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International crises generate uncoupling between multinational enterprises (MNEs) and the institutional environment. In these settings, industry associations of MNEs have an incentive to engage in institutional change by taking a role as institutional entrepreneurs in order to generate change within the existing, unsuitable institutions. However, MNEs can also try to avoid such institutions or try to adapt to them. Because the antecedents and outcomes of these three forms of engagement in institutional change (institutional avoidance, adaptation, and entrepreneurship) have been scarcely studied in Europe, this reflection examines the case of Spain during the international crisis and analyses the coordinated action of MNEs through their associations in seven industries. The discussion of 30 pieces of evidence regarding the engagement in institutional change in Spain suggests a model that proposes relevant antecedents of different forms of engagement and the expected outcomes resulting from the chosen forms, among them: co-evolution and co-involution.

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) mapping is an application tool in many fields of science, technology, and land management. Hydrologically, Ks is the main factor controlling aquifer recharge, but it is one of the more difficult hydraulic properties of the soil to predict. This work develops a novel methodology for topsoil Ks mapping at the catchment scale, based on auxiliary data that are quick to determine and low-cost. It includes a double-scale sampling of the Ks to account for small-scale variability in the spatial geostatistical interpolation. A supervised selection of variables through correlation analysis and hierarchical clustering of variables precedes the development of site-specific pedotransfer functions (PTFs) with machine learning techniques. The approach was applied to a heavily anthropized area subject to flooding on the island of Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. The variable selection process filtered out four predictor variables from the initial pool of fourteen predictors. An artificial neural network (ANN) with one hidden layer and six input variables (latitude, longitude, silt, clay, medium sand, and land use) provided the best Ks prediction model. Latitude and longitude coordinates and land use are surrogates for other physical and environmental factors. This ANN was found to be much more accurate than other classical PTFs. The ANN was used to estimate new Ks values from a subsequent sampling of model covariates, which allowed doubling the input information for spatial interpolation using ordinary kriging (OK). The consistency of the resulting Ks map was evaluated by direct comparison with a geomorphological base map. Overall, the spatial distribution of Ks was consistent with the lithological variability as well as with other superimposed anthropic factors.

Co-evolutionary theory suggests that firms and their environments interactively influence each other over time due to the interplay between them. However, international business (IB) literature has paid little attention to the study of the co-evolutionary process. Therefore, new research that delves into the process in order to identify how the reciprocal influences between institutions and multinational enterprises (MNEs) take place, and that identifies key variables that determine the extent to which MNEs will affect the environment, is necessary. The current study addresses this call and examines the interplay between institutions and MNEs in order to explain such a coevolution. The paper provides a cohesive theoretical model for the co-evolutionary approach in the IB literature. Some suggestions for lines of inquiry and of methodological challenges for future research in the IB field are provided.

We characterize the fracture pattern, including both meso-scale joints and macro-scale faults, within the central sector of Sierra de las Nieves (Betic Cordillera, S Spain), which contains one of the largest karstification systems in Europe. Structural data were compared with the direction pattern of the karstic conduit network of the largest caves. Carbonate rocks were deformed in a collisional setting and exposed at the surface since the early Miocene. Normal and normal–oblique faults trending NW–SE to WNW–ESE are the most prominent brittle structures, having formed coevally with shorter NE–SW normal to normal–dextral after the main thrusting phase. In addition, two main open joint sets striking NW–SE and NE–SW developed on a broad scale. Orthogonal normal faults and open joints suggest an extensional setting characterized by horizontal minimum (S3) and intermediate (S2) stress axes of similar magnitudes that intermittently shifted their positions during the middle-to-late Miocene. Vertical water flow coming from direct recharge sectors tends to infiltrate across these high-dipping faults, mainly concentrating at fault intersections, thus favoring sub-vertical conduit formation within the vadose zone. Horizontal paleo-phreatic levels are perched linked to the recent uplift undergone by the sector, giving us the opportunity to analyze the incidence of fractures at the phreatic zone. Joint sets determine the hydraulic anisotropy within the former phreatic levels. Because our study illustrates the primary role of diverse tectonic structures during massive multiphase cave development above and below the water table, it could contribute to better constraining of the models of karstic conduit formation.

