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The conflict between the United States and China may be the issue of most importance as well as interest to the world, prior to COVID-19. This conflict between the two countries is appearing not only in the economic sector, but also in various field such as politics, diplomacy, and military affairs. Such competition between the two countries is likely to escalate further as multilateral systems such as the WTO are threatened and protectionism intensifies in the post-COVID-19 world. Even within Latin America, the competition between the two countries frequently appears in a variety of forms. Conflicts between the United States and China in Latin America tend to occur mainly in the infrastructure sectors. Furthermore, the United States pressured Latin American countries to choose between the United States and China, with the results of this pressure depending on the political orientation of the ruling government. In order to investigate the impact of retaliatory tariffs between the two countries on Latin American countries’ exports and welfare, we employ an event analysis for exports and computational general equilibrium (CGE) model for welfare, with Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Chile as the subject of our analysis. Based on the outcome of the event study, Brazil’s exports to the United States moderately increased due to the tariff imposition, and such an effect persisted for short term. Its exports to China rose considerably immediately after the tariff imposition, and then the impact tended to decrease over time. By contrast, it is difficult to conclude that the tariff imposition had a statistically significant and lasting effect on the exports of the remaining three countries to the United States and China. As a result of the analysis using the CGE model, meanwhile, the tariffs imposed between the United States and China trivially increased the welfare of Latin American countries.

In this paper, the optimal scheduling for an energy storage system (ESS) is proposed for redispatching the conventional generation, considering the aspects of economy and reliability. The aim of the optimal scheduling problem is to achieve a maximum benefit including minimal fuel as well as ESS aging costs, while satisfying a specific reliability constraint. In terms of the reliability evaluation, the reliability constraint is newly formularized for ESS to have a higher state of charge (SOC) level than the minimum SOC level required to satisfy a specific reliability level over time. In addition, the life time and capacity degradation of the ESS, its major characteristics, are also formularized and considered in order to express the ESS aging cost. The optimal scheduling problem is solved by the proposed tracing method, which is based on dynamic programming and is formulated using the cumulative transition matrix. The proposed method is demonstrated using data from various generating units including renewable energy resources (RES) and an ESS, for four cases, to verify the proposed method.

This paper presents an electric vehicle charging demand management method by modeling the demand dispatch calculation. Despite the demand shift owing to the price signal, the signal is occasionally inaccurate because of the load variability. The electricity rate has features that can shift the electric vehicle charging priorities; the application of the load fluctuation criterion is sufficient for the management plan. We expect that there is a point, wherein, both the electric vehicle users (saving costs) and the system operators (relieving loads) are satisfied with the mutually beneficial arrangements. Our method determines the balanced state in which the loads and costs are considered simultaneously with the proposing criteria. The method allows the discordance between the electrical prices and the system load fluctuations to be managed, while the time-of-use pricing and load deviation indices are accounted for. We focus on the gap corresponding to the load variation and the charging price in a daily scheme. In contrast to the typical valley filling strategies, the aim of this study is to determine and solve the mismatches in the different goals of the costs and loads, if the state is not mutually beneficial. Therefore, to ensure a system operator perspective selectively, we introduce the load weight and ranking method concepts for dispersing the charging loads, lowering the system marginal prices, and investment avoidance because electricity rates cannot describe the load curves accurately. The charging demand calculation is investigated based on the determination of the charging patterns and daily demands using the priority comparison method. The balancing strategy first fills the mutual benefit points with respect to the changing priorities and then, competes to find the balanced points. The significance of the method is that it is based on the unique relationship between two comprehensive competitive strategies. Thus, we determine that valley filling, flat load management, and regulated deviation are insufficient to describe the user and operator behaviors simultaneously.

Recently, the need to advance into emerging markets has increased for Korea with changes in U.S. trade policy and the proliferation of trade protectionism around the world. In order to diversify its export markets and diplomacy, Korea is pursuing its New Northern Policy (NNP) and New Southern Policy (NSP). China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a new regional development strategy from an internal perspective and a cooperative initiative from an external perspective. The BRI is a realization of the new Silk Road Economic Zone covering land and sea, to be realized comprehensively in cooperation with China's domestic and overseas development projects as a long-term mega-project, and which is expected to generate substantial economic ripple effects. China is working on the BRI to establish cooperative systems and plans, including infrastructure connections, and to promote collaborative projects with the five emerging regions of Central and Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Africa, CIS and Central Asia, South Asia and ASEAN. There is a need to link Korea and China's national strategy and the target countries of Korea's NNP and NSP, closely aligned with countries along China’s BRI route. This plan holds high potential for all countries involved. This study performs an overview of emerging regional strategies based on China's BRI and an in-depth analysis of emerging countries' economic cooperation policy toward China, with the aim of drawing important implications for Korea.

In recent years, the economic ties between Korea and Mercosur countries have declined due to various factors. However, the emergence of market-friendly governments in Brazil and Argentina that put emphasis on reform and accessibility could prove to be the catalyst to reignite stagnant economic relations between Korea and Mercosur. In addition, the announcement of trade agreement negotiations between Korea and Mercosur will likely prove to be a turning point in their cooperation relationship. In this regard, this study was conducted to help forward a breakthrough in mutual cooperation, with a particular focus on business cooperation.

Demand response (DR) has been considered as a generation alternative to improve the reliability indices of the system and load point. However, when the demand resources scheduled in the DR market fail to result in demand reductions, it can potentially bring new problems associated with maintaining a reliable supply. In this paper, a reliability model of the demand resource is constructed considering customers’ behaviors in the same form as conventional generation units, where the availability and unavailability are associated with the simple two-state model. The reliability model is generalized by a multi-state model. In the integrated power market with DR, market players provide the demand reduction and generation, which are represented by an equivalent multi-state demand response and generation, respectively. The reliability indices of the system and load point are evaluated using the optimal power flow by minimizing the summation of load curtailments with various constraints.

