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It is well known that sea-salt aerosols in particulate matter (PM) react with acids such as H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 during transportation and thereby lose chloride ions (Cl-loss). The PM and fog were sampled concurrently at different altitudes in the Hachimantai mountain range, northern Japan. The PM and fog sampled at different altitudes had nearly identical properties for the ion components. However, the PM was in a Cl-depleted state (more than 80% of all samples), but the fog water was not in so Cl-depleted state (less than 29%). As a result, it could be explained that this phenomenon caused because the fog droplets took up the gaseous state HCl other than sea-salt PM. After all Cl - in the fog water recovered and was rather rich compared with the sea-salt or the PM by the uptake of the gaseous state HCl. Moreover, it was found that for PM coarse (2.5

Close correlations were found between Hα dark emerging loops and soft x-ray loop brightenings from five coordinated observations of emerging flux regions between the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) aboard Yohkoh satellite and the Domeless Solar Telescope (DST) of Hida Observatory. The results for the EFR of NOAA 7495 (4–5 May, 1993) are presented in some detail.

Lanthanide metals (Ln: Eu and Yb) were dissolved in liquid ammonia and reacted readily with Co and Ni powders to form active lanthanide-covered Co and Ni (Ln-Co and Ln-Ni). The present systems were found to be a good probe for defining and understanding the surface properties of hydrogen-absorbing lanthanide-3d transition metal intermetallic compounds. To evaluate the surface properties towards hydrogen, Ln-Co and Ln-Ni were characterized by the isotopic exchange reaction of H 2 and D 2 . When Eu or Yb was introduced onto the Co or Ni surface, the reaction rates of isotopic exchange somewhat decreased in the region of low coverage with the lanthanide metals and then increased with increasing coverage. The active surface of Co and Ni powders was gradually covered with the lanthanide metals and simultaneously the interactions between the lanthanide and 3d-transition metals occurred to produce local intermetallic compound formation on the grain surface. This is a reason why the surfaces of lanthanide-covered 3d-transition metals are active for catalytic activation of hydrogen.