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The advent of arthroscopy in shoulder surgery has allowed for the development of minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of shoulder pathology. Further developments in needle arthroscopy have continued this trend toward less invasive shoulder surgery, allowing for decreased pain using smaller portals and decreased fluid irrigation through the shoulder joint during surgery. This technique describes a minimally invasive rotator cuff repair using a dual-lumen cannula that provides both direct visualization and direct instrument access to the pathology. This new cannula has the potential to further refine and to simplify needle arthroscopic techniques about the shoulder. With judicious patient selection, needle arthroscopy is a viable option for the treatment of common shoulder pathology.

Chronic sleep restriction has been linked to occupational errors and motor vehicle crashes. Enhancing slow wave sleep may alleviate some of the cognitive deficits associated with chronic sleep restriction. However, the extent to which acoustic stimulation of slow wave activity (SWA) may improve alertness and attention is not well established, particularly with respect to consecutive nights of exposure.Twenty-five healthy adults (32.9 ± 8.2 years; 16 female) who self-restricted their sleep during workdays participated in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. Participants wore an automated acoustic stimulation device for two consecutive nights. Acoustic tones (50 ms long) were delivered on the up-phase of the slow wave first and then at constant 1-s inter-tone-intervals once N3 was identified (STIM), until an arousal or shift to another sleep stage occurred, or at inaudible decibels during equivalent stimulation periods (SHAM). Subjective alertness/fatigue (KSS, Samn-Perelli) was assessed across both days, and objective measures of alertness (MSLT) and attention (PVT) were assessed after two nights of stimulation.After one night of acoustic stimulation, increased slow wave energy was observed in 68% of participants, with an average significant increase of 17.7% (p = 0.01), while Night 2 was associated with a 22.2% increase in SWA (p = 0.08). SWE was highly stable across the two nights of STIM (ICC 0.93, p 0.001), and around half (56%) of participants were consistently classified as responders (11/25) or non-responders (3/25). Daytime testing showed that participants felt more alert and awake following each night of acoustic stimulation (p 0.05), with improved objective attention across the day following two nights of acoustic stimulation.Consecutive nights of acoustic stimulation enhanced SWA on both nights, and improved next day alertness and attention. Given large individual differences, we highlight the need to examine both the long-term effects of stimulation, and to identify inter-individual differences in acoustic stimulation response. Our findings suggest that the use of an acoustic device to enhance slow wave sleep may alleviate some of the deficits in alertness and attention typically associated with sleep restriction.

The present review identifies a variety of tactics that are often employed by ideologies to promote and/or justify political violence. The review builds on a social psychological framework that identifies important existential and epistemic needs that motivate individuals to become ideological extremists and discusses the mechanisms through which ideological narratives that promote political violence can serve these needs. We end the review by discussing two broad variants of ideology (religious and conservative) that should be particularly apt at implementing these tactics.

Aim The purpose of this retrospective, correlational pilot study was to explore the relationship between historical weekly weather data including temperature, dew point, humidity, barometric pressure, visibility, and cloud cover compared to weekly influenza-like illness reports over a four year period. Background Climate and weather-related conditions may affect the viral activity and transmission of influenza, although this relationship has not been widely studied in nursing. Some research suggests that there are causal links between cold temperatures, low indoor humidity, minimal sun exposure, and influenza outbreaks. Additionally, rapid weather variability in a warming climate can increase influenza epidemic risk. Methods Data from a local public health district were extracted and used to correlate with weekly weather averages for the area. Results Findings showed that current influenza reports are significantly associated with temperature and visibility, both lagged two weeks. Conclusions Though more research is needed, nurses must understand, recognize, and act upon weather and climate factors that affect the health of populations. With a greater understanding of the relationship between weather and influenza-like illness, nurses and other healthcare providers can potentially work to respond to and mitigate the consequences of weather-related illness as well as anticipate and prepare for increased flu burden. Furthermore, nurses can remain engaged in climate protective initiatives and policy development at their local community and/or organizational levels to underscore and advocate for the needs of populations and groups they serve.