Korean Abstract: 본 연구는 아르헨티나와 브라질의 시장 친화적 정부 등장 이후 빠르게 변화하는 MERCOSUR의 경제환경과 한ㆍMERCOSUR 무역협정 협상 개시에 대비하고, 정체된 양자간 경제관계 발전의 새로운 돌파구를 마련하기 위해 기획되었다. 특히 본 연구는 최근 한국과 MERCOSUR 간 새로운 협력방안의 하나로 주목받고 있는 기업간 협력에 초점을 두었다. 이상의 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구는 크게 여섯 장으로 구성되었다. 먼저 제2장에서는 MERCOSUR의 최근 경제환경 변화를 심층적으로 분석하였다. 제3장에서는 MERCOSUR 기업과 협력을 희망하는 한국기업에 대한 시사점을 도출하기 위해 기업간 협력 사례를 발굴해 분석하였다. 제4장에서는 정량적 분석 기법을 사용하여 한국과 MERCOSUR 기업 간 협력 유망분야를 발굴하였다. 제5장에서는 한국과 MERCOSUR 기업 간의 협력 실태를 바탕으로 양측 기업간 협력 활성화 방안을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 제6장에서는 연구결과를 전체적으로 정리하고, 한국과 MERCOSUR 기업 간 협력강화를 위한 종합방안을 다음과 같이 제언하였다. 먼저 우리 정부 및 기업은 빠르게 변모하는 MERCOSUR 경제환경 변화를 정확하게 인식하고 이에 대한 대응책을 마련해야 한다. 둘째, 정체된 한국과 MERCOSUR 경제관계 발전의 획기적인 전환점으로 한ㆍMERCOSUR 무역협정(TA)을 적극적으로 활용해야 한다. 셋째, 양측 기업간 협력을 위한 다양한 형태의 지속가능한 플랫폼 마련이 필요하다. 넷째, 지역통합체 차원의 협력전략이 필요하다. 마지막으로 우리기업은 MERCOSUR 회원국 및 기업이 지닌 비즈니스 측면의 전략적 가치를 정확하게 이해하고 활용하는 전략 수립이 필요하다. English Abstract: The economic environment of MERCOSUR has been rapidly changing after the emergence of market-friendly governments in Argentina and Brazil and the possibility of starting negotiations for a Korea-MERCOSUR trade agreement is growing. This study is designed to respond to such circumstances and to provide a new breakthrough in the development of previously stagnant bilateral economic relations. The study focuses especially on cooperation among firms, which has recently attracted attention as one of the new cooperation measures between Korea and MERCOSUR. In line with these research objectives, the study consists of six chapters. Chapter 2 depicts MERCOSUR’s recent economic environment developments in depth. Chapter 3 explores and analyzes cases of cooperation between firms through which we draw implications for Korean firms wishing to cooperate with MERCOSUR firms. Chapter 4 uses quantitative analysis techniques to identify promising areas of cooperation between Korea and MERCOSUR. Chapter 5 suggests ways to invigorate cooperation among firms of Korea and MERCOSUR, compared to the current state of cooperation. Finally, Chapter 6 summarizes the results of the study and suggests a comprehensive plan for strengthening cooperation between Korea and MERCOSUR. First, both governments and firms must swiftly recognize the rapid changes within the economic environment of MERCOSUR and prepare countermeasures. Second, Korea should actively utilize the MERCOSUR Trade Agreement (TA) as a turning point in the development of the economic relationship between Korea and MERCOSUR. Third, the two regions should build various forms of sustainable platforms for business cooperation. Fourth, a comprehensive cooperation strategy at the regional integration level is needed. Finally, Korean firms need to establish a strategy to accurately understand and utilize the strategic value of business aspects present within MERCOSUR member countries and companies.

In Latin America, the investment in infrastructure has been led by governments. However, the importance of PPP is growing, as fiscal revenues are decreasing in many countries due to the fall of commodity prices. Private investment in infrastructure in Latin America is outpacing other emerging economies. Latin America accounts for about 43% of the total private investment in infrastructure among developing economies. PPP is especially active in Brazil, Colombia, Chile and Peru. Among foreign firms, Spanish companies have the strongest presence in the PPP market of Latin America. Yet the competitive landscape is changing; while Spanish and European firms are losing their market share, Chinese and American enterprises are broadening their presence. Traditionally, investment in infrastructure has been concentrated in the ICT and electricity sectors but investment is being diversified into other sectors such as airports, railway, road, water and sanitation. Latin America has a less favorable PPP environment compared to other regions such as Asia. However, Chile, Brazil, Peru, Mexico and Colombia show promising conditions for PPP and hold a high rank among all developing countries. This is because these five countries have clear laws and institutions regarding PPP, and abundant experience with PPP projects. This study focuses on Chile, Peru, Mexico and Colombia and finds some similarities among these nations: 1) they have exclusive organizations for PPP, 2) projects with private initiatives are encouraged, 3) risks are transferred more to private sectors and subsidies from government are decreasing, 4) and there are growing projects in social infrastructure. We select some subsectors of infrastructure which have high demand for PPP projects. We also study several cases of foreign investment in each subsector: electricity in Mexico, transportation in Peru, health and medical treatment in Chile, and water and sanitation in Colombia. Latin America has several regional MDBs, such as the InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB) and Development Bank of Latin America (CAF). These banks play a crucial role for PPP projects. We offer four suggestions for firms: 1) firms need to understand the change in the infrastructure market toward more projects being planned in a PPP scheme rather than solely financed by the government, 2) the development level of the PPP environment differs by country, and thus firms need to prepare a customized strategy by country, 3) strategic alliance with local or foreign companies is crucial since they understand the local market well, 4) collaboration with regional MDBs, such as the IDB, CAF and CABEI, is recommended. This study also suggests the following policy recommendations for the Korean government: 1) The government can establish a government-business council and support Korean firms to win PPP contracts; 2) Incentives need to be provided to promote joint overseas business between conglomerate and small and medium-sized firms (SMEs); 3) ODA projects can be planned to identify infrastructure development demand in Latin America, and then the projects can be developed into PPP projects later, or feasibility studies for privately initiated PPP projects can be financed by ODA funds; 4) A formal cooperation system can be built between the Korean government and MDBs to facilitate Korean firms' access to MDBs; 5) Exchange of personnel from PPP-related institutions from Korea and Latin America can support Korean firms to acquire information and win projects.

Demand response (DR) extends customer participation to power systems and results in a paradigm shift from simplex to interactive operation in power systems due to the advancement of smart grid technology. Therefore, it is important to model the customer characteristics in DR. This paper proposes customer information as the registration and participation information of DR, thus providing indices for evaluating customer response, such as DR magnitude, duration, frequency and marginal cost. The customer response characteristics are modeled from this information. This paper also introduces the new concept of virtual generation resources, whose marginal costs are calculated in the same manner as conventional generation marginal costs, according to customer information. Finally, some of the DR constraints are manipulated and expressed using the information modeled in this paper with various status flags. Optimal scheduling, combined with generation and DR, is proposed by minimizing the system operation cost, including generation and DR costs, with the generation and DR constraints developed in this paper.

This paper deals with the vibration characteristics of a piezoelectric open-shell transducer which was made by dividing a cylindrical piezoelectric transducer longitudinally into two segments. Two-dimensional governing equations were derived by using the cylindrical membrane theory. Applying mechanical and electrical boundary conditions yielded a characteristic equation for the resonance frequencies of the piezoelectric open-shell transducer. The fundamental frequency and the electromechanical coupling factor were calculated and compared with the results of the finite element analysis and experiment. The fundamental mode shape obtained theoretically was compared with the result of the finite element analysis. The theoretical analysis was verified to provide the vibration characteristics of an open-shell transducer.

Air gasification was conducted with fractions of construction woody wastes in a two-stage gasifier, consisting of a fluidized bed zone and a tar cracking zone. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of reaction conditions and additives on the composition of producer gas and tar content in producer gas. A producer gas obtained with activated carbon of 540 g at an ER of 0.26 was mainly composed of H2 (25 vol.%), CO (22 vol.%) and CH4 (5 vol.%). Regarding tar removal efficiency, activated carbon was better than olivine. The tar removal rate with virgin activated carbon reached up to 80%. The reuse of spent activated carbon caused an efficiency loss in tar removal to some extent. Overall, it seems that the strong need for intensive downstream tar removal measurements can be removed with the use of a two-stage gasifier and the application of activated carbon.

Air gasification was conducted with a fraction of mixed plastic wastes in a newly developed two-stage gasifier. In this work, the influence of the reaction parameters, such as equivalence ratio, upper-reactor temperature and feed size, on the producer gas composition and tar removal were investigated. In addition, the effects of activated carbon and dolomite were also examined. At an equivalence ratio of 0.21, a very clean producer gas was obtained with a LHV of 13.44 MJ/Nm 3 . Activated carbon had a better tar removal efficiency than dolomite. The amount of additive had significant effects on the tar removal efficiency and hydrogen production. When 640 g of activated carbon was applied, the total tar production was about 2.5 times less and H 2 production two times higher than without activated carbon.

