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In face of large-scale disasters, persons with fewer assets are at greater risk of persistent poorer mental health than persons with more assets. Everyday daily routine disruptions and financial hardship could mediate this association.This prospective population-representative study in Hong Kong aimed to investigate the relation between assets during the acute phase of COVID-19 (February-August 2020, T1) and persistent probable depression from T1 to March-August 2021 (T2), as well as the mediating effects of daily routine disruptions and financial hardship on the assets-depression association.Low assets at T1 prospectively related to persistent probable depression from T1 to T2. Primary routine disruptions (i.e., healthy eating and sleep) at T1 and financial hardship at T2 were found to fully mediate the association between T1 assets and persistent probable depression.Persistent probable depression reported on the PHQ-9 should be further verified with clinical diagnoses/interviews.The COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by a global economic downturn. Persons who have fewer assets could be at greater risk of depression during this period. Our findings suggest a need to provide behavioral and financial assistance to persons with fewer assets in the short run and a need to ensure that everyone has adequate assets to mitigate the mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in the long run.

Interfacial solar-driven evaporators have presented great potential for water purification owing to their low energy consumption and high steam generation efficiency. However, their further applications are hindered by the high costs and complicated fabrication processes. Here, a scalable bilayer interfacial evaporator was constructed via an affordable technique, in which carbon black deposited nonwoven fabric (CB@NF) was employed as the upper photothermal layer, as well as PVA/starch hybrid hydrogel for self-floating and water transport. Under simulated one sun irradiation, CB@NF layer displayed excellent photothermal conversion performance, whose temperature could increase 30.4 °C within 15 min. Moreover, the introduction of starch into PVA endowed the hybrid hydrogels with considerable water-absorption capability on the premise of ensuring mechanical properties. The resultant CB@NF/PVA/starch composites achieved superior interfacial adhesion performance with interfacial toughness at about 200 J m−2. Combining with good evaporation performance, salt-rejection property and high purification efficiency on pollutants, this evaporation system would become a promising candidate to alleviate water shortage.

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based fibers with high electrochemical performance have recently showed great potential in the field of flexible energy storage devices. However, they still suffer from low capacitance due to the severe stacking of graphene sheets. Hybrids with nanofillers are an efficient way to improve the electrochemical performance of rGO fibers. Nevertheless, controlling the distribution of nanoparticles in the matrix is still an enormous challenge due to the strong attraction among these nanoparticles which results into agglomeration. Here, we continually prepared rGO hybrid fibers via non-liquid-crystal spinning, accompanied by chemical reduction. Manganic oxide (MnOX) nanoparticles remained well-dispersed in GO dispersion during the continuous spinning of rGO/MnOX hybrid fibers. Results showed that rGO/MnOX-20 hybrid fibers possessed the best capacitance of 123.3 F g−1 (87.6 F cm−3) and 97.1 F g−1 (68.9 F cm−3) at the current density of 0.2 A g−1, and 0.5 A g−1 respectively. Furthermore, a fiber-shaped all-solid-state supercapacitor assembly from the optimized hybrid fibers demonstrated an energy density of 2.67 mWh cm−3 (3.76 mWh g−1) at the power density of 24.76 mWh cm−3 (34.89 mWh g−1). These fiber-based devices show great potential for application in the fields of wearable electronics and energy storage devices.

The number of ex-prisoners worldwide has constantly been increasing in recent years. Currently, little is known about post-release daily adaptation, not to mention valid and reliable instruments for post-release daily routines pertinent to mental health.This study aims to develop and validate a self-report instrument, hereafter referred to as Post Release Living Inventory for Ex-prisoners (PORLI-ex).Three separate samples of ex-prisoners were recruited to complete an online survey (N=1,277, age range=17-89 years, 53.2% male, 72% white).The final model evidenced acceptable goodness-of-fit and consisted of 45 items on nine dimensions, which loaded on three second-order factors: Consolidation (three dimensions; e.g., Institutional Routines), Replacement (two dimensions; e.g., Maladaptive Behaviors), and Addition (four dimensions; e.g., Socializing with Ex-prisoner Friends) (α=.695-.915). Convergent validity was demonstrated in the positive correlations with IADL, SOLI, MLQ, GSE-6, and MSPSS. Discriminant validity was demonstrated in the weak correlations with the LEC-5 and perceived social and personal cost of punishment. Criterion-related validity was demonstrated in the correlations with psychiatric symptoms and crime-related outcomes and incremental validity in the correlations with these measures independent of the scores on IADL, SOLI, MLQ, GSE-6, and MSPSS.This study calls for more resources on fostering psychological strengths and resilience through regularizing basic daily life experiences on top of traditional interventions for risk management among the ex-prisoners.