Research has shown that when control is threatened, people are more likely to turn to groups that are perceived as particularly agentic. However, the question of under what conditions control threat can mobilize individuals to join problem-focused, activist groups remains unresolved. In the present research, we propose that strength of involvement in group-based actions depends on the match between the domain of a threatened control goal and the domain in which the particular group acts. First, a match can occur when the level of control threat matches (vs. does not match) the domain in which a specific group is active. Second, a match can occur when a group operates in the same domain in which the threat to control occurs (vs. in a different domain). We tested these two cases in two countries, focusing on the context of ecological threat (i.e., the air pollution problem) and environmental activism. We did not find support for the first type of match in the data. We did find, however, partial support for another type of match. Specifically, low control participants wanted to join the group and act on its behalf only when there was a match between lack of control and the activist group domain. We interpret these results as initial evidence for the hypothesis that group-based actions among control-deprived individuals can be strategic and goal-driven.

The emergence of drug-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms necessitates the creation of new drugs. In order to find new compounds that effectively inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, we synthesized a set of N4-derivatives of cytidine, 2′-deoxycytidine and 5-metyl-2′-deoxycytidine bearing extended N4-alkyl and N4-phenylalkyl groups. The derivatives demonstrate activity against a number of Gram-positive bacteria, including Mycobacterium smegmatis (MIC = 24–200 μM) and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 50–200 μM), comparable with the activities of some antibiotics in medical use. The most promising compound appeared to be N4-dodecyl-5-metyl-2′-deoxycytidine 4h with activities of 24 and 48 μM against M. smegmatis and S. aureus, respectively, and high inhibitory activity of 0.5 mM against filamentous fungi that can, among other things, damage works of art, such as tempera painting. Noteworthy, some of other synthesized compounds are active against fungal growth with the inhibitory concentration in the range of 0.5–3 mM.

New acyclovir analogues were obtained by reaction of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5- a ]pyrimidin-7-ones 4a – i with (2-acetoxyethoxy)methyl acetate 5 in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) as catalyst (Vorbruggen procedure). Coupling between compounds 4a – f and 5 led to a mixture of N3- and N4-isomers 6 and 7 , respectively. On the contrary, the reaction of compounds 4g – i with 5 proceeded selectively with formation of N3-isomers only. It was found that the ratio of 6a – f and 7a – f depends on the presence or the absence of N , O -bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA). Glycosylated products 6a – f and 7a – f underwent reversible isomerization under TMSOTf treatment. The ratio of glycosylated products of the coupling reaction between 4 and 5 was thermodynamically controlled. A similar reaction occurred if ZnCl 2 was chosen as a catalyst, although lower yields of the acyclic analogues of nucleosides were observed. The glycosylation of other purines (adenine and guanine) can be achieved via the non-BSA modification of the Vorbruggen procedure.

The antiviral activity against HIV and HSV and the chemical stability of ACV phosphoramidate derivatives were studied. The phosphoramidates of ACV demonstrated moderate activity. The best compound appeared to be 9-(2-hydroxymethyl)guanine phosphoromonomorpholidate (7), which inhibited virus replication in pseudo-HIV-1 particles by 50% at 50 μM. It also inhibited replication of wild-type HSV-1 (9.7 μM) as well as an acyclovir-resistant strain (25 μM). None of the synthesised compounds showed any cytotoxicity.

1,3-Cycloaddition of acrylonitrile, acrylamide, vinyl acetate and allyl alcohol to azido group of 3 ’ -azido-3 ’ -deoxythymidine under mild conditions afforded the corresponding adducts which were tested as inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase.

The phosphorylation and phosphonylation of the 3'-hydroxyl of oligodeoxynucleotide 3'-termini (oligodeoxynucleotidyl kinase activity) catalyzed by calf thymus terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TDT) are discussed. Palpha and Palpha, Pgamma-substituted modified triphosphates serve as low-molecular weight substrates in this reaction to give oligodeoxynucleotides with a 3'-phosphorylated or phosphonylated hydroxyl. The reaction is specific for TDT, and it is not catalyzed by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase. The phosphate or phosphonate donor activities of modified triphosphates depend on their structure and increase with hydrophobicity. Several modified triphosphates demonstrated very high substrate activity, in some cases, up to one order of magnitude higher than that for dTTP. It has also been shown that TDT catalyzes primer extension with dinucleoside 5',5'-tetraphosphates as substrates.

A proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-dependent complex, detectable after nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is formed between calf thymus DNA polymerase delta (pol delta) and synthetic oligonucleotide template-primers containing a mispaired nucleotide at the 3'-terminal position of the primer. This complex is indistinguishable in composition from that formed with a fully base paired template-primer. Extension of a mispaired primer terminus is a component of DNA polymerase fidelity. The fidelity of pol delta on synthetic oligonucleotide template-primers was compared with and without its specific processivity factor, PCNA. In the absence of PCNA, pol delta misincorporates less than one nucleotide for every 100,000 nucleotides incorporated correctly. Addition of PCNA to reactions reduces fidelity by at least 27-fold. PCNA also confers upon pol delta, the ability to incorporate (and/or not excise) the dTTP analog, 2'-deoxythymidine-5'-O-(alpha-phosphonomethyl)-beta, gamma-diphosphate. A model is proposed whereby the increased stability (decreased off-rate) of the pol delta.template-primer complex in the presence of PCNA facilitates unfavorable events catalyzed by pol delta. This model suggests an explicit mechanistic requirement for the intrinsic 3'-5'-exonuclease of pol delta.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of egg yolk and(or) glycerol added to a nonfat dried skim milk-glucose (NDSMG) extender on motion characteristics and fertility of stallion spermatozoa. In Experiment 1, ejaculates from each of 8 stallions were exposed to each of 4 extender treatments: 1) NDSMG, 2) NDSMG + 4% egg yolk (EY), 3) NDSMG + 4% glycerol (GL), and 4) NDSMG + 4% egg yolk + 4% glycerol (EY + GL). Samples were cooled at -0.7 degrees C/min from 37 to 20 degrees C; subsamples were then cooled at -0.05 or -0.5 degrees C/min from 20 to 5 degrees C. Percentages of motile spermatozoa (MOT) and progressively motile spermatozoa (PMOT) were determined at 6, 24 and 48 h after initiation of cooling. There was no overall effect (P0.05) of cooling rate. PMOT was highest (P0.05) for spermatozoa extended in NDSMG + GL at 48 h. At 24 and 48 h, MOT and PMOT were lowest (P0.05) for spermatozoa extended in NDSMG + EY. In Experiment 2, ejaculates from 8 stallions were exposed to each of 4 treatments: 1) NDSMG, 2) NDSMG + EY, 3) semen centrifuged in NDSMG and resuspended in NDSMG, and 4) semen centrifuged in NDSMG and resuspended in NDSMG + EY. Samples were cooled from 20 to 5 degrees C at each of 2 rates (-0.05, -0.5 degrees C/min). A detrimental interaction between seminal plasma and egg yolk was noted for PMOT at 6 h and for both MOT and PMOT ator = 24 h postcooling. Experiment 3 determined if egg yolk or glycerol affected fertility. The seminal treatments were 1) NDSMG, 2) NDSMG + EY with previous removal of seminal plasma, and 3) NDSMG + GL. All samples were cooled to 5 degrees C and stored 24 h before insemination. Embryo recovery rates 7 d after ovulation were lower for mares inseminated with spermatozoa cooled in NDSMG + EY (17%, 4/24) or NDSMG + GL (13%, 3/24) extenders, than semen cooled in NDSMG (50%, 12/24). We concluded that egg yolk (with seminal plasma removal) or glycerol added to NDSMG extender did not depress MOT or PMOT of cooled stallion spermatozoa but adversely affected fertility.