A control system based on digital image processing was developed for the tobacco curing process in a bulk-curing barn. A laboratory prototype of the barn was built to test the automation of the process and the results with virginia type tobacco curing are presented. The system records in real-time dry-bulb temperature, air relative humidity, the weight loss of a sample of tobacco leaves and the image of a tobacco leaf. A value for the air humidity ratio of 0.045 kg/kg through the process is obtained as the optimal curing condition. A finite state machine was developed to control the curing condition through the image processing. The HSV color system was used in the image processing; the optimum color for the yellowing stage was obtained with 53.4 for the channel H. In this stage, the time derivative of H close to zero was used as the condition of color stability. The time derivative close to zero for the standard deviation of S was used as uniformity color condition in the color fixing stage and in the leaf drying stage. A good fit between the weight loss and the channel H was obtained; because of this, it was used as the indicator to follow the weight loss in leaves.

A quantitative geomorphic analysis of the drainage system on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, has been carried out in order to study the relief evolution, glacial history and possible neotectonic influence on the largest ice-free area of the South Shetlands archipelago. Aerial photographs, SAR data from RADARSAT-2 satellite, field work, a digital elevation model and GIS spatial analysis have been used to identify, map and study the existing drainage basins. A series of morphometric parameters have been studied in 30 selected basins in order to characterize their shape as well as the drainage network. Results in morphometric parameters reveal elongation trends in the shape of basins and a limited hierarchical network, common of a youthful stage of landscape evolution models. Several morphometric indexes (hypsometric integral, hypsometric curves, SL index, transverse topographical drainage basin asymmetry-T-Factor) have been used to study possible controls on drainage development. Results have been discussed in relation to relief and drainage evolution linked to the spatial distribution of lithological units and structural framework. T-Factor shows an apparently disorganized pattern and absence of tectonic influence. However, there are local values of second order basin asymmetry directions and magnitudes, which could reflect a succession of master rills through time, related to the changes in water supply during the deglaciation history of Byers Peninsula. Hypsometric values and curves of basins are also mainly related to a young stage of landscape evolution. Analysis of hypsometric integrals together with T-Factor index has allowed us to establish a possible deglaciation model on Byers Peninsula, which successfully explains the results. Areas of different landscape evolution stage are linked in space and support the hypothesis of local glacial centers during the ice cover retreat process. SL index results do not show the same pattern in results, which could be due to differences between incision and lateral shifting ratios. Quantitative geomorphic analysis indicates that during the deglaciation of Byers Peninsula, at least three areas acted as local glacial centers (NW, central and Rotch Dome area). Changes in index results clearly show a different behavior between two areas; distal areas and proximal areas close to the glacial centers. Morphometric indexes have demonstrated their being useful tools to provide information on the glacial history in recently deglaciated Antarctic areas.

In Sierra Nevada (southern Spain), the highest mountain range in southern Europe, the application of an ancestral Integrated Water Resources Management system (IWRM), based on the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water, provides water resources for irrigation and supply in the driest months of the year in this semiarid mountain region. Meltwater is derived from the headwaters of the mountain streams and rivers through a set of uncoated channels excavated in the ground (locally known as acequias de careo) to infiltrate at the upper part of the valleys. Water infiltrated along the acequias de careo slowly flows down the hillsides, through the weathered zone of the hard rock aquifer and the glacial and periglacial sediments. The recharge accomplished through this Managed Aquifer Recharge technique (MAR) activates numerous springs located halfway down the hillside and increases the base flow of the rivers. In this study, focused on a careo channel located on the southern slope of Sierra Nevada called Acequia de El Espino, different archaeological, sedimentological, geophysical and hydrogeological techniques are applied to determine the age and the efficiency of this ancestral example of a MAR and IWRM system. Results suggest that the acequias de careo may be the oldest MAR system in Europe, and that this MAR technique could be applied in other high mountain alpine watersheds to mitigate the effects of climate change., Meteorological data were provided by the Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET) and Red de Información Ambiental de Andalucía (REDIAM). This research is part of the activities developed in the framework of the Red CYTED P418RT0116 “Siembra y Cosecha del Agua en Áreas Naturales Protegidas” and was supported by the CGL2016-80687-R AEI/FEDER project from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain). Additional support came from the RNM-148 and RNM-126 research groups of the Junta de Andalucia (Spain). The authors specially thank Claus Kohfahl and Antonio Martínez Sánchez de la Nieta (Instituto Geológico y Minero de España) for their help during the drilling survey, and Sierra Nevada National Park (especially Javier Sánchez) for the collaboration and assistance provided. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions which led to a substantial improvement of the paper.