Currently, the functional and cost-effective flame-resistant textiles (FRTs) are on high demand. However, such FRTs based on general polymer fabrics are always expensive, readily decompose, and their temperatures quickly rise once exposed to thermal environments. Inspired by the large specific heat of water and high decomposition temperature of inorganic substances like SiO2, this study establishes a simple casting strategy for preparing flame-resistant gel/textiles (FR-GTs). The findings showed that active diffusion of aqueous AAM/SiO2 pre-gel solution into the textile structure enabled the formation of a tough interfacial adhesion between the hydrogel and textiles. The interfacial toughness reached ~272 ​J/m2 because the PAAM/SiO2 nanocomposite hydrogel was filled into textile to form the semi-interpenetrating structure at the interface. The presence of chemical crosslinker (PEGDA) and physical crosslinker (SiO2) limited the volume expansion of the hydrogel upon swelling. In addition, the PAAM/SiO2 nanocomposite hydrogel layer prevented burning in high temperature environments (over 100 ​°C), due to the heat dissipation of water during evaporation. This simple strategy provides a guidance towards the fabrication of hybrid hydrogel/textile composites for the applications like household fire resistant materials such as flame-resistant gloves.

Caveolin-1 is considered an important pathophysiological factor in atherosclerosis development. Previous studies indicate that caveolin-1 exhibits a pathogenic capacity in atherosclerosis via the regulation of membrane trafficking, cholesterol metabolism and cellular signal transduction. Accumulating evidence shows that autophagy activation influences the progression and development of atherosclerosis in multiple ways, including cholesterol metabolism, inflammatory responses and lipid transcytosis. However, how caveolin-1 is involved in autophagy activation in atherosclerosis remains unclear, and the precise mechanisms of caveolin-1 on autophagic flux in atherosclerosis need to be further investigated. Clarifying the roles and mechanisms of caveolin-1 in the regulation of autophagy activation is of great importance, contributing to the ability to manipulate caveolin-1 as a novel therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize the understanding of the molecular structure, biological roles and biochemical functions of caveolin-1 to date and discuss the roles and mechanisms of caveolin-1 in autophagy activation. The emphasis on the potential of caveolin-1 to be a novel therapeutic target in atherosclerosis and understanding its precise functions and exact mechanisms in autophagic flux will provide evidence for future experimental research and aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.

Purpose This study examined prevalence and correlates of probable depression and suicidal ideation among Hong Kong Chinese residents amidst the anti-extradition bill protests. Methods Random digit dialing recruited a population-representative sample of Hong Kong residents aged 15 years or older during the first three weeks of July, 2019. Respondents reported current depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, participation in protest activities, attitudes and perceived stress, disruptions to daily routines, and demographics. Results Among 1112 respondents, 25.7% reported probable depression, and 9.1% reported suicidal ideation. Multivariable logistic regression showed that persons with higher odds of probable depression had primary education and high disruptions to regular routines of eating, sleep, socializing, and leisure activities. Persons who were at higher odds of suicidal ideation had lower household income, used social media to engage in the protests, and had medium or high disruptions to regular eating and sleep. Conclusions During the anti-extradition bill protests, the prevalence of probable depression and suicidal ideation were substantially higher than would be expected and higher than during the Umbrella Movement of 2014. Psychiatric morbidity may be a consequence of massive social movements, particularly among persons with limited protective resources whose daily life is disrupted by these events.

Neurogenesis process in the chronic phase of ischemic stroke has become the focus of research on stroke treatment recently, mainly through the activation of related pathways to increase the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the brain sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) areas into neurons, promoting neurogenesis. While there is still debate about the longevity of active adult neurogenesis in humans, the SVZ and SGZ have the capacity to upregulate neurogenesis in response to cerebral ischemia, which opens discussion about potential treatment strategies to harness this neuronal regenerative response. Wnt signaling pathway is one of the most important approaches potentially targeting on neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia, appropriate activation of which in NSCs may help to improve the sequelae of cerebral ischemia. Various therapeutic approaches are explored on preclinical stage to target endogenous neurogenesis induced by Wnt signaling after stroke onset. This article describes the composition of Wnt signaling pathway and the process of neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia, and emphatically introduces the recent studies on the mechanisms of this pathway for post-stroke neurogenesis and the therapeutic possibility of activating the pathway to improve neurogenesis after stroke.

