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Microbial infections and the slow regression of inflammation are major impediments to wound healing. Herein, a tilapia fish skin gelatin-fucose gum-tannic acid (GelFuc-TA) hydrogel wound dressing (GelFuc-TA) was designed to promote wound healing by mixing and reacting tannic acid (TA) with tilapia fish skin gelatin (Gel) and fucoidan (Fuc). GelFuc-TA hydrogel has a good network structure as well as swelling and release properties, and shows excellent antibacterial, antioxidant, cell compatibility, and hemostatic properties. GelFuc-TA hydrogel can promote the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD-31), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), enhance collagen deposition, and accelerate wound repair. GelFuc-TA hydrogel can change the wound microbiome, reduce wound microbiome colonization, and decrease the expression of microbiome-related proinflammatory factors, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). GelFuc-TA hydrogel effectively regulates the conversion of wound macrophages to the M2 (anti-inflammatory phenotype) phenotype, decreases the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and increases the expression of arginase-1 (Arg-1), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), thereby reducing the inflammatory response. In summary, GelFuc-TA hydrogel prepared using a rational green cross-linking reaction can effectively accelerate wound healing.

Harmful algal blooms have raised great concerns due to their adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Recently, visible light-driven (VLD) photocatalysis has attracted attention for algae inactivation owing to its unique characteristics of low cost, mechanical stability, and excellent removal efficiency. However, the low utilization of visible light and the high complexation rate of electron-hole (e

A GO-TiO2 membrane was fabricated using a layer-by-layer method to assemble graphene oxide (GO) on a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) support, interconnecting GO nanosheets with polyethylenimine (PEI). The surfaces of the GO nanosheets were modified by depositing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on them using an ethanol/ultraviolet (UV) post-treatment, that enhanced their photocatalytic and self-cleaning properties. The GO-TiO2 membrane showed good photocatalytic performance with a 58.8% removal rate of methylene blue (MB) under UV for 250 min. The self-cleaning properties were illustrated via the flux recovery by UV irradiation and the effect of UV irradiation before membrane filtration. The experimental results indicated that the J/J0 ratio of the GO-TiO2 membrane increased from 41% to 54% after the fouled membrane was exposed to UV irradiation for 30 min. When UV irradiated the GO-TiO2 membrane for 40 min prior to filtration, the flux increased from 1.67 to 1.88 L/m2•h. This may be a result of the photo-induced superhydrophilicity of TiO2.

The formation potentials of trichloronitromethane (TCNMFPs) of four natural amino acids (glycine, threonine, lysine and tryptophane) were investigated during chlorination and preozonation-chlorination. The effects of initial ozone dosage, reaction time, pH, and nitrite concentration on the TCNMFP of selected amino acid (AA) solutions were carried out in detail. During preozonation-chlorination, TCNMFPs of glycine- and lysine-containing solutions were more significant than that containing the other two AAs. Increasing the initial ozone concentration resulted in a considerable increase of TCNMFPs from glycine, lysine, and tryptophane. The concentration of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) of glycine, threonine, and lysine solutions increased during preozonation-chlorination with the ozonation time extended. The effect of pH on TCNMFPs of amino acid by preozonation was compound-specific. In addition, the presence of nitrite ions contributes greatly to TCNMFP for all four types of amino acids. However, as the concentration of NO2− increased to higher levels, there was no significant further enhancement of TCNMFP. For chlorination alone, TCNM formed in all four amino acid solutions, with tryptophane solution having the highest TCNMFP.