The three Latin American countries, Chile, Colombia and Peru, were in need of active industrial policies by the 2000s. First and foremost, they needed to diversify their export and industrial structure. Since the year 2000, dependence on the primary commodity exports of these South American countries has increased, due to China’s primary commodity boom (rose from 67% in year 2000 to 76% in 2013). In particular, Colombia’s export dependency on primary resources has jumped from 66% to 82% during the same period. This high dependency on primary goods can lead to high volatility in economic growth. During the period from 1996 to 2014, Chile, Peru, and Colombia’s volatility of economic growth exceeded the Latin American average. Second, these three countries had to promote their productivity. According to the IMF and other researches, the high rate of economic growth in the 2000s was achieved thanks to a high input of labor and accumulation of capital, rather than driven by TFP growth. In this sense, the low productivity of the three countries could be explained by the lack of innovation. Third, they needed to strengthen national competitiveness. These three countries all ranked on a mid-to-high level among South American countries, according to the World Economic Forum. However, their rankings have dropped or remained stagnant since 2010. In order to make the transition to an ‘innovation-driven’ economy from their current ‘efficiency-driven’ economy, they must expand R&D expenditure, and improve educational levels.

Korean Abstract: 본 연구는 최근 적극적인 인프라 개발사업 추진에 힘입어 침체된 중동시장을 보완할 차세대 인프라 시장으로 주목받고 있는 중남미 인프라 시장에 대한 한국의 진출 확대방안 제시를 목적으로 한다. 특히 이번 연구에서는 칠레, 멕시코, 페루, 콜롬비아 등 중남미 주요국의 민관협력(PPP) 정책 및 제도, 운영 현황, 활용 사례 등에 대한 심층적인 분석을 통해 우리기업의 PPP 시장 참여방안 발굴에 초점을 두었다. English Abstract: Traditionally Korean construction firms have actively invested in Middle Eastern countries. However, the centralization of investment in the region is not sustainable for Korea since the economy of the region is vulnerable to oil price fluctuations and keen competition among Korean firms is being witnessed in the market. Korean construction enterprises are faced with the challenge to find a new investment destination to replace the Middle East. Latin America has emerged as an alternative. The purpose of this study is to suggest policy and business recommendations for Korean companies to identify investment opportunities in Latin America, especially in Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects. This study focuses on four countries? Chile, Mexico, Peru and Columbia where PPP laws and institutions are relatively well developed.

This paper suggests a probabilistic approach to calculate available transfer capability in the interconnected network. Calculation of available transfer capability is complicated because it involves determination of total transfer capability, transmission reliability margin and capacity benefit margin. In the suggested available transfer capability quantification method, total transfer capability is determined by the continuation power flow process. Transmission reliability margin and capacity benefit margin are evaluated by probabilistic load flow and Monte Carlo simulation, respectively. Proposed method is applied to a modified IEEE 72-bus 3-area system to calculate available transfer capability on two different time spans. Results of the case study show that suggested probabilistic approach can offer operational flexibility for system operators to consider system and market uncertainties.

This paper presents the radial vibration characteristics of piezoelectric cylindrical transducers. Taking into account the piezoelectric anisotropy, dynamic differential equations of piezoelectric radial motion have been derived in terms of radial displacement and electric potential. Applying mechanical and electric boundary conditions has yielded a characteristic equation for radial vibration of the radially polarized piezoelectric cylinder. Theoretical calculations of the fundamental natural frequency have been compared with numerical and experimental results for transducers of several sizes, and have shown a good agreement.

This paper represents an approach for service restoration and optimal reconfiguration of distribution network using Genetic algorithm (GA) and Tabu search (TS) method. Restoration and reconfiguration problems in distribution network are difficult to solve within feasible times, because the distribution network is so complicated with the combination of many tie-line switches and sectionalizing switches and also has to satisfy radial operation conditions and reliability indices. Therefore, this paper applied Genetic-Tabu algorithm (GTA) to find optimum value with reasonable computation time. The Genetic-Tabu algorithm is a Tabu search combined with Genetic algorithm to find a global solution. The case studies with 7-feeder model showed that not only the loss reduction but also the reliability should be considered at the same time to achieve the optimal service restoration and reconfiguration in the distribution network.

As a definition of NERC, Available Transfer Capability(ATC) is a measure of the transfer capability remaining in the physical transmission network for the future commercial activity. To calculate ATC, accurate and defensible TIC, CBM and TRM should be calculated in advance. In this paper, we propose a method to quantify TRM based on probabilistic load flow based on the method of moment. Generation output, bus voltages, bus loads, and line outages are considered as complex random variables(CRV) to take into account for uncertainties related to the transmission network conditions. Probability Density Function (PDF) of line flow at the most limiting line is used to quantify TRM with the desired probabilistic margin. Suggested method is compared with the results from conventional CPF method and verified using 24 bus MRTS, and the suggested method based on PLF shows efficiency and flexibility for the quantification of TRM compared with the conventional method.

This paper proposes the regional, seasonal and hourly Representative Model of Load Power Factor (RMLPF) considering load characteristics of all 154/22.9 kV substations. The RMLPF is computed accurately to present a precision improvement of power system analysis and security. Computation of representative model of load utilizes the flow average method based on moving average method. The Energy Management System (EMS) data are used as the source to assess the Load Power Factor (LPF). Finally, this paper presents the regional, seasonal and hourly load characteristics of RMLPF using the constructed database.

This paper shows that the loads of active and reactive power have a significant positive relationship and there exist two types of relationship between them. In investigating the cross plots at every hour, it is found out that their relationship is linear from 0 to 8 hours, while they have two piece-wise linear curves from 9 to 23-rd hours. Also, reactive power load is estimated and forecasted using active power load as an explanatory variable with OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) regression methods. MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) for each model is calculated for the evaluation of onehour ahead forecasting

The vibrational characteristics of Langevin–type torsional transducers, which consist of two piezoelectric torsional disks and two elastic blocks, are studied theoretically and experimentally in this paper. The differential equations of piezoelectric torsional motions are derived in terms of the circumferential displacement and the electric potential. Solutions of the boundary-value problem yield the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the transducers, and the natural frequencies are verified by comparing the numerical results with the experimental ones. The theoretical results enable one to quantitatively predict the effect of the elastic blocks on the reduction of the natural frequencies of a Langevin-type torsional transducer.

