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We have investigated the valence electronic states of α-sexithiophene (α-6T) on three passivated Si(0 0 1) surfaces, oxidized Si(0 0 1), water-adsorbed Si(0 0 1) and ethylene-adsorbed Si(0 0 1), using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). At a thickness of α-6T layer below 0.5 nm, clear features of the π states are observed for water-adsorbed Si(0 0 1) and ethylene-adsorbed Si(0 0 1), whereas broad features are observed for oxidized Si(0 0 1). This difference is attributed to the formation of well-ordered stacking on water-adsorbed Si(0 0 1) and ethylene-adsorbed Si(0 0 1).

We used reflectance difference spectroscopy (RDS) and surface differential reflectance spectroscopy (SDRS) to investigate the molecular orientation of ultrathin α -sexithiophene ( α -6T) films on four passivated Si(100)-(2 × 1) surfaces, oxidized Si(001), water-adsorbed Si(001), hydrogen-adsorbed Si(001) and ethylene-adsorbed Si(001), in order to study the substrate dependence of the molecular orientation of isolated molecules and molecules located in islands or films. Strong in-plane anisotropy was observed on ethylene-adsorbed Si(001) even at 5 nm film thickness, which was not the case for the other substrates.

We have investigated formation mechanisms of the icosahedral (i-) phase in a Cu-enriched region of the Al–Cu–Fe system. The formation of i-phase in the Al–Cu–Fe alloy system is characterized by the peritectic reaction: λ 2 +L→I (λ 2 is an Al 3 Fe compound with over 5 at.% Cu), which has been observed even in the Cu-enriched region. Therefore, we have tried to avoid the λ 2 -crystallization by preliminary metallurgical treatments for molten alloy. As a result, we have succeeded in growing a single Al 64 Cu 23 Fe 13 i-quasicrystal with the Czochralski method.

Ti-Ni alloys of the near-equiatomic composition are technologically important materials with their superior shape memory and superelastic properties. In the present study the authors report the crystallography and morphology of new deformation twinning mode of the B19{prime} martensite in Ti-50.0 at%Ni alloy, which is found in the second and third stages of tensile deformation. Microstructural modifications of the B19{prime} martensite in each deformation stage upon tensile loading are also described briefly.

The tensile flow stress of a yttria-stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP) decreased continuously with an increase in SiO 2 addition up to 2.5 mass%. The lowered flow stress was, however, accompanied by no enhanced tensile ductility except for either SiO 2 doping less than 0.1 mass% or that of 2.5 mass%. Stereological microanalysis of deformed specimens revealed that the ductility was controlled strongly by the cavity morphology which depended on the amount of SiO 2 phase. In materials doped with 0.0–0.1 and 2.5 mass% SiO 2 , round cavities grew into sizes smaller than 100 μm. The analysis indicated that the cavity growth law was the same in these materials and thus the ductility was controlled mainly by the cavity nucleation rate. On the other hand, the intermediate SiO 2 doping superinduced the crack-like cavities with growth rates about 3 times higher than that of the round ones. In spite of their low population, they developed easily into cracks with sizes of hundreds of micrometers, aligning perpendicular to the stress axis and resulting in a limited tensile ductility. The cause of the crack-like cavitation was also discussed on the basis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations.

This paper looks at the presentation of and response to face threatening acts (FTA) in tutor-student interaction in British and Japanese academic contexts. The specific FTAs looked at were criticism, suggestion and request. Their location in a specific genre, i.e., the one-to-one tutorial, is an important determinant, both for their occurrence and for their interpretation. We investigated five recurring situations in the authentic data: three which were tutor-initiated with the illocutionary force of criticism, suggestion and request for clarification, and two which were student-initiated requests. These situations were incorporated into a discourse completion test, which was administered to native speakers of English and Japanese. The results revealed that while the British students primarily dealt with their own face wants, both positive and negative face wants, the Japanese students showed more concern for the positive face of the tutor. There was an obvious attendance to negative face in the British context, where both the tutor and the student attended each other's negative face and the students attended their own, whereas there was an effacement of negative face in the Japanese context, where neither the tutors nor the students tended to attend each other's or their own negative face. This study, therefore, moves ‘face’ out of the specific realm of politeness, and attempts to demonstrate its wider applicability in contrastive and cross-cultural pragmatics.