Red-emitting phosphors La3Ga5GeO14: Eu3+, Bi3+ were prepared by high temperature solid state reactions. The structure and luminescence properties of these phosphors were investigated in detail. The X-ray diffraction study shows the phase formation of La3Ga5GeO14: Eu3+, Bi3+ phosphors. Scanning electronic microscope observation proves that the size of obtained samples is approximately 1–2 µm. The band gap of La3Ga5GeO14 is calculated to be 5.234 eV based on obtained diffuse reflectance spectrum. Under the near ultraviolet excitation, Eu3+ doped samples can emit bright red light corresponding to the electric dipole transition (5D0→7F2 transition). The dipole–dipole interaction is dominating mechanism for the concentration quenching. The introduction of Bi3+ enhances the luminescence intensity of Eu3+. It also results in the red shift of charge transfer band of O2-→Eu3+. The effect of the co-doping of Bi3+ on the luminescence properties of Eu3+ is discussed in detail. The CIE chromaticity coordinates of typical La3Ga5GeO14: Eu3+, Bi3+ phosphor is close to red-emitting phosphor Y2O2S: Eu3+. Present research indicates that La3Ga5GeO14: Eu3+, Bi3+ is a promising candidate of red-emitting phosphor for white light-emitting diodes.

The construction of heterojunction photocatalyst with a simple method is of vital significance for practical application of photocatalytic technology. Herein, a novel Z-scheme Bi2WO6-P25 photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal method. The catalyst exhibited excellent photodegradation efficiency of tetracyclines (TCs) and fluoroquinolones (FQs) under visible light. Superior degradation capability could be ascribed to the Z-scheme heterojunction charge transfer mechanism between Bi2WO6 and P25. It not only provided more reactive sites for target pollutants during catalytic process, but also improved the visible-light harvesting capacity and charge separation efficiency. Mechanisms were explored through quenching and EPR experiments, it revealed that h+ and •O2− worked together to reach the efficient degradation rate of TC. The detailed decomposition pathways of TC were also proposed by UPLC-MS analysis. In addition, the results of major factor exploring experiments showed that the degradation efficiency of TC and CIP were significantly improved under weakly acidic and neutral conditions, while the effects of introduction of NO3- and SO42- were negligible. In general, Bi2WO6-P25 Z-scheme heterojunction is proved to be a promising photocatalyst that possesses a great potential application in the treatment of antibiotic wastewater.

Commercial activated carbon (AC) was subjected to various kinds of acid treatment, which were employed as air-breathing cathodes for Microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Obviously, both the acid species and the concentration of acidic solution have an effect on the catalytic activity of AC, and the electrochemical performance of AC was increased after acid treatment. Cathodes used 1 M H3PO4 treated AC (AC-H3PO4-1) showed the maximum power density of 1546 ± 43 mW m−2, which was 115% higher than the pristine AC. The electrochemical studies showed that AC-H3PO4-1 exhibited the least resistance and highest kinetic activity. In addition, Nitrogen adsorption-desorption demonstrated that the acid treatment could increase the total surface area and pore volume, especially the exposure of mesopore to the reactants. Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption with ammonia revealed that the degree of graphitization, surface oxygenic functional groups and the acid sites of AC were enhanced after acid treatment. However, too much strong acidic functional groups were detrimental to the oxygen reduction reaction. In general, the treatment of activated carbon with 1 M H3PO4 will be a promising way to improve the performance of microbial fuel cells.

Overall aim of the paper: use what we have learnt from SARS-CoV-19 pandemic and make policy recommendations that would aid policy decisions during any future pandemics. We have evidence of the various policy interventions and the manifested local healthcare implications (admissions/occupancy/deaths etc.) to suggest that local variation is significant enough to warrant local interventions in future pandemics. We have modelled the implications of national pandemic policy on local health economies and suggest that nationally coordinated approaches do not attain their policy objective of reducing infections. Therefore, we suggest local policy approaches to enable relevant positive progress on containment by protecting the vulnerable and increasing shielding measures which data modelling suggests has the most positive impact on population health and reducing SARS-CoV-19 mortality rates whilst, at the same time, reducing the economic impact of national, often less relevant, pandemic policies.