Long noncoding RNA small nucleolus RNA host gene 14 (SNHG14) has been shown to exert oncogenic functions in seceral cancers, but its role in osteosarcoma still unclear. In this present study, we found that SNHG14 was significantly upregulated in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines. Knockdown SNHG14 expression significantly inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation through inducing apoptosis. Further functional assays revealed that SNHG14 knockdown dramatically suppressed cell migration and invasion. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assays identified that microRNA-433–3p (miR-433–3p) was a direct target of SNHG14, and directly targeted F-box only protein 22 (FBXO22). Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that SNHG14 acted as a ceRNA in modulating osteosarcoma proliferation, migration and invasion by decoying miR-433–3p to upregulate FBXO22 expression. We also observed that knockdown of FBXO22 and SNHG14 and overexpression of miR-433–3p both dramatically suppressed osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, the suppresive effect of SNHG14 knockdown on osteosarcoma cell proliferation, invasion and migration was attenuated by miR-433–3p inhibitor. Our findings demonstrated that SNHG14 promoted osteosarcoma progression by acting as a ceRNA for miR-433–3p to regulate FBXO22 expression, suggesting that SNHG14 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in osteosarcoma patients.

Bicyclists and pedestrians are two large vulnerable groups of road users. Many cities have allowed cyclists to share space with pedestrians on footpaths and off-road paths to reduce conflict with motor vehicles. The risk of bicyclist-pedestrian accidents is also increasing accordingly. Therefore, there is a need to understand the factors that affect the risk of injury in such accidents, especially to pedestrians who are considered more vulnerable. This paper presents a detailed investigation of bicyclist-pedestrian collisions and possible injury outcomes. The study has considered five levels of collision speed ranging from 10 km/h to 30 km/h, three pedestrian profiles (adult, child, and elderly) differentiated by their weight and height, three bicycles with different masses, and five impact directions. The bicyclist-pedestrian collision simulations have been analyzed based on four metrics: throw distance, peak head velocity on impact with the ground, head injury criterion (HIC) value, and the probability of severe head injury. For each simulation, the throw distance and peak head velocity on impact with the ground are extracted. Following that, the HIC and the probability of severe head injury to pedestrians are computed. The results show a significant effect of collision speed (p

Salinization of irrigation areas is a global environmental challenge. The uncertainty in the distribution of salinization is increased by the complexity of the natural environment. This study adopted Yinchuan Plain as a typical irrigation area to study the relationship between soil salinity and the environment from the perspective of macro-environmental elements and micro-ion composition. A Geographic Weighted Regression model (GWR) was used to predict the risk of salinization in the Yinchuan Plain. The results showed obvious spatial variation in soil salinization in the Yinchuan Plain. Farmland accounted for the largest proportion of salinized land area, followed by woodland and "other" land use categories. The main characteristic ions in the salinized area of the Yinchuan Plain were SO

Integrated demand response (IDR) is an important approach to promote renewable energy consumption and improve energy efficiency in integrated energy systems. In IDR, not only multi-energy users, but also demand-side energy stations, can become demand response resources. Hence, making full use of the flexibility of energy supply and the elasticity of electricity and heat demand is vital to the development of IDR. In this paper, based on the background of the electricity-heat integrated energy system, the precise models of typical controllable electric and heat load are constructed considering the user’s requirements for comfort. Based on the model, the electricity-heat coordinated retail market framework is proposed to achieve the coordinated clearing of electric and heat load, managing the district energy generation and consumption through transactive control methods. The bidding strategies for electric and heat load are established for customers to participate in the market. The market clearing rules are defined with the aim of maximizing the net revenue of integrated energy service agency to realize the optimal energy allocation of energy station devices. Finally, the case study demonstrates that the proposed method can optimize both the resource allocation of demand-side energy stations and the energy use of customers through economic means. About 80–90% of wind power can be absorbed through participation in market bidding, and the specific consumption rate depends on the type of energy stations and users’ demand. By guiding customers to consume energy reasonably during different market clearing periods, the energy expenditure can be reduced by 18.76% on average under the premise that the users’ comfort is guaranteed.