L'A. presente des articles portant sur la metaphore et la structure du texte poetique. Ils traitent du probleme de la metaphore cognitive comme relation iconique entre la langue et le monde dans le langage ordinaire et dans le langage poetique, et analysent la pertinence de la structure du texte poetique pour l'etude de la metaphore cognitive. Ils varient entre etudes de textes poetiques particuliers et mythologie, et vont du probleme general de la traduction a une perspective semiotique theorique. Cette conjonction de la metaphore cognitive et de la pragmatique est destinee a eclairer le fonctionnement des structures metaphoriques et iconiques dans l'usage de la langue en general, et dans le texte poetique en particulier

The problem of iconicity has been a recurring theme in linguistic inquiry into the nature of the linguistic sign. The property of iconicity includes not only the narrow category of sound symbolism, but also the broad categories of isomorphism and metaphor. This paper surveys recent research, and offers a classification of diagrammatic and metaphorical iconicity in language. Problems of structural diagram, relational diagram, grammatical metaphor, conventional metaphor and poetic metaphor are discussed, with a few illustrative examples. This review shows that an evaluation of the property of iconicity in language has implications for the general theory of language as a ‘natural’ phenomenon.

The hepatic glycine cleavage system in the chicken was examined at different stages of development to study regulation of its biosynthesis. Embryonic levels of polypeptide and mRNA for glycine decarboxylase, one of the three intrinsic components of this enzyme system, were approximately 10% of their adult levels and were rapidly increased following hatching. Those of H-protein, another intrinsic component, were somewhat higher and were more slowly increased throughout the course of development. The change in activities of the two components went with the increase in their polypeptide levels. Moreover, both relative levels of mRNAs for the two components and relative efficiencies of transcription of their genes were not constant during development. T-protein biosynthesis appeared to follow a course similar to that of H-protein. These observations imply that during development, the production of H-protein and T-protein is regulated by similar mechanisms. Further, it is likely that the same mechanisms do not direct the regulatory processes in the biosynthesis of glycine decarboxylase and that embryo and adult livers possess different regulatory modes regarding the biosynthesis of this enzyme system. The shift to the adult mode appeared to occur at birth. The glycine cleavage activity that was three times higher than that in 12-day-old embryo was observed in adult liver mitochondria.

The early stage of phase decomposition of an Al-7.8at.% Li alloy was studied by atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The atom probe concentration depht profile clearly that the δ′ with the stoichiometric Li concentration were already precipitated in the as-quenched stage. The high resolution TEM image also showed that small isolated ordered particles were present in the disordered matrix. These two results unambiguously show that the first product which we can observe experimentally is the δ′ precipitates. Therefore, it does not seem possible to obtain convincing evidence to prove that the congruent ordering precedes spinodal decomposition, because such a transformation path would have already been completed during quenching.

The microstructure of the Fe73.5Si13.5B9Nb3Cu1 soft magnetic material with a nanocrystalline structure has been investigated by atom probe field ion microscopy and high resolution electron microscopy. In the as-quenched amorphous sample, all the alloying elements were found to distribute homogeneously as an amorphous solid solution. In the annealed sample with the optimum soft magnetic properties, we found that two phases were present. One was bcc FeSi solution and the other was the B and Nb enriched amorphous phase with little Si content. Although some uncertainty remains regarding the distribution of Cu, the present result is consistent with earlier speculations that the bcc phase would be the FeSi solid solution based on the lattice parameter measurement and the Curie temperature measurement.

We examined the metabolites of o -phenylphenol (OPP) in the urine of male and female rats dosed with 2% sodium o -phenylphenate (OPP-Na) in food from the age of 5 wk for 136 days. The urinary metabolites of OPP-Na produced during the 24 hr after OPP-Na feeding accounted for 55% of the dose in male rats and 40% in females. The main metabolites were OPP-glucuronide and 2,5-dihydroxybiphenyl (2,5-DHBP)-glucuronide. OPP metabolites in the free form accounted for only 1% of the total phenolic metabolites excreted. 2,5-DHBP was rapidly converted to the corresponding quinone in aqueous solvents but not in organic solvents. There was a clear sex difference in the proportions of urinary metabolites; the amount of 2,5-DHBP excreted by male rats in 24-hr urine was more than seven times that excreted by females. This result may be related to the finding that bladder tumours occur in male but not female rats fed OPP-Na in the diet (Hiraga & Fujii, Fd cosmet. Toxicol. 1981, 19 , 303).