Biochars derived from rice straw (RS biochars) at various pyrolysis temperatures (300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C) were studied to explore their adsorption ability of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and to find out the associations between structural properties of different RS biochars and their adsorption capacity. The BET surface area determination was performed RS-700,biochar was found to contain the specific surface area of 360.9 m2g−1, which was significantly larger than others. In addition, with the increase of pyrolysis temperatures, the larger and denser pore canals of RS biochars could be seen through the observation of surface morphologies and microstructures Moreover, the adsorption kinetic and equilibrium models were determined for different RS biochars. For all adsorbents, the adsorption kinetics were well fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model ( R 2 :0.9455-0.9956) and the adsorption equilibrium were well described with Freundlich model ( R 2 >0.9). The removal of MC-LR was positively related to the pyrolysis temperatures of RS biochars. RS-700 biochar exhibited the maximal adsorption capacity of 10.96 μ g g−1, which was more than 2 times as much as that of RS-300 biochar. And the adsorption amount of MC-LR increased substantially with the increasing initial concentration of MC-LR. Furthermore, the effect of pH value was also evaluated for the better understanding of adsorption mechanisms.

The ash fusion behaviors of corn stalk (CS) and its variation mechanisms by two sludges [municipal-water sewage sludge (MW) and textile dyeing sludge (TD)] additions in an oxidizing atmosphere were investigated. Increasing the MW mass ratio led to an initial slow rise in the ash fusion temperatures (AFTs), but then they slowly decreased. The four characteristic temperatures for CS-TD all gradually increased as the TD proportion rose. An increase in the MW percentage led to changes in the generation and proportions of Ca2MgSi2O7, CaAl2Si2O8, CaMgSi2O6, KAlSi2O6, and Ca3(PO4)2, and these changes increased the AFTs. The formation of AlPO4 and its subsequent transformation into amorphous matter at high temperatures slowly decreased the AFT when the MW percentage exceeded 70%. The generations of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 and the increases in their proportions as the TD percentage rose led to a gradual increase in the AFTs. The results from this study improve current understanding about the AFT variation mechanisms operating when sludge is added to CS and provide information that can be used to mitigate ash-related issues during the co-combustion of CS and sludge.

The specific roles of tartaric acid (TA), as an eco-friendly ligand, in homogeneous and heterogeneous copper-catalyzed systems were systematically revealed and new mechanisms of TA enhancing the three Fenton-like processes were proposed to provide a theoretical significance in overcoming the deficiency of conventional Fenton processes. The results identified hydroxyl radical (•OH) as the main species responsible for the simultaneous decomposition of TA and metronidazole (MNZ) according to TOC removal. The ESR technique was used to detect superoxide radicals (•O2-), carbon-centered radical (•R) and hydrogen radical (•H) in the Cu2+/TA/H2O2 system, which contributed to the acceleration of the Cu2+/Cu+ redox cycle. The enhancing effect of TA on the homogeneous process was ascribed to the formation of a soluble complex with Cu2+, which favored the pH range extension, Cu+ oxidation, and radical generation. Moreover, the adsorption of TA on the catalysts surface promoted the consumption of H2O2, inducing •OH generation. The formed surface complex (≡Cu2+-TA) also accelerated the regeneration of ≡Cu+, which was confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculation and surface characterization analysis (SEM, XRD, and XPS). The possible degradation pathways of MNZ in TA-modified Fenton-like system were also clarified.

In this study, calcined Cu-based metal-organic frameworks impregnated with nickel nitrate and pyrrole (CuNiN@C) with better stability and degradation performance was synthesized by doping of both Ni and N. Coupling with peroxymonosulfate (PMS), CuNiN@C worked as adsorptive bifunctional catalyst in effectively degradation of norfloxacin (NFX). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Selected area electron diffraction (SAED), High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were applied for the preliminary characterization of the synthesized material to reveal the complete retention of the octahedral particle shape and successful doping of nitrogen. The results showed that over 80% NFX (5 mg/L) was degraded in 30 min with CuNiN@C (0.2 g/L) and PMS (2 mmol/L), and the reusability of CuNiN@C in four cycles did not significantly deteriorated, which was attributed to Ni doping. The mechanism of NFX degradation was separated into two parts: adsorption of CuNiN@C and activation of PMS. CuNiN@C adsorption followed a pseudo-second order rate model (R2 = 0.99), and nitrogen doping caused multiple electron-withdrawing functional groups in order to achieve chemisorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and N2 adsorption of both the pre-test and post-test CuNiN@C were adopted in the adsorption mechanism investigation. Meanwhile, as the activate sites of CuNiN@C, Cu and Ni responded to the PMS activation, and three radicals may be generated during the activation. Radical quenching experiments and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) illustrated that the hydroxyl radical ( OH) plays a major role in NFX oxidation, which was confirmed by the effect of pH value experiment. According to results of the liquid chromatograph linked to a mass spectrometer (LC-MS), possible degradation pathways are proposed: the substitution reactions and elimination reactions on both quinolone and benzene rings, the destruction of the piperazinyl group and the opening of the quinolone ring. This study provides new insight into the fabrication and application of the CuNiN@C/PMS system as antibiotic pollution remedy in aquatic environment.