Utilizing multiple energy supply solutions and the thermal inertia of buildings are considered as an efficient method for improving energy conservation and the operational flexibility of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) for wind power integration in a district integrated heat and power system (DIHPS). However, to truly take advantage of these, many factors such as the energy price, the variable efficiency of devices, and especially the different heating regulation modes (the quantity regulation and the quality regulation mode) are imperative to be considered for variable situations of the practical project. Therefore, in this paper, an integrated hydraulic-thermal model of the district heating network (DHN) under the quantity regulation mode is introduced, and a novel thermal energy flow model with transmission time delay under the quality regulation mode is firstly proposed to simulate the dynamic thermal energy distribution of the DHN with multiple heat sources. Then, in terms of different heating regulation modes, the different thermal capacity of buildings to increase the flexibility of the DIHPS is studied. Moreover, an optimal scheduling method considering different energy stations and the thermal inertia of buildings under different heating regulation modes is proposed to guide the operation of the DIHPS in variable actual engineering applications for the sake of operational economics and wind power utilization. Finally, numerical cases have been compared based on a modified testing system. The results demonstrate that under the quantity regulation mode the coordination of energy stations effectively reduces the daily operation cost by 17.4%. The thermal inertia of buildings give a saving rate of 6.4% and he penalty cost of wind power is reduced by 36.3% further. Moreover, the total thermal capacity of buildings to reduce the operation cost and the wind power curtailment is less under the quality regulation mode. It results that the daily operation cost increases by 4.1%. In addition, towards the DIHPS with multiple energy stations in our case, the thermal inertia of pipes cloud not reduce the daily operation cost.

There are various kinds of disasters may incur power system blackouts and their impacts on power system are difficult to predict in advance. On the basis of existing resilience assessment indices, this paper proposes a component level resilience indices of transmission system. The component level resilience is defined as the contribution of each transmission line to system resilience under each failure scenarios. This newly developed indices can be used to quantify the resilience enhancement from the perspective of a certain component. Therefore, each failed transmission line can be ranked based on the component level indices, then optimal recovery strategies can be determined accordingly. An impact-increment state enumeration method, which is more efficient and accurate than tradition methods, is used to calculate the proposed indices. Case studies are performed on IEEE 30-bus test system to demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed component level resilience indices.

Vessel wall material parameters are important in biomechanical research. The purpose of this study was to identify the material parameters of two porcine thoracic aortic segments and verify the accuracy of the identification results with uniaxial tensile testing. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensionality of the stress matrix. Data points in PCA space were initially screened by K-means cluster analysis, and connection networks of two levels were constructed based on the distance between the data points. The material parameters corresponding to the data points were substituted, and pressure was applied to convert the diastolic models to systolic models to match those reconstructed from electrocardiographic (ECG) gated computed tomography angiography (CTA), and determine the optimal material parameters. The proximal and distal segments of the thoracic aorta were selected for uniaxial tensile testing, and the stress-strain curves obtained from numerical simulations and experiments were compared. The average distances between the simulated systolic proximal and distal segments and their corresponding systolic models reconstructed from the ECG-gated-CTA were 0.388 mm and 0.257 mm, respectively. The fit goodness of the stress-strain data obtained by two methods was 0.9953 and 0.9750, respectively, with equivalent elastic moduli differences of 1.08% and 0.36%. Thus, a material parameter screening method for different aortic segments was proposed and its accuracy was verified experimentally with good consistency. This method is expected to provide a theoretical basis for biomechanical studies of aortic diseases.

Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive cancer type derived from melanocytes and its incidence has rapidly increased worldwide. Despite the vast improvement in therapy, melanoma is still confronted with high invasion, metastasis, and recurrence rate. Recent studies have confirmed that the exosomes are naturally occurring membranous extracellular vesicles with nano-sized lipid bilayers, performing as information messagers within cellular reciprocal action. Exosomes are unquestionably endowed with multifaceted roles in various diseases, including melanoma. Notably, tumor-derived exosomes play a pivotal role in conditioning the tumor microenvironment to promote the growth, metastasis, immune escape, and even drug-resistance of melanoma by transferring carcinogenic nucleic acids and proteins. Clinically, the dynamic expressions of exosomal components and loadings in melanoma patients with different tumor stages confer the clinical application of melanoma exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers. Hence, this review highlights the recent complicated roles and mechanisms of melanoma exosomes, as well as their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in melanoma. The in-depth insights into the properties and behaviors of melanoma exosomes are of great potential to yield attractive therapeutic methods for melanoma.