We describe a method for estimating the daily, spatially distributed recharge of aquifers in mountainous karst terrains using a water balance. Water recharge into an aquifer is a highly variable process over both time and space. Many methods have been developed to assess aquifer recharge although most have been applied to detrital aquifers. Many karst aquifers, especially in Mediterranean areas, occur in mountainous environments where rainfall and evapotranspiration can vary considerably over space and time and where there are usually few rainfall and temperature monitoring stations. We have used an advanced geostatistical method to estimate daily rainfall and temperature. The method involves kriging with an external drift using a climatological semi-variogram model inferred by modified maximum-likelihood. The depth of the soil–epikarst layer is estimated from remote sensing and terrain analysis data together with field observations and electrical resistivity tomography. Because of the karst nature of the mountainous terrain, concentrated infiltration is allowed for in some places. The parameters are calibrated against the cumulative discharge of various springs. The method is illustrated by a case study of the Sierra de las Nieves aquifer in the mountainous karst region of southern Spain., Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, España, Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia, Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Málaga, España

Resumen El sistema craneo-cervico-mandibular esta disenado para funcionar como una unidad y sus partes no pueden considerarse de manera independiente. La obstruccion de las vias aereas o cualquier aumento de la dimension vertical de oclusion producen una extension de la cabeza para mejorar la respiracion. Este efecto condiciona, a su vez, un patron de crecimiento vertical de los maxilares. Ademas, se ha observado que los individuos con disfuncion craneomandibular presentan con gran frecuencia una gran incidencia de sintomatologia asociada en la zona del cuello, asi como una posicion de la cabeza adelantada con la mandibula situada posteriormente.

El sindrome del aceite toxico es una enfermedad epidemica multisistemica que aparecio en 1981 en Espana, el unico pais afectado. El sindrome del aceite toxico supuso una catastrofe nacional y un desafio para las autoridades sanitarias del pais, pues mas de 20.000 personas resultaron afectadas. Las investigaciones han apuntado como causante del sindrome al consumo de aceite de colza importado, desnaturalizado con anilina al 2% para uso industrial, y posteriormente refi nado fraudulentamente para su venta como alimento. Sin embargo, aun hoy se desconoce el exacto agente quimico causante. Los procesos judiciales abiertos en consecuencia encontraron culpables de la intoxicacion masiva a los empresarios aceiteros que importaron el aceite de colza desnaturalizado y que despues refi naron dolosamente. Asimismo fueron condenados los funcionarios responsables del control del aceite de colza importado y, en consecuencia, el Estado fue considerado el responsable civil.

The main idiosyncrasy of a typical karst system is the presence of a three-dimensional network of conduits behaving as drains in the system and being responsible of both the quick response of karst springs to rainfall events and the complex distribution of solutes in the system. A morphometric analysis of the three-dimensional geometry of conduits provides quantitative measures that can be used in a range of applications. These morphometric parameters can be used as descriptors of the underground geomorphology, they provide information on speleogenesis processes, they can be correlated with karst denudation ratios, they can be used to control the simulation of realistic stochastic karst networks of conduits, and they can be correlated with hydrogeologic behaviour of the karst system. The main purpose of this paper is to define, describe and illustrate a range of morphometric indexes and morphometric functions that can be calculated nowadays because the availability of three-dimensional topographies provided by speleological work and the availability of the computational and graphical power provided by modern computers. Some of the morphometric parameters describe the existence of preferential directions of karstification, others describe the kartification along the vertical and the possible presence of inception horizons. Other indexes describe the shape complexity of the karstic network, whilst other indexes describe spatial variability of the conduit geometry, and other parameters give account of the connectivity of the three-dimensional network. The morphometric analysis is illustrated with a three-dimensional karstic network in Southern France.

The rockshelter of Benzú has a Middle-Upper Pleistocene stratigraphic sequence with ten levels, seven with evidence of human occupation. Speleothems have been dated by U/Th and the sedimentary levels by OSL and TL, showing that the sequence extends from 250 ka to 70 ka. In this paper, we summarise the results of geomorphology, chronostratigraphy and excavation, and provide preliminary results on the pollen, faunal and lithic remains. The location of the site on the North African coast of the Strait of Gibraltar offers the potential to throw light on contacts and relationships between prehistoric communities in North Africa and the South Iberian Peninsula, for whom the Strait may have served as a bridge rather than a barrier., This Project is the result of collaboration between the Autonomous City of Ceuta and the University of Cádiz (Project OT2006/217) and is part of the International Cooperation Proyects AECI A/2893/05 and A/6728/06, in collaboration with Dr. Ali Maate (UAE, Tetouan, Morocco) and Ramon Morán. We would like to thank Mabel Deu, Fernando Villada, Maria Teresa Troya and Gabriel Fernández for their Institutional help. We would also like to thank Paloma Uzquiano for the anthracological data, Alfonso Arribas and Isabel Cáceres for their study of the faunal assemblage, Joaquín Rodríguez-Vidal for geomorphological data from the Gibraltar area, Clive Finlayson for inviting us to contribute this paper, and to the editors for improving the English. Finally, we thank all the specialists, archaeologists, students and volunteers that have participated in the excavations and studies during the Benzú Project.