The RNA interference (RNAi) pathway directs an important antiviral immunity mechanism in plants and invertebrates. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that the induction and suppression of antiviral RNAi response are also conserved in mammals, at least to five distinct RNA viruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV). ZIKV preferentially infects neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) in the developing fetal brain. Xu et al. have revealed that ex vivo ZIKV infection induces RNAi-mediated antiviral response in human NPCs, but not in the more differentiated NPCs or somatic cells. However, less is known about the in vivo property or function of the virus-derived small-interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) targeting Zika virus. Here we report a surprising observation: viral small RNAs (vsRNAs) targeting ZIKV were produced in vivo upon infection in both central neuron system (CNS) and muscle tissues. In addition, our findings demonstrate the production of canonical vsiRNAs in murine CNS upon antiviral RNAi activation by Sindbis virus, suggesting the possibility of antiviral immune strategy applied by mammals in the CNS.

This work presented a new strategy to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by the addition of nano-zero-valent tungsten (nZVT) via accelerating the redox cycles of Cu(II)/Cu(I), which induce the consecutive generation of highly reactive oxygen species ultimately. The oxidation capacity of the nZVT/Cu(II)/PMS process and the detailed mechanisms of PMS activation were investigated with tetracycline (TC) as the targeted pollutant. Our results indicated that about 70% TC removal was obtained in the nZVT/Cu(II)/PMS system in 15 min with an initial pH of 4.6. In addition, hydroxyl radicals ( OH), sulfate radicals (SO4 −), and superoxide radicals ( O2−) were identified as the reactive oxygen species (ROSs) attributed to rapid TC decomposition according to the quenching studies and EPR technology. The effective component that was responsible for PMS activation and ROSs generation was ascertained to be the resulting Cu(I), which derived from the direct reduction pathway driven by epigenetic low valence tungsten species and the indirect reduction pathway driven by active hydrogen atoms. Further, the presence of Cu(II) significantly accelerated the corrosion of the nZVT powders, leading to the accumulation of low valence tungsten species and the decrease in the mean diameter of the ZVT nanoparticles. There was no obvious change of the composition and structure between the original and residual nZVT powders, as evidenced by XPS and XRD analysis. The degradation process of TC included the cleavage of specific functional groups, the ring-opening reactions and the hydroxylation process. This study provided theoretical significance in applying zero-valent metals to activate PMS through a cupric/cuprous redox cycling mechanism.

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) have high residual concentrations in the environment, which can cause serious problems with antibiotic resistance genes as well as bacterial resistance, and thus pose a threat to human health and ecosystem. The application of photocatalytic technology to degrade pollutants has received more and more attention due to its energy-saving and high-efficiency characteristics. In this work, special emphasis was placed on the degradation and mechanisms of three kinds of tetracycline antibiotics (including tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC)) by using novel Ag/g-C3N4 nano-sheets photocatalysts. The results showed that the heterojunction formed by the combination of g-C3N4 and Ag, being not only beneficial to supply more reaction active sites for catalytic reaction but also suppressing the recombination of photogenerated electron-holes pairs, can achieve 2–3 times the degradation efficiency of pure g-C3N4. The Ag(8%)/g-C3N4 sample showed the highest photocatalytic efficiency among these composites and the photocatalytic activities of TCs were improved with increasing pH. In addition, this work assessed the effects of TCs degradation intermediates on Escherichia coli (E. coli) activities and used TC as an example to infer the degradation pathway. The degradation mechanisms were also explored. It suggested that photogenerated holes were the main active species and the inhibition effect of degradation products on E. coli was significantly reduced compared with TCs. This proved again that the degradation of TCs by Ag/g-C3N4 was effective and reliable.

