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The convergence of tuberculosis and diabetes represents a co-epidemic that threatens progress against tuberculosis. We have investigated type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for tuberculosis susceptibility, and have used as experimental model whole blood infected in vitro with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Blood samples from diabetic patients were found to have a higher absolute neutrophil count that non-diabetic controls, but their immune functionality seemed impaired because they displayed a lower capacity to phagocytose M. tuberculosis, a finding that had been previously reported only for monocytes. In contrast, an increased production of TNFα was detected in infected blood from diabetic patients. Despite the altered phagocytic capacity showed by cells from these patients, the antimicrobial activity measured in both whole blood and monocyte derived macrophages was similar to that of controls. This unexpected result prompts further improvements in the whole blood model to analyze the immune response of diabetes patients to tuberculosis.

Resumen: Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio ha sido conocer las características de los pacientes EPOC por fenotipos y según la GOLD 2011-ABCD y el grado de concordancia de los tratamientos farmacológicos. Diseño: Estudio transversal de observación y descriptivo. Emplazamiento: Pacientes EPOC entre 40 y 85 años pertenecientes al Ãrea de León que figuran en la base de datos MEDORA de Atención Primaria. Participantes: De los 5.522 pacientes recogidos en la base de datos de MEDORA con los criterios de selección descritos, se calculó un tamaño muestral de 734 sujetos, de los cuales se estudiaron finalmente 577 enfermos. Mediciones principales: Se diseñó un cuestionario estructurado para recoger la información sociodemográfica, clínica, tratamientos y calidad de vida. Se incluía realización de espirometría y prueba broncodilatadora. Resultados: De los 734 enfermos muestreados se ha conseguido estudiar al 78,6% (577). En 166 pacientes (28,7%), el diagnóstico había sido realizado exclusivamente por la clínica, sin constancia de espirometría en el MEDORA. En 123 (21,3%) el índice FEV1/FVC fue superior a 0,7, por lo que se descartó el diagnóstico de EPOC. Con respecto a los tratamientos prescritos según fenotipos, observamos que en el fenotipo no agudizador existe una sobreprescripción de corticoides inhalados. Lo mismo sucede en los grupos A y B. Conclusiones: A pesar de las guías clínicas, el manejo de los pacientes con EPOC en la vida real sigue siendo mejorable, tanto en el aspecto diagnóstico como de medidas terapéuticas. Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate different characteristics of COPD patients according to phenotypes and GOLD guidelines.according to GesEPOC phenotypes and GOLD 2011 ABCD guidelines and pharmacological treatment agreement. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Location: COPD patients aged 40-85 from León were randomly selected from Primary Care database, MEDORA. Participants: 5222 eligible COPD patients were collected from MEDORA database. We calculated a sample size of 734 patients and finally studied 577 of them. Main measurements: PatientsÌ clinical, functional and health related quality of life information were collected. Spirometry and postbroncodilator test were performed. Results: A total of 577 patients were included in this study. 28.7% of them did not have a spirometry recorded in their files. 123 patients had a normal or non-obstructive spirometry pattern, so they were excluded from a COPD diagnostic. With regard to treatments, there was an overprescribing of inhaled steroids in patients from GOLD A and B groups, and also in patients with the called exacerbator phenotype (GesEPOC). Conclusion: Although there have been several published guidelines, management of COPD patients in real life should be improved. Palabras clave: Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, Espirometría, Diagnóstico, Tratamiento, Keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary desease, Spirometry, Diagnostic, Treatment