Korean Abstract: 본 연구는 칠레, 콜롬비아, 페루 등 남미 3국이 일차산품 의존형 경제구조 탈피, 수출 경쟁력 제고, 신성장동력 육성 등을 목적으로 적극 추진하고 있는 신산업정책의 주요 내용과 특징을 심층적으로 분석하여 산업협력 수요 및 기회를 발굴하고 우리 정부 및 기업차원에서의 협력 및 진출 확대방안을 제시하기 위해 기획되었다. 특히 본 연구에서는 남미 3국의 유망 협력분야를 발굴하고 이를 통한 구체적인 협력방안 도출에도 중점을 두었다.이 같은 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구는 크게 다섯 개 장으로 구성되었다. 서론에서는 먼저 산업협력 대상국으로서 칠레, 콜롬비아, 페루 3국을 선정하게 된 이유를 설명하고 산업협력의 개념과 범위를 설정하였다. 남미 국가 중에서도 특히 3국을 선정한 이유는 한국과의 높은 산업협력 수요, 산업협력 파트너로서의 높은 전략적 가치, 양호한 산업협력 여건 등을 고려했기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 산업정책을 “경제성장이나 사회적 복지를 목적으로 비즈니스 환경을 개선하고 경제활동 구조를 바꾸기 위해 시도하는 어떠한 형태의 개입이나 정부정책”으로 정의하였다. 다음으로 최근 전 세계적으로 논의되고 있는 산업정책의 정의와 범위를 둘러싼 논쟁을 간략히 살펴보고 남미에서 신산업정책에 대한 논의들을 집중적으로 분석하였다. 이상의 분석 결과, 남미 3국 등에서 추진되고 있는 신산업정책은 과거의 산업정책과 달리 ① 단순 제조업 육성이 아닌 기존에 성공적으로 입증된 산업에서 고부가가치 실현 중시, ② 수입대체산업보다는 수출경쟁력 강조, ③ 혁신과 기업가 정신 및 중소기업 육성 강조, ④ 민관협력을 통한 수평적 운영체계 중시 등의 특징을 갖고 있다. English Abstract: In recent years, major Latin American countries, represented by Chile, Colombia and Peru, are actively implementing ‘new industrial policy’ in order to change their economic structures with high dependency on primary goods and then to promote their export competitiveness. One of the reasons that these policies are called new industrial policy is that it characterizes as following: First, they focus more on export promotion unlike the old industrial policy in 1950~1980 whose main focus was an import substitution. Second, the new industrial policies highlights the importance of the innovation. In the industrial policies of Chile, Brazil, Uruguay, and Colombia, the importance of innovation is particularly emphasized. Third, new industrial policies are nowadays backed by sound budget. Last but not least, new industrial policies are aiming at public-private alliances and being more horizontal whereas the old industrial policies are more of a vertical systems presided by the government. In this study, new industrial policies of Chile, Colombia and Peru have been analyzed in depth. Also suggestions to the government have been made to enhance cooperation between the two regions and also to the private enterprises to discover their opportunities in Latin America. This study has started from the questions of 1) what are the backgrounds for pursuing the new industrial policy of these three countries? 2) what are the differentiated characteristics of these new policies from the old ones? 3) will the sustainable development be possible through these new policies? 4) what are the obstacles for the promoting industrial cooperation between Korea and the Latin American region? 5) how can Korean government and the private enterprises utilize these new industrial policies in order to enhance the industrial cooperation?Based on these questions, this study comprises of five chapters. At the introduction, rationale for choosing three Latin American countries for the study, and the concept and the scope of industrial cooperation are described. Recent discussions on the definition and the scope of industrial policy are examined especially focusing on Latin American region.

This paper presents a new approach on using genetic algorithms for economic dispatch problem for valve point discontinuities. The proposed approach in this paper on genetic algorithms improves the performance to solve economic dispatch problem through combination of penalty function with death penalty, generation-apart elitism, atavism and heuristic crossover. Numerical results on a test system consisting of 13 thermal units show that the proposed approach has an ability to find the better solutions than the conventional genetic algorithm.

Two kinds of ultrasonic cleaners have been considered in this paper. One is operated at 28 kHz and its cleaning mechanism relies mostly on the cavitation in a cleaning liquid. The other is operated at 1 MHz and its cleaning mechanism relies on the high-frequency acceleration in the liquid. Since the cleaning performance of each type depends on the magnitude of the acoustic field in the liquid of the cleaner, the wave propagation has been calculated by considering the high-frequency vibration of the exciting plate and the transmission of the ultrasound into the cleaning liquid. Based on the vibroacoustic characteristics obtained analytically and numerically, the optimal arrangement of each cleaner has been suggested in order to improve the quality of cleaning. ©

The free bending vibration of a rotating shaft composed of multi-step segments with each segment having a uniform circular cross-section has been analyzed using the Timoshenko beam model. Torque has been applied at each end as in a power-transmission shaft and the gyroscopic effect due to the shaft rotation has also been considered. The separation of time and spatial variables has been performed for the differential equation of motion, and then the spatial solution in a segment of uniform cross-section has been expressed in a closed form. Application of boundary conditions has induced global equations of a rotor system, from which the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes have been obtained. The entire procedure is straightforward, and thus the resultant mode shapes are continuous unlike the result of existing methods such as the finite element method and transfer matrix method. Effects of the rotating speed and the applied torque at both ends on the free vibration of the rotating shaft have been discussed. The natural frequencies of the forward and backward modes have been compared with the results using the finite element method. The shear force and bending moment distributions along the shaft at each mode have been derived by differentiating the mode curves.

This paper presents a new approach to dispersed generation planning based on Hereford ranch algorithm (HRA) in a subtransmission system. Dispersed generations could be photovoltaic cells, wind generation, battery storage, fuel cell, etc. A method to optimally locate such generation in a meshed network for maximizing the potential benefits is outlined using HRA and its improvement in this paper. The benefit expressed as a performance index is minimization of losses. The proposed method was tested for several sample power systems with 6, 14 and 30 bus types. Also, to show its effectiveness, the results of suggested algorithm are compared with those of classical genetic algorithm and conventional second-order method.

In recent years, the relatively high in-comes achieved by countries in Latin America have ruled them out as partners for development cooperation. However, 30% of its population still lives under the poverty level, while both income disparity and rural-urban disparity remain high, which point to a high demand for development cooperation. Therefore, this study conducted a quantitative analysis to identify priority sectors and suggest sectoral plans for the official development assis-tance (ODA) toward Latin American countries. For a more effective analysis, we take into consideration the region's political and economic situation, its progress in Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and related achievements, and possible benefits for the region. Lastly, based on this analysis, we evaluated the environ-ment of the development cooperation of the region.