In this study, notable peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation enhancement accomplished by coupling zeolite-supported nano-zero-valent Iron (z-nZVI) with weak magnetic field (WMF) was reported. The z-nZVI/PMS/WMF possessed 25% enhancement (when pH = 3) in acid orange 7 (AO7) removal efficiency and 2–3 folds enhancement in degradation rate and could extend pH range when compared with z-nZVI/PMS process. SEM-mapping and XRD analysis revealed that WMF accelerated the dissolution of z-nZVI to promote the formation of free radicals. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and radical scavenger studies verified the formation of SO4 −, OH and O2 −. It was demonstrated that the generation of O2 − was due to the reaction of Fe0 with PMS rather than the diffusion of O2. The role of WMF was explained by the magnetoconvection theory and a possible reaction mechanism was derived. The significant improvement was also observed on the degradation of other contaminants including tetracycline and norfloxacin (50% enhancement). Moreover, regenerating z-nZVI by recycled zeolites makes water treatment much easier, more feasible and more economical.

Aims The objective of this study was to investigate the role of plasma and platelet microRNAs in the occurrence of ischemic stroke in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods miR-223, miR-146a, miR-495, and miR-107 expression in the plasma and platelets, blood glucose concentration, and platelet activation rate were measured in patients with diabetes mellitus and ischemic stroke, diabetes mellitus only, ischemic stroke only, and healthy controls. Platelet activity was measured by flow cytometric measurement of P-selectin expression, while miRNA was measured by real-time PCR. Results The expressions of platelet and plasma miR-223 and miR-146a were significantly downregulated in patients with ischemic stroke and diabetes mellitus or diabetes mellitus only, but not in patients with ischemic stroke only compared to healthy controls. The expressions of platelet and plasma miR-495 and miR-107 showed no significant differences among these four groups. The expression of platelet miR-223 and miR-146a significantly correlated with plasma miR-223 and miR-146a levels, blood glucose concentration, and platelet activation rate. Conclusions Hyperglycemia may downregulate the expressions of miR-223 and miR-146a, leading to subsequent platelet activation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Low platelet and plasma miR-223 and miR-146a expression is a risk factor for ischemic stroke in Chinese diabetes mellitus patients.

BRMS1 was first discovered as a human breast carcinoma metastasis suppressor gene. However, the mechanism of BRMS1 in tumor metastasis and its developmental role remain unclear. In this paper, we first report the identification of the Drosophila ortholog of human BRMS1, dBrms1. Through a genetic approach, the role of dBrms1 during development has been investigated. We found that dBrms1 is an essential gene and loss of dBrms1 function results in lethality at early developmental stages. dBrms1mutants displayed phenotypes such as developmental delay and failure to initiate metamorphosis. Further analysis suggests that these phenotypes are contributed by defective ecdysone signaling and expression of target genes of the ecdysone pathway. Therefore, dBrms1 is required for growth control by acting as a modulator of ecdysone signaling in Drosophila and is required for metamorphosis for normal development.

The synthesis and in-situ organic surface modification of spinel cobalt aluminate nanoparticles were carried out under subcritical reducing hydrothermal conditions (250 °C, 30 MPa). Single nanoparticles of cobalt aluminate were obtained using a continuous flow-type reactor; in contrast, Co 1− x Al x layered double hydroxide (Co-Al-LDHs) became the main product when a batch-type reactor was used. The addition of a surface modifier, hexanoic acid, to the flow-type reaction system changed the hydrophilic surface of the nanoparticles to a hydrophobic surface. Cobalt aluminate nanoparticles modified with hexanoic acid were well dispersed in hexane. The in-situ surface modification during the synthesis of the nanoparticles reduced the particle size from 15 nm to 10 nm.