JCL--Wistar male rats were fed a diet containing 0 or 0.5% of trimethyl phosphate (TMP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), trioctyl phosphate (TOP), or tricresyl phosphate (TCP) for 9 weeks. Body weights in TMP- and TBP-treated rats were significantly lower than the control. No differences in toxicity were observed among the test compounds, although there were differences between the treated and control rats in some organ weights, hematological values and serum components.

The effects of an alkalizer or an acidifier on bladder carcinogenesis induced by OPP or OPP-Na were examined. Groups of 31 male F344/DuCrj rats were given 1.25% OPP in the diet (group 1), 1.25% OPP in the diet plus 0.4% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in drinking-water (group 2), 2% OPP-Na in the diet (group 3) or 2% OPP-Na in the diet plus 1% ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in drinking-water (group 4) for 26 wk. Urinary bladder tumours, papilloma and carcinoma occurred in 12/31 (39%) of group 1, 20/31 (65%) of group 2, 22/31 (71%) of group 3 and 3/31 (10%) of group 4. Values of urinary pH after 25 wk of treatment were correlated with the tumour incidences. The results indicate that the administration of an alkalizer enhanced the carcinogenicity of OPP and the administration of an acidifer inhibited the carcinogenicity of OPP-Na to the rat urinary bladder. This suggests that the earlier finding that OPP-Na was more carcinogenic than OPP resulted from the higher alkalinity of OPP-Na.

Some recent experimental work in our laboratory at ANU is briefly described. It is principally concerned with systematic descriptions of structures and structural relationships, and similarly-derived crystal defects. There are two main divisions, oxides and sulphides. Within these the following specific topics are considered: crystallographic shear (CS) in reduced rutile; rectangular and pentagonal-column structures in WO 3 +Nb 2 O 5 /Ta 2 O 5 produced by double CS and rotation operations; structure and disorder in the chondrodite and leucophoenicite families of orthosilicates; intermediate, spinel-related “spinelloid” phases I to V, relevant to the olivine-spinel transformation; inverse spinels; non-stoichiometric, modulated “Yb 3 S 4 ”; the non-commensurate, double-layer sulphides “LaCrS 3 ”, cylindrite and franckeite.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a 24% casein diet containing 0.58, 0.69, 0.83, 1.00, 1.20, or 1.44% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) ad libitum for 40 days. The rate of death was dose dependent and death occurred when BHT was given in amounts over 526 mg/kg/day. The LD50(40 days) was 760 (669–864) mg/kg/day. In dead animals, a massive hemorrhage was found in the pleural and peritoneal cavities, and external hemorrhage was also observed in some animals. Furthermore, hemorrhage was observed in some organs such as epididymis, testis, and pancreas of the survivors in all groups given BHT, but it was not observed in the control group. The prothrombin index was decreased with all survivors given BHT. The extent of decrease was dependent on the daily dose of BHT. These observations suggest that BHT and/or its metabolite cause hemorrhage in rats.

The occupation sites of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon atoms dissolved interstitially in vanadium have been determined by means of neutron diffraction with use of single crystals of VO0.032, VN0.013 and VC0.006. It is revealed that the interstitial atoms occupy, randomly, the octahedral sites in the b.c.c. host lattice of the three crystals. Neutron diffraction is advantageous for the present purpose, since the coherent scattering amplitudes of the solute atoms are much larger than that of the vanadium atom.

Male rats were fed 5.45 mmol/100 g diet butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol (BHT alcohol) in either a standard or purified diet for 1 wk, after which their livers were analysed for levels of unconjugated BHT metabolites and their blood clotting times were assayed. The BHT quinone methide, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone, was only found in appreciable concentrations (6–9 μg/g liver) in the livers of rats given BHT. For rats fed the purified diet, BHT and BHT alcohol caused significant reductions of the prothrombin index to 23 and 70%, respectively, of the control value, though rats fed the standard diet were not similarly affected. Liver concentrations of BHT in rats fed BHT alcohol also varied according to diet, indicating that the metabolic pathway may be affected by diet. Biliary excretion of the quinone methide was observed in rats given 140 mg BHT alcohol ip.

