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To compare the first-attempt success in endotracheal intubation (ETI) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) using direct laryngoscopy (DL) and video laryngoscopy (VL) (GlideScope(®)) among novice emergency physicians (EPs).This study is a historically controlled clinical design. From May 2011 to April 2013 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients were intubated during CPR by novice EPs. CPR data was automatically recorded by pre-installed video and subsequently analysed. The primary outcome was the success rate of the first-attempt at ETI. In addition, time to successful ETI from first-attempt (T-complete), duration of chest compression interruptions, and incidence of oesophageal intubation were compared.Of 305 patients undergoing ETI, 83 were intubated by novice EPs. The success rate of first-attempt ETI in the VL group (n=49) was higher than that in the DL group (n=34, 91.8% vs. 55.9%; p0.001). The median T-complete was significantly shorter with VL than with DL (37 [29-55] vs. 62 [56-110] s; p0.001). Oesophageal intubation was observed only in the DL group (n=6, 17.6%). The median duration of chest compression interruptions was greater with DL (7 [3-6] s) than with VL (0 [0-0] s). Improvements in ETI during CPR were observed in the VL group after the first 3 months, but not the DL group during regular use for 1 year.For novice EPs, the VL could significantly improve the first-attempt success in ETI during CPR while the DL couldn't improve it.

Purpose We suggest a method to achieve anatomical reduction in mallet finger fractures that are insufficiently treated by the 2–extension block wire technique. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 18 patients who were found to have an irreducible dorsal fragment and distal interphalangeal joint incongruence owing to rotation of the dorsal fragment in the sagittal plane. In these cases, we additionally employed a dorsal counterforce technique to supplement the 2–extension block technique. An additional K-wire was used to apply counterforce against the distal part of the dorsal fragment and control rotation in the sagittal plane. Results All 18 fractures united. Congruent joint surfaces and anatomical reduction were seen in all cases. The mean active flexion of the distal interphalangeal joints was 83.8° (range, 79°–88°) and the mean extension loss was 0.4° (range, 0°–4°). Conclusions We believe that the dorsal counterforce technique effectively supplements the 2–extension block K-wire technique and aids control of dorsal fragment rotation in the sagittal plane. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.

Aims Long-term ovariectomy-induced metabolic changes such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance might be caused directly by estrogen deficiency and may occur partly as secondary effects of obesity arising due to the orexigenic effects of estrogen deficiency. Long-term estrogen treatment prevented those by exerting anorexigenic and metabolic actions in ovariectomized mice. However, the effect of short-term estrogen treatment on glucose metabolism in mice with short-term ovariectomy, during which ovariectomy-induced obesity does not develop, is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of short-term parenteral 17beta-estradiol treatment on glucose metabolism and blood glucose levels in mice at 2 weeks after ovariectomy, a time period during which ovariectomy-induced obesity does not develop. Main methods We examined the effect of three 17beta-estradiol injections on fasting blood glucose levels, insulin resistance, components of the insulin signaling pathway, AMPK activation, and the expression of genes related to glucose metabolism in liver, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissues of non-obese C57BL/6N mice with short-term ovariectomy. Key findings Three 17beta-estradiol injections decreased the fasting blood glucose levels, activated AMPK, and decreased the expression of gluconeogenic genes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α in the liver. But three 17beta-estradiol injections did not affect insulin sensitivity and the components of the insulin signaling pathway in the liver and skeletal muscle. Significance Short-term parenteral 17beta-estradiol treatment decreases the fasting blood glucose levels not via insulin sensitivity of the skeletal muscle in non-obese mice with short-term ovariectomy.

Aim of the study The purpose of the present study was to screen aromatic essential oils that have antidepressant effects to identify the regulatory mechanisms of selected essential oils. Materials and methods The antidepressant effects of essential oils of Anthemis nobilis (chamomile), Salvia sclarea (clary sage; clary), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), and Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) were assessed using a forced swim test (FST) in rats. Rats were treated with essential oils by intraperitoneal injection or inhalation. Serum levels of corticosterone were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Among the essential oils tested, 5% (v/v) clary oil had the strongest anti-stressor effect in the FST. We further investigated the mechanism of clary oil antidepression by pretreatment with agonists or antagonists to serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), adrenaline, and GABA receptors. The anti-stressor effect of clary oil was significantly blocked by pretreatment with buspirone (a 5-HT1A agonist), SCH-23390 (a D1 receptor antagonist) and haloperidol (a D2, D3, and D4 receptor antagonist). Conclusions Our findings indicate that clary oil could be developed as a therapeutic agent for patients with depression and that the antidepressant-like effect of clary oil is closely associated with modulation of the DAnergic pathway.

Camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) and m-cresol are known to be one of the most effective pairs of dopant and solvent for polyaniline (PANI) doping, respectively. Although the concept of secondary dopant that modifies the conformation of PANI has been a major description for the role of m-cresol, the acidity of m-cresol also has been suggested as one of the crucial factors enhancing electron mobility of PANI. A m-cresol molecule is small enough to diffuse into PANI cluster, and it has ability to exchange a proton with a camphorsulfonate ion and PANI, while CSA is relatively big to stay in PANI crystalline region. Experiments and semiempirical quantum mechanics calculations were used in this study to investigate the role of acidic m-cresol in PANI. When 3-methylphenolate ions stay in PANI cluster, energy band gap is predicted to decrease for polaronic and bipolaronic structures, while undissociated m-cresol does not work for doping.