The Fonelas P-1 large-mammal site is located stratigraphically in the youngest unit (Late Pliocene–Pleistocene) of the endorheic fill of the Guadix Basin (Betic Cordillera). At the site location this unit is represented by fluvial sediments of the basin's axial drainage system. The general succession of the site consists of stacked fining-upward cycles, basically beginning with gravel and/or sand filling a meandering channel and concluding with floodplain mud and carbonate. Each of the cycles is made up of four facies associations determined by sedimentological analysis of the sections measured in the paleontological excavation of the site. These associations correspond to sedimentation in definite areas of the fluvial system: (A) filling of a sinuous channel at maximum activity, (B) levee deposits, (C) abandoned channel and (D) floodplain. In the cycle in which the site is located there is a fifth association (E), where the main fossil concentration is found (Fonelas P-1). This is a facies bioturbated by mammals moving over sediments of the abandoned channel association (C). By space–time reconstruction of the fluvial environments, we can infer that the morphological depression caused by a meander abandonment due to chute cut-off was used as a hyena den. The animal settlement ended when overflow from the laterally migrating active channel began to bury the abandoned meander with floodplain sediments.

The most complete historical series of instrumental data available, spanning more than a century, on rainfall, temperature and outflow of a karst spring obtained from gauging stations in the south of the Iberian peninsula were analysed by means of spectral and correlation analyses and continuous wavelet analyses. Annual periodicity of the rainfall and temperature distributions was constant over more than 100 years, although weaker (6-month) periodicities have also been observed, as well as rainfall and temperature periodicities of 5 and 2.5 years, which have also been recorded in other areas of Europe. These multiannual scale components can be explained by climatic variations or effects described in the literature in connection with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and are likely to be the same as the climate variability at decadal to annual scale detected in several proxy data from geological records. No long-term trends in the distribution of precipitation and temperature were detected.

A study of stable isotopes (N 18 O, N 13 C) of a uranium-series dated aragonitic stalactite from Nerja Cave (Malaga, southern Spain) was carried out in order to determine the conditions of deposition in isotopic equilibrium and non- equilibrium. We obtained a record of climate change from 190 000 to 160 000 years ago. A series of carbon (N 13 C) and oxygen (N 18 O) isotopes analyses have been carried out in parallel to the stalactite growth axis. Sampling was done in each growth layer. A curve of the secular N 18 O aragonite variations for the stalactite suggests cooler climate conditions

The concentration of nine water soluble ions in aerosol samples on cellulose filters collected by a high-volume cascade impactor was determined for two rural sites in Venezuela. Total suspended particles show a similar size distribution both dry and rainy seasons (MMDs∼2.5 μm). The inorganic water soluble ions are ∼30% by mass of the TSP, from which, S04–Cl–NH4 represent ∼80%, and sulphate accounts for ∼50%. An important enrichment respect to marine aerosols (≫40%) was observed in the sequence: Cl−

The determination of seven elements in cellulose filters loaded with air particulate matter (total and size distributions) was carried out in two rural western Venezuelan savannah sites during dry and rainy seasons. After acid digestion of the filter material with high purity nitric acid, analysis of the metals was carried out by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The level of possible error at the analytical stage was found to be insignificantly small. The K and Ca excess concentrations in relation to sea water were ∼90%. A large concentration of Ca in coarse particles >1.5 μm was observed, probably coming as carbonates from soil and cement production emissions, which should have a good potential to neutralize the acidity of the atmosphere. In both dry and rainy seasons, K was present in a large fraction (>50%) of coarse particles >1.5 μm, indicating that the western Venezuelan savannah region is little affected by vegetation burning emissions in comparison with other Venezuelan savannah regions. The release of water soluble K salt particles from vegetation is the most likely additional K source other than sea-salt. A very high concentration was found for Cu (233–394 ng m−3) in the rainy season, which is up eight times higher than found in other Venezuelan savannah regions. This range of concentration is well above the range of 3–100 ng m−3 found in other rural areas of the world, indicating possible natural and/or anthropogenic sources for the atmospheric concentration of this element.