Objective To compare the surgical outcomes of benign and malignant carotid body tumor (CBT), and to evaluate the associated factors of malignant CBT. Methods Patients who underwent surgical resection of CBT from 2005 to 2018 in a tertiary center were reviewed retrospectively. The common study follow-up end date was December 31, 2019. The tumor size was measured as the maximum transverse diameter on computed tomography scan. Surgical outcomes of benign and malignant CBT were compared. Associated factors of malignancy were analyzed by multivariate logistic analysis. Results There were 229 patients undergoing CBT resection. Sixteen patients were diagnosed with malignant CBT. The median follow-up time was 66 months (range, 6-142 months). Basic information including age, sex, course of disease, family history, lesion side, tumor size, and Shamblin classification showed no significant differences between the benign and malignant CBT groups. Patients with malignant CBTs showed a higher rate of preoperative symptoms (31.3% vs 12.2%; P Conclusions Compared with benign CBT, malignant CBT is prone to invasive clinical behaviors, resulting in an increased possibility of vascular reconstruction or repair during the surgery as well as postoperative neurologic complications. In addition, the malignant odds of CBT with bilateral lesions or CBT with preoperative symptoms are high.

Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, emerged in Wuhan China but rapidly spread to other regions in China. This led to the quarantine of Wuhan city, and the recommendation of a number of precautious behaviors by both the World Health organisation (WHO) and the Chinese centre for Disease control (CDC). Mortality salience increases distress (Greenberg et al., 1986), and previous studies reported increased psychological distress during the previous SARS-CoV coronavirus (Lee et al., 2007; Hawryluck et al., 2004). Anxiety can motivate people to adopt preventive measures during a pandemic (Leung et al., 2005). Drawing on health belief models (Weinstein and Nicolich, 1993), research conducted during H1N1 (‘swine flu’) and SARS-CoV positively associated distress with internationally recommended health behaviours (Leung et al., 2005). However, anxiety may also encourage non-recommended, avoidant behaviours (Rubin et al., 2009). To date no empirical study to date has examined associations between psychological distress, quarantine and the use of recommend and non-recommended behaviors. Understanding this may be crucial for comprehending the psychological drivers of important behaviors at a time of national crisis, as well as the avoidance of behaviors with negligible or negative impact on health outcomes.

A scenario-based optimal dispatch is proposed for joint operation of a wind farm and combined heat and power (CHP) plant considering energy flexibilities in heating networks. First, the heating network is modelled, and energy flexibility is used to improve the flexible adjustment ability of the CHP plant. Then, considering the uncertainty of wind power, a scenario-based optimal dispatch model for wind farms and CHP plants with heating networks is proposed to maximize the revenue expectation of the joint operation. The simulation results show that the joint operation revenue is improved compared with that of independent operation. Considering the energy flexibilities in heating networks, the CHP plant in the joint system can compensate for the fluctuations in wind power output, promote the integration and consumption of wind power, and reduce the penalty cost caused by the uncertainty of wind power.

Graphene fiber-based electrodes for supercapacitors are promising candidates for wearable energy storage. Their main limitation, although, is the low electrochemical performance caused by the restacking of graphene sheets and their hydrophobicity to electrolytes. Incorporation of nanofillers into graphene is an efficient way to overcome the challenges, however, often leading to a severe deterioration in their mechanical property and/or conductivity, thus significantly influences the practical applications and rate performance of the device. Herein, an approach of fabricating hybrid fibers from graphene oxide (GO) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) via non-liquid-crystal spinning and followed by chemical reduction is presented to collectively work around the problems. The resultant hybrid GO/CNC fibers demonstrated a high capacitive performance, enhanced mechanical property, and improved hydrophilicity simultaneously. Furthermore, the conductivity kept at a high value. Sample with a GO/CNC weight ratio of 100/20 possessed a high capacitance of 208.2 F cm−3, a strength of 199.8 MPa, a contact angle of 63.3°, and conductivity of 64.7 S cm−1. Moreover, the supercapacitor assembled from this fiber exhibited a high energy density and power density (5.1 mW h cm−3 and 496.4 mW cm−3), excellent flexibility and bending stability, which has a great potential for use as a flexible power storage.