The non-periodic antiphase boundaries of the Au3Zn(H)-structure have been studied by means of high resolution electron microscopic structure imaging. At atomic resolution level two different types of antiphase boundaries were resolved. The antiphase vectors for these boundaries are R = 1 2 [101] and R = 1 2 [112] . The APB's 1 2 [101] are generally inclined slightly from the (100) plane and APB's 1 2 [112] consist of successive stripes lying step by step parallel to the [100] direction.

Effects of three phthalic acid esters (PAEs) on mouse testes are described and discussed. Zinc concentrations in the testes of mice fed a diet containing 2% dibutyl (DBP), di-iso-butyl (DIBP) or di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were less than those of control animals. Testosterone concentrations in the testes were decreased in DEHP-treated mice, and the relative testis weight of DBP-, DIBP- and DEHP-treated mice was increased.

The binding of [14C]thiabendazole ([14C]TBZ) to macromolecules in the liver, foetus and other tissues was investigated in Jcl:ICR mice on day 13 of gestation. TBZ suspended in olive oil was given orally in a dose of 1 g/kg body weight (5 microCi/mouse) and the mice (in groups of three) were killed 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 24 and 96 hr later. The bound radioactivity in the liver and foetus was at a maximum between 3 and 24 hr after treatment. The rate of decrease of the bound radioactivity was slower than that of total radioactivity. Bound radioactivity was also present in other tissues (including kidney, lung, heart, placenta and spleen). The level of bound radioactivity was measured in the liver and foetuses after oral administration of teratogenic doses of 200-1600 mg/kg. Disproportionate increases in bound radioactivity were observed in both tissues after administration of the highest dose.

Measurements of platelet-particle concentration, platelet haematocrit and mean platelet volume showed no significant differences between control rats and rats given 1.2% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the diet for 1 wk, but the platelet distribution width was significantly smaller in the rats fed BHT. By optical measurement, epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation was found to be significantly decreased in both the platelet-rich plasma and washed platelets of rats given BHT. Phosphatidylethanolamine in the platelet lipid was significantly increased by BHT treatment, while in the total lipid of the platelets, linoleic acid and eicosatrienoic acid were increased and arachidonic acid was decreased. The arachidonic/linoleic ratio was decreased by about 50% in the platelets of BHT-treated rats. BHT ingestion also changed the lipid composition, the concentration of lipid hydroperoxides and the zinc content of the plasma. The relationship of the observed effects to haemostatic function is discussed.

In a study of the effects of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on the carboxylation process involved in the conversion of rat-liver microsomal protein to prothrombin, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone, a major hepatic metabolite of BHT, did not inhibit carboxylation reactions dependent on vitamin K1 hydroquinone or on phylloquinone (vitamin K1) but did inhibit phylloquinone epoxide-dependent carboxylation. BHT administered to rats in the diet increased the level of microsomal prothrombin precursor and the extent of vitamin K-dependent carboxylation in the presence of dithiothreitol. These results suggest that 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone inhibited phylloquinone epoxide reductase and, as a result, the prothrombin precursor accumulated in the microsomes of rats treated with BHT.

A chemical mixed with the diet often interferes with food consumption. As a consequence many biological changes may be induced by underfeeding. Therefore, the effects of food restriction for 4 weeks on common toxicity parameters were studied in male rats. Diet consumptions of 5, 10, and 15 g/day/rat and ad libitum (unrestricted) were used. Body weight gains of all restricted groups were depressed and many absolute organ weights were lower than those of the unrestricted diet group. Relative organ weights of the brain and the testes were increased while that of the liver was decreased in all restricted groups. Leukocyte counts were depressed with decreasing food consumption. The concentrations of triglyceride and inorganic phosphorus in all restricted groups were lower than those of the unrestricted group. The activities of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were lower in the restricted groups than in the unrestricted one. The toxicological significance of these findings is discussed.

