421.0 ± 062.6 for early vs 153.7 ± 72.7 for late; P = .02). Our multiple regression analyses indicated that peripheral white blood cell and neutrophil counts affected IMK values (P = .03 and P = .02, respectively).The IMK assay is a useful test for identifying patients at risk for post-transplantation viral infections in the late transplant period.