Although deficits in synaptic plasticity have been identified in aged or neuroinflamed animals with memory impairments, few studies have examined the cellular basis of plasticity in such animals. Here, we examined whether chronic neuroinflammation altered long-term depression (LTD) and studied the underlying mechanism of LTD impairment by neuroinflammation. Chronic neuroinflammation was induced by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the fourth ventricle. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials were recorded extracellularly in the rat hippocampal CA1 area to examine alterations in synaptic plasticity. Chronic administration of LPS induced remarkable memory impairment in the Morris water maze test. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent LTD was almost absent in LPS-infused animals. The AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated synaptic response was reduced in the LPS-infused group. These results suggest that reduction in NMDAR-dependent LTD might arise because of alterations in postsynaptic AMPARs as well as NMDARs and that such changes may be present in mild and early forms of Alzheimer-type dementia.

Purpose The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between masticatory muscle volume and mandibular skeletal measurements in patients with and without facial asymmetry. This was done in order to determine whether asymmetric mandibular prognathism is related to masticatory muscle asymmetry. Patients and Methods The study was conducted with 40 adult patients with mandibular prognathism composed of 2 groups, the asymmetry group (n = 20) and the nonasymmetry group (n = 20). Using 3-dimensional reformatted computed tomography (CT) images, the volume of masticatory muscle (masseter, temporal, medial, and lateral pterygoid muscles) and various skeletal measurements (hemimandibular volume, ramal height, body length, mandibular length, gonial angle) were evaluated and compared. The right-left difference was expressed by an asymmetry index {(right − left)/left, %}. Results The results showed that in the asymmetry group, the longer mandibular side (contralateral side of chin deviation) exhibited longer ramal and body length, a wider gonial angle, and more hemimandibular volume with less medial pterygoid volume, whereas the nonasymmetry group did not show a statistical bilateral difference between the skeletal and muscular measurements. The correlation analysis showed that patients with facial asymmetry did not have similar patterns of muscle-bone relation as compared with the symmetrical subjects. Conclusion In patients with mandibular prognathism, the bilateral difference in muscle volume would reflect the difference in the spatial anatomy of a skeletal structure and could not predict mandibular skeletal asymmetry.

A series of rhodanine derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit PRL-3. Benzylidene rhodanine derivative showed good biological activity, while compound 5e was the most active in this series exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.9 microM in vitro and showed a reduced invasion in cell-based assay.

The unsteady extinction limit of (CH4 + N2)/air diffusion flames was investigated in terms of the time history of the strain rate and initial strain rates. A spatially locked flame in an opposed-jet counterflow burner was perturbed using linear velocity variation, and time-dependent flame luminosity and unsteady extinction limits were measured with a high-speed intensified CCD (ICCD) camera. In addition, the transient maximum flame temperature and hydroxyl (OH) radical were measured as a function of time using Rayleigh scattering and OH laser-induced fluorescence, respectively. In this experiment, unsteady flames survive at strain rates that are much higher than the extinction limit of steady flames and unsteady extinction limits increase as the slope of the strain rate increases or as the initial strain rate decreases. We found that the equivalent strain rate represents well the unsteady behavior in the outer convective–diffusive layer of the flame. By using the equivalent strain rate, we were able to accurately estimate the contribution of the unsteady effect in the outer convective–diffusive layer to the extinction limit extension, and we also identified the unsteady effect in the inner diffusive–reactive layer of the flame. Consequently, the extension of unsteady extinction limits results from the unsteady effects of both the convective–diffusive layer and the diffusive–reactive layer. The former effect is dominant at the beginning of the velocity change, and the latter effect is dominant near the extinction limit.

The extinction point, time-dependent flame temperature, relative [OH], and the instantaneous luminosity of a flame during the unsteady extinction process were measured in non-premixed counterflow flames, and characteristics of each parameter near the extinction limit were investigated. We found that the unsteady extinction point is much higher than the steady extinction point and OH radical is a more adequate indicator of extinction than temperature, especially for turbulent and unsteady flames.

A nanocomposite material, which consists of polyaniline (PANI) and inorganic Na + -montmorillonite (MMT), was synthesized via a microemulsion polymerization method, in which the Na + -MMT was forced to be swollen, following insertion of a mixture of aniline monomer, sodium lauryl sulfate and pentanol under sonication into its gallery. The d-spacing of the PANI/Na + -MMT nanocomposite was found to become wider about 2.3 A than that of the pure Na + -MMT particles, due to the successful intercalation of PANI into Na + -MMT layers. The electrorheological (ER) fluid based on the fabricated PANI/Na + -MMT nanocomposite was prepared by dispersing the particles in insulating silicone oil. Dynamic mechanical properties of the ER fluid were investigated via an oscillatory test using a vertical oscillation rheometer.