A new reliability assessment approach to Integrated Energy Systems (IESs) is introduced in this paper. The optimal load curtailment (OLC) algorithm and reliability assessment algorithm are both improved in the proposed approach. For the OLC problem, this paper develops a hierarchical decoupling optimization framework for both the energy hub optimal dispatch and the optimal power flow problems. This feasible solution can make the OLC calculation more efficient and accurate. For the reliability assessment algorithm, an impact-increment based state enumeration (IISE) method is accommodated for IESs to accelerate the reliability assessment process. Also, a reduction technique of higher order contingencies is presented for the reliability evaluation of IESs to further enhance the computational efficiency. Case studies are performed on an IESs test case combined the IEEE-33 bus system with 14-node gas system and a practical case combined the IEEE 118-bus power system with Belgian natural gas network Numerical results demonstrate the efficient and robust performance of the proposed approach. Besides, the impacts of energy conversion process and energy hubs on IESs reliability are analyzed in detail.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important plant hormone that plays a crucial role in response to abiotic stresses. It is well-known that the level of ABA will be dynamically regulated under stress conditions, however, the regulatory mechanism of ABA homeostasis remains largely unknown. In this study, we isolated and characterized a putative UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT3) in rice, which is proven to be stress-induced and involved in ABA dynamic change. Our data demonstrated that overexpression of the glycosyltransferase gene UGT3 enhanced drought and salt stress tolerance of the transgenic rice. However, ugt3 mutant exhibited sensitive phenotypes under stresses. The ectopic expression of UGT3 in Arabidopsis also enhanced the plant tolerance to drought and salt stresses. Overexpression of UGT3 in rice increased endogenous ABA level and showed hypersensitive phenotype to exogenous ABA treatment at both germination and post-germination stages. Further studies demonstrated that UGT3 elevated activities of the antioxidant enzymes and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species to control the oxidative burst under stress conditions. Taken together, this work reveals that glycosyltransferase UGT3 can cope with the environmental challenges through a possible interactive network of ABA, ROS and antioxidants under abiotic stresses.

The fractal characteristics of soil grain-size in thick loess profile are closely related to its physical and hydrological characteristics. To reveal the relationship between loess grain-size distribution and its hydrological and physical characteristics, a profile of about 60 m was selected as the material. Systematic collection of samples along profile at 1 m intervals, and grain-size, moisture content, porosity, specific surface area, organic matter content and soil permeability were tested. The spatial heterogeneity of physical properties and grain-size fractal characteristics were analyzed using geostatistical methods and single and multifractal theories, respectively. The results showed that there was a strong spatial correlation between soil physical properties, but the moisture content was affected by certain human factors. The variation of fractal parameters with depth was affected by the climatic environment during its accumulation and development period. During loess accumulation period, the content of coarse particles in loess layers increased, and the concentration and symmetry of GSD increased, making D1, D2 and D1/D0 increase, and D, α0, Δα and Δf(α) decrease. The relative content of fine particles and coarse particles in the soil affected the fractal characteristics and parameter sizes of GSD. Increase of singular spectrum parameters characterized the increase of soil heterogeneity, leading to the increase of specific surface area. The correlation between multifractal parameters and water content and organic matter was greatly affected by the depth and formation age of strata. There was a mutual response between GSD fractal characteristics and the soil permeability. The increase of D1, D2 and D1/D0 indicated strong soil permeability; the increase of α0, Δα and Δf(α) reflected the high soil uniformity, which was not conducive to the occurrence of seepage process. The research results provided a case study and theoretical basis for the engineering construction and ecological restoration of the Loess Plateau.