Korean Abstract: 본 연구는 제조업 생산경쟁력 제고에 따른 제조업의 부상과 니에토 신정부의 총체적인 개혁정책에 힘입어 중남미 경제의 새로운 성장 중심지로 주목받고 있는 멕시코와의 포괄적이며 전략적인 경제협력 확대방안을 제시하는 데 목적을 두고 추진되었다.2010년 이후 대내외적으로 멕시코 경제에 주목하는 이유는 북미시장을 포함한 미주지역의 생산기지로서 제조업의 부상 때문이다. 먼저 멕시코에서 제조업의 부상은 최대 수출시장인 미국에서의 시장점유율 증가에서 확인된다. 2000년대 초 중국과의 경쟁에 밀려 하락세를 보이던 멕시코 공산품의 시장점유율은 2008년을 기점으로 증가세로 돌아서 2012년에는 사상 최고치인 12.5%에 달했다. 이 같은 시장점유율 증가는 비교우위지수 분석과 불변시장점유율(CMS) 분석을 종합해볼 때 기계 및 수송기기의 비교우위 상승과 미국의 수입수요 확대에 힘입은 바가 컸다. 다음으로 멕시코에서 제조업의 부상은 국내 산업에서 차지하는 위상 제고에서도 발견된다. GDP에서 차지하는 제조업의 비중은 수송기기산업, 전자산업 등의 성장에 힘입어 2009년 16.7%에서 2013년 17.5%로 증가했다. 이 같은 제조업의 부상은 크게 △제조업 생산경쟁력 제고 △안정적이며 경쟁적인 환율 △비즈니스 환경 개선 △북미시장 생산기지로서 전략적 중요성 재인식 네 가지 요인으로 설명할 수 있다. 먼저 멕시코는 제조업 생산비용 측면에서 중국 등 주요 경쟁국과 비교해 높은 경쟁력을 갖고 있다. 최근 10년간(2002~12년) 멕시코에서 제조업 노동비용은 연평균 1.4% 상승에 그쳤다. PWC(2013)에 따르면 2011년 멕시코의 월평균 임금은 467달러로 이미 중국의 523달러보다 낮았고, 이러한 멕시코의 임금경쟁력은 2030년까지도 유지될 전망이다. 멕시코는 또한 노동비용 측면에서 다른 남미 국가들과 비교해 충분한 경쟁력을 갖고 있는 것으로 평가된다. 2013년 기준으로 멕시코의 시간당 노동비용은 2.4달러로 브라질보다 4배 이상, 칠레와 콜롬비아보다는 2배 저렴하다. 둘째, 안정적이며 경쟁적인 환율도 멕시코 제조업의 경쟁력을 지탱하는 중요한 요소다. 멕시코 페소화는 튼실한 경제 펀더멘털에 힘입어 다른 중남미 국가나 개도국 통화와 비교해 매우 안정적인 수준을 유지하고 있으며, 페소-달러 환율은 2000년대 들어 지속적인 상승세를 보이며 수출 가격 경쟁력 제고에 기여했다. 셋째, 멕시코의 전반적인 비즈니스 환경 개선도 제조업의 경쟁력 제고에 크게 일조했다. 2014년 현재 멕시코는 중남미 국가 중에서 칠레, 페루, 콜롬비아 등과 비즈니스 환경이 가장 양호한 국가군으로 평가된다. 마지막으로 글로벌 금융위기 이후 기업들의 글로벌 전략이 오프쇼링 전략에서 리쇼링 전략이나 니어쇼링 전략으로 빠르게 바뀌면서 미국시장 전진기지로서 멕시코의 전략적 중요성이 재평가되고 있다.English Abstract: Mexico is emerging as a new center of growth in the global economy. Some have taken to calling the country the “Aztec Tiger,” an analogy reminiscent of the “Asian Tigers” that led the economic miracle of East Asia. Mexico can attribute its recent economic surge to two drivers. First would be the nation’s swift growth into a global production base, backed by the enhanced competitiveness of its manufacturing industry. Improved competitiveness thanks to moderate wage increases, enhanced manufacturing productivity, a stable exchange rate, China’s ongoing loss of competitiveness due to rising wages, the US manufacturing renaissance, an extensive FTA network with 45 countries, and better business environments; these are the foundations upon which Mexico has been able to make the swift transformation into a global production base targeting not only North America, but also the South American and EU markets. The second driver would be the successful reform measures rolled out by the Pena Nieto government. Seen as the largest reform in terms of scale since the launch of NAFTA in 1994, Pena Nieto’s reforms have an extremely broad scope, from industrial structure reform in the energy, telecommunications, and financial sectors to institutional reform in education, tax and labor. These structural reform policies have been garnering special attention due to hopes that they may serve as a tipping point in the development of the Mexican economy. As it is, the reform measures are expected to propel the Mexican economy toward additional growth by up to 2 percentage points, maximum. Another reason Nieto’s policies are in the spotlight is because the formerly closed energy and telecommunications markets have opened up, possibly revealing huge business opportunities. There are even some observations that say the direct and indirect investment effect of opening up Mexico’s oil market will reach USD 1 trillion, and that it will have a more powerful economic impact than the US shale gas revolution. Against this backdrop, the main purpose of this study is to provide comprehensive and strategic suggestions in order to enhance economic cooperation with Mexico given the recent dynamic changes in Mexico, including its emergence as a manufacturing powerhouse and successful structural reforms of the Pena Nieto government. To this end, this study consists of six chapters. First chapter contains the purpose of this study, methodology, and literature review. The second chapter concerns Mexico's recent manufacturing surge, how it was possible and how it can be taken further. Also, in order to see whether Mexico's recent changes in manufacturing sector is sustainable or not, total factor productivity was measured at the industry level. Lastly, based on all these analysis, this study evaluates the substantiality of the manufacturing sector growth and the probability of economic development of Mexico.

2000년대 들어 중남미 경제의 성장과 함께 중남미 다국적기업의 부상이 크게 주목받고 있다. 물티라티나스(Multilatinas)라고 불리는 중남미 다국적기업은 중남미 토종기업으로, 적어도 1개 이상의 국가에서 활동하고 있는 기업으로 정의된다. 2000년대 초부터 시작된 전 세계적인 일차산품 붐에 힘입어 세계적인 기업으로 성장하고 있는 중남미 다국적기업은 자원분야에서뿐만 아니라 제조업, 건설업, 서비스업 등 다양한 산업분야에서 높은 경쟁력을 갖고 있다.이에 본 연구는 2000년대 들어 중남미 경제 및 산업에서 갈수록 커다란 영향력을 행사하고 있는 중남미 다국적기업을 활용한 대중남미 경제협력 확대방안을 제시하는 데 목적을 두고 추진되었다.본 보고서는 크게 여섯 장으로 구성되었다. 먼저 제1장인 서론에서는 본 연구의 필요성 및 목적, 연구 구성 및 방법, 선행연구 현황에 대해 살펴보았다. 특히 본 장에서는 선진국 다국적기업을 중심으로 한 기업의 해외투자 이론, 신흥국 다국적기업의 해외투자 이론을 분석하고 중남미 다국적기업의 해외투자에 관한 선행연구를 검토하였다.Multinational firms originating in Latin America, or “multilatinas,” have risen over the past twenty years, and they are now affecting Latin American economies significantly. The current study draws attention to these relatively new economic actors and suggests how to promote economic cooperation with them.The study consists of six chapters. The first and introductory chapter discusses the purposes of the study, methodology and existing literature. Especially it reviews theories on the choices of firms for foreign direct investment according to their origins: developed countries, developing countries and Latin America. Chapter two analyzes the current state of multilatinas and their major characteristics, especially in terms of sectors and geographical locations. The list of multilatinas included in this chapter are major multilatinas drawn from the ranking of multilatinas that The Boston Consulting Group and America Economia have reported.The third chapter closely discusses the process of the rise of multilatinas. It analyzes how multilatinas have become the world leaders, how they are affecting global economy. It also examines their influence on their own national economies by looking at their business networks at the national and regional levels. In so doing, this chapter introduces major families that own multilatinas in Brazil and Mexico since multilatinas are predominantly controlled by individual families. Chapter four presents several cases of non-Latin American foreign firms that have successfully utilized multilatinas to enter Latin American markets. The nationalities of the foreign firms include the United States, Spain, Canada, UAE, Singapore, Australia and Japan. The cases of Korean firms cooperating with multilatinas are discussed as well. The sectors of cooperation are limited to plant construction, natural resource, and ICT. Finally, the concluding chapter includes some suggestions about how Korea can utilize multilatinas in order to expand the economic cooperation with Latin America. To this end, it discusses Korean firms' perception of multilatinas, and the potential cooperation between them. The suggestions include i) creating multifaceted cooperation networks, ii) building strategic partnerships, and iii) inducing the investment of multilatinas in Korea.With respect to building multifaceted cooperation networks, first, the Korean government needs to support Korean firms in joining local industrial organizations or associations in Latin America, to provide them with more useful information on multilatinas. The government also needs to help Korean firms, especially SMEs, strengthen their cooperation networks with multilatinas. Second, other than existing general conferences or councils, business councils classified specifically by industry, for instance the Korea-Latin America plant construction business summit, needs to be created. Third, business councils at a regional level are important since many Latin American countries are eager to form one big integrated market. Fourth, business councils such as the Korean Chamber of Commerce needs to expand their membership to include Latin American as well as Korean entrepreneurs. Fifth, Korean entrepreneurs need to actively participate in the annual 'Multilatinas Forum' so as to join the networks of multilatinas in Latin America. Sixth, collaboration with Latin American MBA schools would be useful because they are the sources of insightful knowledge on Latin American business and have abundant human resources. Seventh, student internship programs that provide work experience in multilatinas may increase job opportunities for Korean college graduates in Latin America and therefore expand networks with Latin American business.As for building strategic partnerships with multilatinas, first, various forms of strategic partnership are needed to successfully enter Latin American markets. Second, cooperation with Latin American distribution companies, especially from Chile, needs to be promoted. Third, making a strategic alliance with Brazilian multinationals, especially construction engineering enterprises, is needed to reinforce the presence of Korean firms in the Brazilian market that is very closed to foreign firms. Fourth, multilatinas would be appropriate partners for Korean companies to enter BOP markets in Latin America. Fifth, it is important to expand cooperation with national oil companies(NOCs) in Latin America such as ENAP of Chile, Ecopetrol of Colombia, Petrobras of Brazil.Last but not the least, in regard to inducing the investment of multilatinas in Korea, "Latin America Desk" or "Multilatinas Desk" should be created within the Invest Korea for systematic promotion. Korea also needs to increase an awareness of Korea's positive business environment among multilatinas. In addition, Korea needs to promote itself as the hub for Latin American firms to invest in Asia. To this end, Korea should promote institutional platforms for doing business with Latin America, such as FTAs, Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements, and double tax avoidance agreements.