We propose the preparation of thin films on the porous substrate using one component Ca 0.8 Sr 0.2 Ti 0.7 Fe 0.3 O 3 − δ (CTO) perovskite-type oxide with the same composition, prepared by using different procedures. An asymmetric membrane with a 20 μm thickness was prepared by using CTO synthesized by the supercritical hydrothermal synthesis method. This asymmetric membrane was used as a one component membrane reactor (OCMR) comprising the membrane and the partial oxidation catalyst (Ni supported on Ca 0.8 Sr 0.2 Ti 0.9 Fe 0.1 O 3 − δ ) to produce synthesis gas from methane. The performance of OCMR has been investigated for the partial oxidation of methane in synthesis gas in natural gas conversion process. For this OCMR, the conversions of methane and selectivity to CO were 82.3% and 99.8% at 1173 K, respectively, and were significantly improved compared with the unsupported solid disk type membrane with a 500 μm thickness. Moreover, the activation energy of the oxygen permeation process and the relationship between oxygen permeation and film thickness were confirmed to investigate oxygen permeation properties of the CTO thin film under OCMR.

Perovskite oxide Ca0.8Sr0.2Ti1−xFexO3−δ (CTO) nanoparticles, in which Ca and Ti sites are partially doped by Sr and Fe atoms, were synthesized using a flow supercritical reaction system. Effect of synthetic parameters such as pH, Fe content x, and temperature were investigated on (1) production of single-phase CTO and (2) particle size control. Products were characterized using X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and BET surface area. A single-phase CTO was obtained at 673 K, 30 MPa. The pH of the mixed salt solution affected the single-phase CTO production. High pH was necessary to obtain single-phase CTO and the required pH increased with an increase in Fe content x. In addition, homogeneous fine particles (ca. 20 nm) were achieved at high pH. The BET surface areas of the hydrothermal products were much higher, about 70–90 m2/g, compared with that of the conventional sol–gel product (

Synthesis of nitrogen (N) doped zinc oxide (ZnO) has been attempted by a serial operation of co-grinding the mixture of ZnO and urea (CO(NH 2 ) 2 ), followed by calcining the ground product at 400 °C. The prepared ZnO sample has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR), Raman spectroscopy. All spectra from these techniques are completely different from those of the hand ground mixture sample, confirming the mechanochemical effect of N-doping. The prepared N-doped ZnO sample exhibits light absorbance in the visible light wavelength region, and has high photo-catalytic ability in an anti-bacterial test.

Hydrous amorphous chromium oxide (Cr2O3·nH2O) and crystalline one (Cr2O3) powders prepared by heating Cr(OH)3·nH2O at different temperatures were separately ground with La2O3 powder using a planetary ball mill at room temperature to investigate mechanochemical synthesis of LaCrO3. Hydrous amorphous chromium oxide prepared reacts with La2O3 to form LaCrO3 and the reaction proceeds with an increase in grinding time. No reaction takes place in the case of crystalline Cr2O3. The ground sample consists of agglomerates and large particles with size up to around 100 μm and shows low specific surface area of about 5 m2/g. The mechanochemical method can be also used to synthesize other chromium rare earth complex oxides by grinding the mixture of hydrous chromium oxide and rare earth (Pr, Nd and Sm) oxides.

Room temperature extraction of valuable substances from LiCo 0.2 Ni 0.8 O 2 scrap containing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has been carried out using 1 N HNO 3 solution after mechanochemical (MC) treatment by a planetary mill with and without Al 2 O 3 powder. Crystalline LiCo 0.2 Ni 0.8 O 2 in the scrap was pulverized and became amorphous by MC treatment for 60 and 240 min, respectively, with and without Al 2 O 3 power. This shows that the addition of Al 2 O 3 is very effective for MC treatment. Accordingly, Co as well as Ni and Li were extracted at a high yield of more than 90% from the amorphous scrap sample. About 1% of fluorine in the PVDF was dissolved in the filtrate when the Al 2 O 3 powder was added to the scrap during the MC treatment, while no fluorine was detected in the filtrate obtained from the ground scrap sample without Al 2 O 3 powder.