The present meta-analytic review examined the associations between different forms of trauma and mental disorders among prisoners and ex-prisoners. Studies published from 1998 to March 31 2021 were identified by searching PsycINFO, PubMed, Medline and Web of Science. Data were meta-analyzed using a random-effect model. Moderator and mediator analyses were conducted. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020181587). We identified 62 studies (50 non-duplicated samples) with 15,115 (97.86%) prisoners and 330 (2.14%) ex-prisoners in 16 countries. A multi-level meta-analysis found that overall trauma was positively associated with more diagnoses or symptoms of mental disorders (Zr = 0.198, 95% CI = [0.167, 0.229], p 0.001). Stronger effect sizes were found between childhood trauma (Zr = 0.357, 95% CI = [0.147, 0.568], p 0.01) and sexual trauma (Zr = 0.326, 95% CI = [0.216, 0.435], p 0.001) and stress-related disorders. Multilevel moderator analysis showed that effect size was stronger in imprisonment trauma (β = 0.247, 95% CI = [0.177, 0.316], p 0.01), mixed trauma (β = 0.234, 95% CI = [0.196, 0.272], p 0.001), and stress-related disorders (β = 0.261, 95% CI = [0.214, 0.307], p 0.01). Associations between trauma and mental disorders were mediated by social support but not coping. Our findings provide an evidence base for future research on the impact of trauma and inform assessments and interventions in correctional settings.

By optimally interacting electricity, natural gas, heat, cooling and fuels systems, the integrated energy system (IES) represents a significant opportunity to increase technical, economic and environmental performance compared with classical energy systems. These performance improvements can take place at both the operational and the planning stages. The utilizations of combined heat and power (CHP) units, heat pumps and electric boilers create linkages between different energy supply systems. However, these independent sub-systems are in the charge of different departments need to be concerned, which complicates the optimal dispatch of IES. Regarding this issue, a hierarchical decoupling algorithm is developed to calculate the optimal energy flow of IES. The proposed algorithm requires less iteration because the optimal procedure in sub-systems are operated hierarchically and separately. Case studies are performed based on an IES test system which combines the IEEE 33 bus test system and the Barry Island district heating network. Results testifies the performance of the proposed approach and demonstrates that both electrical and heat network can be affected by the CHP penetration.

The Loess Plateau has been identified as one of the most important areas for dust particles deposition and considered as one of the key areas for studying the global climate change and regional responses. In this study, a continuous loess profile, located on the southern margin of the Loess Plateau, was selected to analyze microstructure of the loess and palaeosol. Combined with the end-member model and principal factor analysis, the dust transport and loess formation processes were reconstructed. Magnetic susceptibility and grain-size analyses suggest considerable differences between the loess and the palaeosol. The parametric decomposition model was used to decompose the grain-size components into 3 end-members, revealing the transport force of westerly circulation and winter monsoon and pedogenesis after deposition that affected the loess formation. The microstructure analysis reflects the loess is different from the palaeosol in terms of skeleton particles, contact modes, type and morphology of pores. More meso- and minipores and smaller fractal dimension of pores is observed in loess than palaeosol, preserving the climatic information during the formation of loess layers. The principal factor analysis of grain-size components and parameters shows that factor Ⅰ indicates the two important transport force of westerly circulation and winter monsoon. While factor Ⅱ reflects a kind of compound force, the combined effect of high airflow transport and pedogenesis. Based on these, the conceptual model of loess formation in the Weihe Basin is established under different climates between glacial and interglacial. The findings are helpful to understand the regional climatic environmental evolution, formation of loess landform and evolution of the atmospheric circulation system in East Asia.

The Adjustment Disorder New Module (ADNM) is a self-report instrument for assessing Adjustment disorder (AjD), but uncertainties remain in evaluating factor structure and psychometric properties of ADNM in previous studies. Three studies were conducted to examine the factor structure, psychometrics properties, and clinical utility of the 20-item version of ADNM (ADNM-20) and 4-item version (ADNM-4) among samples of Hong Kong Chinese (N = 1,415). Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good model fitness with a bifactor model. Statistical indices indicated unidimensionality of AjD. The model-based reliability showed that the total score of ADNM-20 should be used in scoring and interpretation for capturing the construct of AjD. ADNM-4 model demonstrated full invariance between women and men and partial invariance between age groups. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed a cutoff score of 10 for probable AjD. The prevalence of probable AjD was 20.5 % excluding cases with probable depression among a population-representative sample of Hong Kong Chinese amid civil unrest in Hong Kong in July 2019. Cutoff scores of ADNM-20 (49) and ADNM-4 (9) were established for clinically significant common psychiatric conditions, namely PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Both ADNM-20 and ADNM-4 were reliable and valid to assess probable AjD. Implications for clinical research and practice are discussed.