그간 중남미지역은 다른 개도국에 비해 소득 수준이 높다는 이유로 개발협력 대상으로서 크게 주목받지 못했다. 그러나 중남미는 전체 인구의 30% 이상이 여전히 빈곤층이며 도농 간, 계층 간 소득격차가 커 개발협력 수요가 매우 높은 지역 중의 하나다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 정량적 분석을 통해 중남미지역의 우선개발협력 분야를 발굴하고 이를 토대로 분야별 ODA 확대 방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 크게 여섯 개 장으로 구성된다. 서론에 이은 제2장에서는 중남미지역의 개발협력 환경을 분석했다. 이를 위해 먼저 최근 중남미지역의 정치· 경제 환경을 고찰하고, 중남미 국가들의 MDG(Millennium Development Goals, 새천년개발목표) 달성 현황과 과제, 그리고 최근 중남미지역의 수원 현황을 다각도로 살펴보았다. 마지막으로는 이 같은 분석을 토대로 중남미지역의 개발협력 환경을 종합적으로 평가했다. 제3장에서는 중남미지역의 개발수요를 분석했다. 개발수요 분석을 위해 먼저 중남미 33개국 중에서 엘살바도르, 온두라스, 파라과이, 볼리비아, 에콰도르, 페루, 콜롬비아 등 7개국을 중점협력대상국으로 선정했다. 7개국은 우리나라의 ODA 중점협력대상국, 높은 개발 잠재력, 한국과의 협력태도 및 의지, 한국과의 경제관계 등을 고려하여 선정했다. 이들 7개국은 소득그룹별로는 하위중소득국 4개국(엘살바도르, 온두라스, 파라과이, 볼리비아), 상위중소득국 3개국(에콰도르, 페루, 콜롬비아)으로 구분된다. 선정된 7개국을 중심으로 상위 소득그룹과 주요 지표를 비교하여 분야별로 개발수요를 추정했다. 또한 우리의 공급 능력과 수원국의 수원 능력을 반영한 실현 가능성을 측정하여 우선지원 분야를 선정했다. 분석 결과, 경제하부구조, 환경, 교육 및 훈련, ICT 등이 협력 가능성이 높은 분야로 최종 선정되었다. 그러나 이중에서 경제하부구조, 즉 인프라 사업은 막대한 프로젝트 비용이 수반되고 경제적 이해가 커 개발협력사업으로 적합하지 않은 점을 고려해 최종 분석 대상에서는 제외시켰다. 교육 및 훈련의 경우는 중남미 국가들의 수요가 많은 훈련, 그중에서도 직업훈련 분야를 우선협력 분야로 선정했다. 제4장에서는 3장에서 도출된 3개 우선협력 분야에 기초해 중남미지역의 분야별 협력 현황을 분석하고 시사점을 도출했다. 특히 이 장에서는 7개 중점 협력대상국의 국가개발계획을 분석해 환경, 직업훈련, ICT 등 3개 우선협력 분야에서의 개발 수요를 도출하고 한국에 대한 시사점을 제시하였다. 제5장에서는 한국이 그동안 지원했던 개발협력 분야를 중심으로 지원 성과와 문제점을 분석하고, 중점지원 분야별로 주요 사업을 평가했다. 마지막으로 제6장에서는 이상의 분석을 종합해 대중남미 ODA 방향을 제시하고 환경, 직업훈련, ICT로 나누어 분야별 ODA 확대 방안을 제언하였다. 결론을 중심으로 주요 연구 결과를 소개하면 다음과 같다. 먼저 우리나라의 대중남미 ODA 추진 방향은 다음 열 가지로 제시하였다. 첫째, 아프리카나 동아시아 등 다른 개도국 지역에 비해 소득 수준이 높은 중남미지역의 특성을 감안한 개발협력 전략이 필요하다. 둘째, 상위 중소득국이 많은 중남미지역과는 삼각협력에 초점을 맞춘 협력 전략이 유망하다. 셋째, 언어적, 문화적, 법적, 제도적 유사성이 큰 중남미지역의 특성을 고려해 ODA의 거점화(Hub & Spoke) 전략 추진이 필요하다. 넷째, 이념적으로 상이한 중남미 경제통합체의 특성에 맞추어 차별화 전략을 강구해야 한다. 중남미지역은 경제통합 유형에 따라 ALBA(미주를 위한 볼리바르 동맹) 모델, 라틴-태평양 모델(Latin-Pacific model), 대서양-남미공동시장(MERCOSUR) 모델로 구분된다. 다섯째, 기업의 사회적공헌(CSR) 활동과 정부의 ODA 사업을 연계한 ‘CSR-ODA 연계형’ 사업 추진이 필요하다. 여섯째, 중남미지역 차원의 협력 네트워크 및 프로그램 구축을 통한 협력 전략이 요구된다. 일곱째, 우리나라가 주도적으로 공동협력기금을 조성하거나 기존 기금에 참여할 필요가 있다. 여덟째, 미주개발은행(IDB), 안데스개발공사(CAF) 등 중남미 지역개발은행과 공조 전략을 적극 강구해야 한다. 아홉째, 중남미 상위 중소득국과의 개발협력 수단으로 지식공유사업(KSP)을 적극 활용해야 한다. 마지막으로 정치·경제적 리스크가 높은 중남미지역의 특성을 감안해 ODA 프로젝트 추진 시 리스크 관리 전략이 마련되어야 한다. In recent years, the relatively high incomes achieved by countries in Latin America have ruled them out as partners for development cooperation. However, 30% of its population still lives under the poverty level, while both income disparity and rural-urban disparity remain high, which point to a high demand for development cooperation. Therefore this study conducted a quantitative analysis to identify priority sectors and suggest sectoral plans for the official development aid (ODA) toward Latin American countries. This study is composed of six chapters. Following the introductory chapter, chapter two analyzes the environment for development cooperation of the Latin American region. For more effective analysis, we take into consideration the region's political and economic situation, progress in MDG (Millenium Development Goals) and related achievements, and possible benefits for the region. Lastly, based on this analysis, environment of the development cooperation of the region. In chapter three is a quantitative analysis of the aid demand of the region. Out of thirty-three Latin American countries, seven countries are selected as priority countries for cooperation including El Salvador, Honduras, Paraguay, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia. Among these seven countries, four of them(El Salvador, Honduras, Paraguay, Bolivia) are lower-middle income countries and the other three countries(Ecuador, Peru, Colombia) belong to upper-middle income category. Major development indicators of the seven countries are compared with those of higher-income countries and this gap is defined as aid demand. Also the indicator gap between Korea and the said countries are accounted for in order to assess the feasibility of the development aid. Based on these demands and feasibility, priority sectors selected are infrastructure, environment, education and ICT. Among these four sectors, sectoral analysis is conducted in the following chapter for three sectors with the exception of infrastructure, as the infrastructure sector requires huge capital and it is sometimes not appropriate for the development aid as it involves complex economic interests. In education, vocational training is selected as the priority sector as demand for this sector is relatively high within the region. In chapter four, three priority sectors out of the four mentioned in chapter three were examined in detail in terms of its cooperation status and its implications. In particular, this chapter probes the national development plans of the seven countries in order to examine their demand for development cooperation in environment, vocational training, and ICT sector and thereby proposes some policy implications for Korea. Chapter five scrutinizes the major projects that Korea worked on in the priority sectors, including performance and the problems. Finally, chapter six makes some suggestions in environment, vocational training, and ICT sectors in order to promote development cooperation. In the environmental sector: ① enhancement of the country's image in environment ODA ② educational programs for environment protection and the diversification of supporting areas ③ expansion of cooperation with the regional development banks ④ triangular cooperation are suggested. As for the vocational training sector: ① more active vocational training in the donor country's strategic industries ② foundation of Korea-Chile industrial technology training center ③ empowerment of the teachers in vocational training ④ cooperation between companies and aid agencies ⑤ collaboration with the regional development banks of the region are suggested. Lastly, in the ICT sector: ① foundation of Korea-Latin America ICT cooperation forum and fund raising ② establishment of ICT R&D Think Tank Initiative in Latin America ③ Korea-Latin America industrial cooperation on ICT Convergence ④ taking the initiative in the Forum for East Asia-Latin American Cooperation (FEALAC) ICT cooperation program are proposed.

