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Ophiolitic suture zones are characterized by highly deformed rocks of different types and metamorphism in small area. These characteristic conditions make each rock unit is hardly followed on the field and mapped on a small scale. Thus, the present study is suggested to map the rocks and structures of Tharwah part of the Tharwah-Bi'r Umq suture zone in western Arabian Shield using remote sensing techniques and field verification. Rock type, thickness, geometry, isotropism, metamorphism and weathering control mainly the reflectance behavior of the rocks. Thus, the remote sensing works include the spectral signature curves analysis of the present rock units; some relational behavior which led to eight characterized band ratios for distinguished the rock units; moreover four false color band ratios composite were determined to create lithological map of the investigated area which were [7/5, 6/3, 6/7], [6/7, 6/2, (6/5)*(4/5)], [6/2, 7/3, 3] and [6/7, 6/5, 4/2]. Convolution filtering process and resulted lithologic map were used as two components for developing the geologic structure mapping. Although the diversity of rock types and intense structural deformation, the rock units and their affecting structural deformation are mapped clearly on the images and show a significant precised map after field verification, on compared with the other published maps. Tectonically, the thrust sheets affecting the ophiolite sequence were developed initially by a northwestward contractional tectonic event that was followed by an east-west contractional event which induced a transpression movement on the pre-existing thrust and foliation planes.

Introduction: Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare malignancy that is challenging to diagnose, with metastasis regarded as the only true way to differentiate parathyroid carcinoma from adenoma. Case presentation: A 63 year-old woman presented to the emergency department with neck and right arm pain. She reported a previous parathyroidectomy for a mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. Admission labs showed hypercalcemia (serum calcium 13; ionized calcium 1.47; PTH 138.5). MRI-spine revealed a soft tissue mass causing destruction of the C4 vertebral body and spinal cord compression. Sestamibi showed intense tracer uptake in the vertebral mass with nonfocal physiologic thyroidal uptake. Otolaryngology was consulted to assist in the approach to the cervical spine lesion as well as address the hypercalcemia. Intraoperatively, the vertebral mass was exposed and resected; frozen section revealed hypercellular parathyroid and PTH dropped from 138.5 to 9.1. Discussion: Parathyroid carcinoma typically presents with comorbidities due to hypercalcemia. Novelties from the case, including the unusual presentation with spinal cord compression, are discussed. Keywords: Parathyroidectomy, Parathyroid glands, Malignancy, Metastasis, Cervical spine

Autophagy is a cellular process that maintains cellular homeostasis by the proteolytic recycling of cytoplasm. Autophagy occurs at basal levels in almost all cells. It is upregulated in cellular stress including starvation, oxidative stress or during infection. Several viruses including flavivirus have developed strategies to subvert or use autophagy for their efficient replication. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family and the pestivirus virus group. BVDV is responsible for significant economic loss in cattle industry worldwide. A unique characteristic of BVDV is the well-characterized genetic changes that can result in two different phenotypes (biotypes) in cell culture: cytopathic (cp) or non-cytopathic (ncp) effects. The ncp viruses are the most prevalent and important for clinical disease. This study was carried out to determine the effect of different BVDV phenotypes using the virus pair, cp TGAC and ncp TGAN in autophagy induction, as well as to investigate the role of autophagy in BVDV induced cytopathic effect.showed that both biotypes (cp and ncp) of BVDV induced autophagy in immortal Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line as well as primary bovine turbinate (Bt) cells following infection. There was no significant difference between cp or ncp strains of BVDV in autophagosome formation (p0.05) in either MDBK or Bt cells. The autophagy inhibiting drug, 3-methyladenine (3MA) significantly reduced autophagy (p0.05) as well as viral replication. While autophagy inducing drug rapamycin significantly enhanced autophagy as well as viral replication. The co-localization study using, BVDV NS5A, Erns and E1 proteins with autophagy marker, light chain-3 (LC3) revealed that BVDV replication was associated with autophagosomes. This study revealed that both cp and ncp strains of BVDV induced autophagy at similar level and used autophagy machinery for their replication.

The Kareim basin in the Central Eastern Desert is one of the largest Ediacaran post-amalgamation (Hammamat) basins in Egypt. It formed at a time of extensional tectonism (600 ± 20 Ma) in the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield. The Kareim basin preserves a ~6500 m fill of rapidly deposited alluvial fan and lake sediments. Due to monotonous lithology and complex facies variations the stratigraphic architecture of this and other large Hammamat basins is poorly known. In this study, LANDSAT 8 (OLI) data for the Kareim was processed to provide best band ratio and PCA images that allow tracing of sandstone-dominant and conglomerate-dominant packages, revealing a configuration of eight new stratigraphic units (Units 1–8). Units 1–3 are basinwide, while Units 4–8 are localized and partly bounded by intraformational angular unconformities that formed during syn-sedimentary tectonism. Fan palaeoslopes and palaeocurrents were W-directed in Units 1–3, then switched to SW- and S-directed in later units, implying that the provenance areas lay east and north of the basin, not south as in previous basin evolutionary models. This study provides the first RS-guided stratigraphic dissection of a Hammamat basin, and provides a sensitive tool for detecting intraformational unconformities in basins filled with monotonous molasse sequences. It paves the way for the sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Egyptian Hammamat basins.

Understanding the spatio-temporal changes of the terrestrial water mass behavior together with Enhanced models of natural water storage variation are imperative for better assessing, adapting better evaluable quantified hydrologic catchments. This study provides a reliable impact of the GRACE “gravity recovery and climate experiment” data to gain an independent water mass change on large regional scale. Using GRACE data sets, Terrestrial total Water Storage (TWS) are alternative index to investigate spatio-temporal water variation responses. This study focuses on the Nile basin and utilizes the integration of TWS extracted from GRACE data solutions and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data sets to interpret the average annual/seasonal variation of Terrestrial Total Water Mass. Terrestrial total Water Storage (TWS) was obtained from GRACE data on monthly basis over the period of January 2003–Jul 2016.156 gravity field solutions (RL06 unconstrained solutions) were analyzed and processed as follows: (1) Removing of temporal mean, destriping, smoothing with 250 km radius, (2) Generation of Trend and Standard deviation (SD) images over the entire period, (3) All mass anomalies derived from GRACE data were explicated as an indicator for water mass changes, (4) Topographic, geological and hydrological data were compared to the preformed SDGRACE spatial distribution anomalies utilizing GIS workspace data pool to recognize areas addressing major and significant temporal variations in mass considering the affecting parameters that lead to such observed rise in those variations. Generally, both the analyzed, processed GRACE and TRMM data sets as well as the resulted TWS, SD and trend images displayed a statistically increasing trend in the seasonal water mass over the entire Nile basin as an average in the investigated period (2003–2016). The results show a significant increasing trend during 2013–2016-time segment especially over the northern region.

Understanding the statistical relations among the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiation (ASTER) data and observed water quality parameters, in order to develop a mathematical relation for the precise prediction of the missing data in a given area, is the main aim of the present study. This should enable to establish a spatial distribution map for each parameter of water quality for the area. The method was applied to Qaroun Lake in the Fayoum depression of Egypt.The water quality parameters obtained from ASTER data used in the present work are: Temperature, Turbidity, Hydrogen ion concentration (pH), Salinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total alkalinity, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Ortho-phosphorus.18 water sample data were used in the study: 15 sample data for mathematical model construction, giving the relation between the ASTER values and the water quality parameters, while 3 samples data were used to test the obtained model.The SPSS software of IBM was also used in the present research for the applied statistical analysis.The analysis showed a significant correlation between the observed values and the remotely sensed data with R2 > 0.94 and sig.