Temperature is one of the key factors affecting the permeability of water flow in loess, influencing its stability and, consequently, its geohazard potential. The traditional temperature calibration formula(TTCF) is widely used in the literature for calculating the permeability at some temperature, based on the permeability at 20 °C. However, its suitability has not been verified, especially for water flow in loess. The influence of temperature on the permeability of loess and the suitability of the TTCF were examined using samples of the late-Pleistocene Malan loess, the most widely distributed loess in the Chinese Loess Plateau, as the subject. The temperature dependency of the saturated permeability of remolded loess was investigated using the constant head permeability test method over a temperature range of 0 to 40 °C. The results show that the permeability of remolded loess increases with temperature, but in a nonlinear manner. Between 0 and 4 °C, although the changes are small, and at around 25 °C, there may be an important change in the soil's structure. We found that the measured values of loess permeability deviate strongly from those calculated by the TTCF, especially over the temperature range 0 to 4 °C and > 25 °C. New formulas for the calibration of temperature effects on the permeability of loess have subsequently been developed. Also, an empirical model for predicting the saturated hydraulic conductivity was inferred, which can satisfactorily reflect the temperature and compactness effects on permeability. The results of this study may be employed for projecting the effects of temperature changes into loess engineering and in assessing geohazard potential.

Advances in hydrogel design are yielding new hydrogel materials with diverse macroscopic topological structures. Among these, hydrogel fibers have been considered as a new class of hydrogel material with unique spatiotemporal properties. In this study, based on the novel non-template dynamic-crosslinking-spinning (DCS) method which has been demonstrated for scalable fabrication of size-controllable hydrogel fibers from oligomers, the method involved the use of one-step production of nanocomposite hydrogel fiber with weakly-gelled nanoparticle/oligomer (cellulose nanocrystals/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, CNC/PEGDA) dispersion, where the interparticle interactions between CNC dominate the rheological property. The weakly-gelled CNC/PEGDA dispersion exhibited viscoelastic and shear thinning behavior, where continuous and uniform CNC/PEGDA hydrogel fibers were successfully fabricated by controllable extrusion. The diameter and water retention of the fibers could be controlled by the CNC content and spinning parameters. In addition, mechanical properties of the fiber were found to increase in the presence of CNC.

Introduction of hydrogen to Fe90M10 (M: Zr and Sc) amorphous materials is found to be effective in significantly enhancing peak magnetic entropy change ( | Δ S m p k | ) and simultaneously tuning Curie temperature to room temperature. The refrigerant capacity (RC) of the hydrogenated Fe90Sc10 alloy exhibits a large value of 216.2 J/kg, which is comparable to those observed in the materials exhibiting giant magnetocaloric effect. The effect of hydrogenation depends greatly on hydrogen absorption time. The underlying mechanism is revealed to be correlated with an increase in magnetic moment and exchange coupling for the Fe-based amorphous systems caused by extensions of the Fe-Fe spacing owing to the hydrogenation. It is further obtained that field dependence of the magnetic entropy change (|ΔSm|) follows the potential law as expressed by |ΔSm| = αHn. The coefficient (α) is shown to increase with the hydrogenation, which is particularly favorable from the perspective of energy-saving, as the magnetic field required for obtaining a large magnetic entropy change can be consequently decreased.

Social media use has proliferated in the past ten years and studies are beginning to investigate the associations of social media use with political movements and mental health. This study extends this literature by testing a novel hypothesis that social resource loss on social media (e.g., “unfriending”) may be associated with increased symptoms of depression and anxiety in social upheaval. A population-based sample of 1,208 Chinese Hong Kong citizens (mean age = 46.89; 52.4% female) was recruited by random digit dialing in February 2015, two months after the conclusion of the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong. Respondents reported social resource loss on social media, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that social resource loss on social media was positively associated with depressive symptoms but not anxiety symptoms. Age moderated the positive association between social resource loss on social media and depressive symptoms. Simple slope tests revealed that the association was significant only among middle-aged (39–55 years) and older (≥56 years) adults but not younger (18–38 years) adults. The current findings shed light on the role of social media in mental health during political movements across different age groups.