본 연구는 커다란 자원개발 잠재력에도 불구하고 중남미 국가 중 상대적으로 정치ㆍ경제적 리스크가 높아 우리 기업의 진출이 크게 부진한 베네수엘라, 에콰도르, 볼리비아 등 안데스 자원부국과의 실질적인 경제협력 확대 방안을 제시하는 데 목적을 두고 추진되었다.특히 본 연구에서는 안데스 3국과의 자원개발 협력에 직접적인 초점을 맞추기보다는 우리 기업이 성공적으로 현지 자원개발 부문에 진출하기에 우호적인 환경을 조성하고, 지속가능한 경제협력 모델을 구축할 수 있는 포괄적인 경제협력 방안을 제시하는 데 집중하였다. 또한 이번 연구에서는 볼리비아, 에콰도르, 베네수엘라 3국의 높은 정치ㆍ경제적 리스크를 고려해 현지 사업 추진 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 리스크를 최소화하는 방안 발굴에도 주력하였다. 이 같은 연구 목적을 바탕으로 본 보고서는 크게 6개 장으로 구성되었다. 먼저 제1장인 서론에서는 본 연구의 필요성 및 목적, 연구 내용 및 방법, 그리고 기존 연구와의 차별성과 한계에 대해 살펴보았다.제2장에서는 경제협력 대상국으로서 볼리비아, 에콰도르, 베네수엘라 등 안데스 3국이 갖는 중요성을 다각도로 분석하고, 정치 및 경제 환경으로 나누어 경제협력 환경을 분석했다. 특히 본 장에서 안데스 3국의 경제적 중요성은 천연자원의 보고로서의 가치, 시장으로서의 가치, 개발협력 대상국으로서의 가치로 나누어 살펴보았다. 제3장에서는 안데스 3국이 추진하고 있는 중장기 국가개발계획을 심층적으로 분석하고 이를 토대로 우리와의 협력 가능성이 높은 분야를 도출하였다. 국별로 볼리비아는 정부프로그램(Programa de Gobierno 2010-2015)을, 에콰도르는 국가개발계획(PNDBV 2009-2013)을, 베네수엘라는 1차 사회주의계획(2007-2013)과 2차 사회주의계획(2013-2019)을 집중 분석하였다. 그 결과 볼리비아와는 천연가스, 철도 및 전략산업 육성 계획 수립 지원, 전력ㆍ석유화학플랜트 분야에서 협력 가능성이 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 에콰도르와는 고등교육과 기술이전, IT기술, 교통인프라 등에서 협력이 유망할 것으로 분석되었다. 마지막으로 베네수엘라와는 자원개발, 정유ㆍ가스ㆍ전력 플랜트, 공동기금 조성 등에서 협력 가능성이 높은 것으로 조사되었다.제4장에서는 중국, 스페인, 인도, 브라질, 캐나다, 미국 등 주요국의 구체적인 진출 사례를 발굴하여 분석하고 한국에 대한 시사점을 도출하였다. 먼저 개발협력 분야에서는 스페인의 국가개발계획 지원, 캐나다를 중심으로 한 다국적기금의 연구기관 지원(Think Tank Initiatives), 브라질의 경제발전 경험 공유 사례가 소개되었다. 둘째, 산업기술협력 분야에서는 중국의 통신위성개발 협력, 중국의 정보통신분야 협력 등 중국의 사례가 집중 분석되었다. 셋째, 자원개발협력 분야에서는 인도 JSB의 볼리비아 광산 부문 진출 실패 사례, 미국 셰브론의 베네수엘라에서 성공적인 사회적 공헌(CSR) 활동이 분석되었다. 마지막으로 금융협력 분야에서는 브라질과 이탈리아의 베네수엘라 발전 부문 진출, 중국의 자원개발 및 발전 부문 진출, 한국의 정유플랜트 부문 진출 사례가 분석되었다.제5장에서는 한국과 안데스 3국과의 경제협력 현황을 교역, 투자, 자원개발 및 건설플랜트, 개발협력, 제도협력으로 나누어 살펴보고 이를 토대로 경제협력 과제를 제시하였다. 특히 여기서는 SWOT 분석에 기초해 안데스 3국의 경제협력 환경을 분석하였다. 마지막으로 제6장에서는 이상의 분석을 토대로 안데스 3국과의 경제협력 확대 방안이 제시되었다. 여기서 경제협력 확대 방안은 정부 차원의 지원 확대 방안과 기업 차원의 진출 확대 방안으로 나누어 제안되었다. 먼저 정부 차원의 지원 확대 방안으로는 △협력네트워크 구축 및 공고화 △산업화전략의 동반자 관계 구축 △리스크 관리 체계 구축 △안데스개발공사(CAF)와의 협력 강화 △삼각협력 모델 개발 △한국의 인지도 및 이미지 제고 등 여섯 가지 방안이 제시되었다. 기업 차원의 진출 확대 방안으로는 △정부의 공식 채널 활용 △중국기업과의 전략적 제휴 △기업의 사회적 공헌(CSR) 활동 강화 △거점화(Hub&Spoke) 전략 △금융협력 및 조달 방식의 다각화 등이 도출되었다.The purpose of this study is to provide suggestions for the enhancement of economic cooperation between Korea and the resource-abundant Andean countries including Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia. These three countries have been deemed risky due to political unstability and therefore have remained as a major challenge for Korean companies in terms of cooperation despite their great resource potential.In this sense, this study offers practical ways to enhance comprehensive economic cooperation with these three countries that are not limited to resource development cooperation. These include creating a friendly environment for Korean companies to encourage their entry into the resource development sector of the region, and building a sustainable model for economic cooperation. Also additional emphasis is put on finding measures to minimize the risks of doing business locally. This report details the objectives outlined above in 6 chapters. The first introductory chapter lays out the necessity and the purpose of this study, methodologies, literature review, and the future work.In the second chapter, the importance of economic cooperation with the three countries is analyzed, along with political and economic aspects of the cooperation environment. Here the three 'values' that underlie the economic importance of these three countries are described: one as a rich repository of natural resources, another as a market, and the last as target countries for development cooperation.Chapter three is an in-depth analysis of the mid/long-term national development plans of the three countries and their priority sectors which have great potential to promote and enhance cooperation. The analysis of the national development plan concentrates on “the Government Plan 2010-2015 (Programa de Gobierno 2010-2015 in spanish)” for Bolivia, “the National Well-being Plan (PNDBV 2009-2013)” for Ecuador, and “the Simon Bolivar National Development Plan 2007-2013 (PNDSB 2007-2013)” and “the Second Socialist Plan of the Nation 2013-2019” for Venezuela. As a result, it is found that there is high demand from the Bolivian government for support of plans for the development of its natural gas, railroad, and electricity sectors, and the electricity and petrochemical plants sector. The Ecuadorian government has made higher education, technology transfer, IT, and transportation infrastructure high priorities. Lastly, with the Venezuelan government, resource development, oil refining, gas, electricity plant, and common fund raising seem to be promising areas for cooperation.In chapter four, specific cases of major countries such as China, Spain, India, Brazil, Canada and the US are analyzed in order to find some implications for Korea. Firstly, in the area of development cooperation, an introduction is made regarding Spain’s support for national development plans, Canada’s “Think Tank Initiatives,” Brazil’s economic development experience sharing. Secondly in industrial technology cooperation, China’s communication satellite development, and also China’s information and communication sector cooperation are described in detail. Thirdly, in resource development cooperation, India-based JSB’s worst practices in the mining sector in Bolivia and US-based Chevron’s case of successful CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities in Venezuela are introduced. Lastly in financial cooperation, Brazil, China and Italy’s electricity generation business, China’s entry to the natural resource development sector, and Korea’s oil refinery construction are presented as good examples.Chapter five examines the current state of economic cooperation between Korea and the three Andean countries particularly in trade, investment, resource development, plant construction, development cooperation, and institutional cooperation. Based on this analysis, this study proposes some agendas for economic cooperation that Korea should be looking at. In particular, SWOT analysis is conducted in order to review those three countries’ environments for the economic cooperation. Finally in chapter six, based on analyses in the previous chapters, several suggestions are made for economic cooperation with the three countries. At the government level, building and strengthening the cooperative network, promotion of partnership for industrialization strategy, risk management system construction, reinforcement of cooperation with CAF (Development Bank of Latin America), development of the triangular cooperation model, public awareness or the image improvement efforts related to Korea are suggested. At the corporate level, utilization of government/public channels, establishment of strategic partnerships with Chinese companies, enhancement of CSR activities, Hub&Spoke strategy, and diversification of financial methods are proposed.

