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The November 2017 release of the Council of Economic Advisers’ White House report on the opioid crisis suggests that prior consideration of expenses severely underestimated the economic costs of the opioid crisis. When corrected for these losses, the annual cost from the opioid crisis leapt nearly 600%. The cost to the criminal justice system was estimated at $8 Billion of which $270 million is borne by crime laboratories. However, laboratory budgets have not grown at a rate capable of meeting this increased demand for forensic science services. The hidden costs of the opioid crisis borne by the forensic crime laboratories comes as funds are diverted in the laboratory to meet the increased demands for services in drug chemistry and toxicology. Dramatic increases in turnaround times across other areas of investigation continue to grow as the crisis accelerates. Keywords: Opioid crisis, Toxicology, Policy, Crime laboratories

Each year, thousands of unidentified human remains (UHR) cases are reported in the U.S. Technological advances have greatly enhanced the forensic community's capacity and capability to solve UHR cases, but little is known about the extent to which these resources are used by medical examiners and coroners (MECs). Using public datasets, the study purpose is to describe the current state MEC system with respect to UHR cases, the resources used to investigate these cases, and the evidence retention polices in place. There was an overall decline in UHR cases reported between 2004 and 2018. Less than half of MECs in both study years reported having established written final disposition and evidence retention policies for UHR cases. National missing persons databases were underused. This study provides an important window into the present state of UHRs being handled by our Nation's MEC offices and the resources available to solve these difficult cases.

Morphological changes in hair subjected to decontamination protocols were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as part of the National Laboratory Certification Program's (NLCP) efforts to develop proficiency testing materials in support of Federal Workplace Drug Testing programs. Hair from five different donors was evaluated. Hair samples were subjected to three decontamination protocols: (1) aqueous phosphate buffer, (2) methanol or (3) methylene chloride as models for aqueous, alcohol and polar organic solvent protocols, respectively. Under these protocols, samples of hair were treated for 225 min (aqueous), 15 min (alcohol), or 15 min (polar organic). After decontamination, hair strands were sputter coated with gold/palladium (AuPd) and observed by SEM. Modest lifting of cuticle scales was observed in hair treated with methanol and methylene chloride consistent with some changes to the cell membrane complex (CMC) between cuticle scales. Damage resulting from aqueous buffer treatment ranged from substantial degradation to apparent complete loss of cuticle scales. Fracture structures consistent with cuticle damage were also observed. Each decontamination protocol had a different impact on the cuticle of the hair shaft.

Recreational drug use continues to be prevalent in many social settings. These drugs are alleged to enhance sociability and liberate inhibitions, allowing the user to experience feelings of euphoria. This article reviews recreational drugs that have gained notoriety in the 1990s including gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), flunitrazepam, and amphetamine analogues such as 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA). Topics discussed include history, drug use and misuse, clinical presentation and treatment, and laboratory analysis.