Thiabendazole (TBZ) was tested for teratogenicity using Jcl:ICR mice. TBZ suspended in olive oil was given orally to pregnant mice at different stages of organogenesis. All foetuses were removed from the uterus on day 18 of gestation, and were examined for external and skeletal anomalies. In mice given 700, 1300 or 2400 mg TBZ/kg body weight/day on days 7-15 of gestation, dose-dependent external and skeletal anomalies, especially cleft palate and fusion of vertebrae, were observed. In mice given a single dose of TBZ (2400 mg/kg) on any one of days 6-13, an increased number of malformations was observed. Various types of malformation occurred, especially in the mice treated on day 9. Reduction deformity of limbs was found in mice given TBZ on days 9-12, a change that has not previously been observed to occur spontaneously in normal ICR mice in our laboratory. In order to determine a dose-response relationship, groups of mice were given one of 17 doses of TBZ (30-2400 mg/kg) on day 9 of gestation. The number of litters having foetuses with reduction deformity of limbs and of those having foetuses with skeletal fusion increased in proportion to the dose of TBZ. The regression lines of Y (probit response) on X (log dose) for reduction deformity of limbs and for skeletal fusion were Y = 2.47X - 3.65 and Y = 1.54X + 0.48, respectively. The effective doses (ED1) for the two malformations were 362.0 and 26.4 mg/kg, respectively.

o-Phenylphenol (OPP), a fungicide approved as a food additive in Japan, was given in pelleted diets at dietary levels of 0.156, 0.313, 0.625, 1.25 or 2.5% to groups of 11 or 12 F344/DuCrj rats of each sex for 13 wk, and 0.625, 1.25 or 2.5% to groups of 20-24 male F344/DuCrj rats for 91 wk. In the 13-wk study, transitional cell papillomas of the urinary bladder occurred in 6/12 (50%) of the male 1.25% group. In the 91-wk study, urinary bladder tumours appeared in 23/24 (96%) of the 1.25% and 4/23 (17%) of the 2.5% group. Among these tumours, transitional cell carcinomas were found in 20/23 (87%) of 1.25% and 2/4 (50%) of the 2.5% groups. A dose-related increase in the incidence of nephritic lesions was also observed in dosed rats in both the 13- and 91-wk study.

The Serini reaction of 16α-alkyl (or phenyl)-1β,17β-dihydroxysteroid monoacetates 5 and 10 gave stereospecifically 16β-substituted steroids 6 and 111 in good yields. This rearrangement was shown to proceed through 1,2 hydride shift. It was found that under the same reaction conditions, 16α-vinyl-16β,17β-diol 17-acetate 5c rearranged into Z -16-ethylidene compound 24 via 1,4 hydride shift.

The equilibrium phase diagram of the indium-magnesium system in the range up to 40 at.% Mg has been established by X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. The solid-solubility of magnesium in indium does not exceed about 5 at.%. An intermediate solid solution, γ, with a face-centered cubic structure exists over a wide range of composition. An ordered phase, γt′, with the superstructure of Cu3Au-type, is formed near 28 at.% Mg at temperatures below 114 °C. The axial ratio solc a of the primary solid solution of indium in magnesium changes as a function of electron atom ratio as in the parallel case of the indium-cadmium system. Reasons are advanced to explain the conflict between the present results and those of earlier investigators.

The idea of using prestressed concrete for large pressure vessels or containments has widely been adopted in reactor systems all over the world. In order to improve the method of circumferential prestressing of cylindrical concrete structures, Taisei Construction Company had established a research and development program which resulted in the development of a new construction method which is named here wedge winding method. This method has been verified as being very effective and fully practical through the experiment described in this paper. The distinguishing feature of this method is that no special, heavy machines and devices are required, and prestressing compression in cylindrical concrete structures can easily be provided by ordinary hydraulic jacks. This method will be useful in many industrial fields such as constructing pressure vessels or containments for nuclear power generating stations, storage tanks for liquid gases and pressure vessels for chemical industries.

Measurements were made on the temperature rise of tensile test specimens undergoing plastic deformation and discontinuous flow in superfluid helium. Compared with the results in normal liquid helium, the frequency of load drop increased, and the temperature rise was suppressed.

Summary Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was administered in the diet to groups of five male rats at concentrations of 0.0085, 0.017, 0.033, 0.065, 0.13, 0.25 and 0.50% for I or 4 wk. A significant decrease in the prothrombin index was observed at wk 1 in each group of rats fed BHT levels of 0.017% or more and this effect was still apparent at wk 4 in the group given 0.50% BHT.

A simplified method of examining the impact properties of materials below 5 K is proposed.