In this paper, line-focus acoustic microscopy has been used to determine local near-surface stresses in isotropic materials. Two surface wave modes, namely a leaky Rayleigh wave and a leaky surface-skimming longitudinal wave, have been excited by the acoustic microscope. It has been observed that the changes of the wave velocities are linearly proportional to the applied stresses, as predicted by acoustoelastic theory. The non-uniform stress field in a loaded specimen has been determined from wave velocity measurements by the use of acoustoelastic constants obtained from a calibration test. The measured stresses are in good agreement with the results calculated by a finite element method. A self-calibrating method, which determines the stress profile directly from velocity measurements without a calibration test, is proposed and the results are compared with experimental data.

Propagation characteristics of surface acoustic waves on thin film coated elastic materials have been investigated by the use of an acoustic microscope with a line focus beam. Measurements were carried out for thin films of various thicknesses deposited on the (001) plane of cubic crystals. The phase velocities measured as functions of the angle of propagation display the anisotropy and confirm the advantage of directional measurement by the line focus acoustic microscope. Dispersion curves of surface waves propagating along the symmetry axes were obtained for various film thicknesses and frequencies. A systematic inversion of surface wave data based on a comparison of theoretical and experimental results has been used to obtain the thin film material constants.

This paper presents a new approach to generating capacity reliability evaluation using a six-parameter probability distribution. This distribution is a weighted composite of three gamma distributions. The relationships for determining the distribution parameters from the generating unit parameters are derived. The distribution is easily integrated and the assumption of an integer shape parameter makes the calculations simpler without compromising the accuracy. This distribution has been tested on three systems over a wide range of forced outage rates. The distribution is simple and appears to be a good approximation to the exact discrete model.

A refined calculation of V(z) and V(z, x0) curves is presented for a line-focus acoustic microscope and for a specimen which contains a discontinuity normal to its free surface. In the context of a Fourier integral approach, more accurate expressions are employed for: (1) the angular spectrum of the field produced by the lens; (2) the voltage response of the transducer; and (3) the reflection coefficient of the object. In addition, the usual “thin” lens theory has been extended to “thick” lens theory. For V(z, x0) details are given for the case of a surface-breaking crack, and the inverse problem of determining the Rayleigh-wave reflection coefficient of a crack has been solved in an approximate manner. Comparisons between theoretical and experimental results are presented fpr the case that the discontinuity is the edge of the specimen. The reflection coefficient calculated from experimental results agrees well with the theoretical value.

G A A b st ra ct s loss of stool” as their sole reason, contradicting their answer on the e-PAQ -PF. The most frequently cited reasons for not discussing FI were “other health problems more important to discuss”(n=9), “able to manage symptoms on my own”(n=7), and “thought leakage was a normal part of aging”(n=4). 17 women indicated a most important reason; “other health problems more important”(n=4) and “normal part of aging”(n=3) were the most frequently chosen. No one chose embarrassment as the most important reason. Conclusion: Consistent with other reports, participants who had discussed FI in the past had more severe FI than those who had not. Some women who indicated FI in the past 4 weeks, did not consider themselves to have the problem for unclear reasons. Higher prioritization of other health problems, perception that they are able to manage FI on their own, and belief that FI is a normal part of aging were the most common reasons for not discussing FI with clinicians.