The synthesis, physicochemical properties and chain-termination properties of 3′-fluoro-3′-methyl-2′-3-dideoxythymidine is described. The synthesis was accomplished b the coupling of bis(TMS)thymine with 3-fluoro-3-methyl-2,3-dideoxy-D-erythro-pentose which is obtained from non-carbohydrate precursors.

Summary Studies were conducted to develop the technique of gamete intrafallopian tube transfer (GIFT) in mares using oocytes obtained by transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration. Between 2 and 6 in vivo matured oocytes, collected by transvaginal follicular aspiration, were surgically transferred into the oviducts of 8 artificially inseminated, reproductively sound mares. Two mares were confirmed pregnant based on ultrasound examination 12 and 17 days post-transfer Pregnancy resulting from possible fertilization of the recipient's oocyte was ruled out in each case by DNA fingerprint analysis.

The synthesis of mono- and bis-3′-substituted thymidine derivatives with a polycyclic tetrazole linker (1,5-bis(tetrazol-5-yl)-3-oxapentane) is described.

The objective of our study was to develop an effective method for collecting and maturing equine oocytes. In Experiments 1 and 2, oocytes were collected from excised ovaries obtained via colpotomy. In Experiment 3, oocytes were collected from ovaries obtained after slaughter. Follicles were aspirated and flushed with various treatments to recover the oocytes, which were then cultured and stained to observe the stage of meiosis. In Experiment 1, the aspiration treatments consisted of 0.5 ml of modified Dulbecco's PBS with 0, 100 or 500 lU/ml hyaluronidase. There was no increase (P>0.05) in oocyte recovery with the addition of hyaluronidase. The oocytes were cultured in either TCM-199 or Ham's F-10 medium containing 0.5 ug/ml FSH, 1 ug/ml LH, 1 ug/ml estradiol 17β, 250 uM Na-pyruvate and 10% estrual mare serum for 0, 24, 36 or 48 h. Maturation rates were higher (P 0.05) in the percentage of maturation of oocytes between the 2 media at 48 h of culture. In Experiment 2, a single aspiration was performed with no flushing medium (dry aspiration) in 0.5 ml of PBS or in PBS with 1000 IU/ml hyaluronidase. The oocytes were then cultured in TCM-199 for 24, 30 or 36 h. There was an increase (P 0.05).

Experiments were conducted to determine temperatures between 24 and 4 degrees C at which stallion spermatozoa are most susceptible to cold shock damage. Semen was diluted to 25x10(6) spermatozoa/ml in a milk-based extender. Aliquots of extended semen were then cooled in programmable semen coolers. Semen was evaluated by computerized semen analysis initially and after 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours of cooling. In Experiment 1A, semen was cooled rapidly (-0.7 degrees C/minute) from 24 degrees C to either 22, 20, 18 or 16 degrees C; then it was cooled slowly (-0.05 degrees C/minute) to a storage temperature of 4 degrees C. In Experiment 1B, rapid cooling proceeded from 24 degrees C to either 22, 19, 16, or 13 degrees C, and then slow cooling occurred to 4 degrees C. Initiating slow cooling at 22 or 20 degrees C resulted in higher (P0.05) total and progressive motility over the first 24 hours of cooling than initiating slow cooling at 16 degrees C. Initiation of slow cooling at 22 or 19 degrees C resulted in higher (P0.05) total and progressive motility over 48 hours of cooled storage than initiation of slow cooling at 16 or 13 degrees C. In Experiment 2A, semen was cooled rapidly from 24 to 19 degrees C, and then cooled slowly to either 13, 10, 7 or 4 degrees C, at which point rapid cooling was resumed to 4 degrees C. Resuming the fast rate of cooling at 7 degrees C resulted in higher (P0.05) total and progressive motility at 36 and 48 hours of cooled storage than resuming fast cooling at 10 or 13 degrees C. In Experiment 2B, slow cooling proceeded to either 10, 8, 6 or 4 degrees C before fast cooling resumed to 4 degrees C. There was no significant difference (P0.05) at most storage times in total or progressive motility for spermatozoa when fast cooling was resumed at 8, 6 or 4 degrees C. In Experiment 3, cooling units were programmed to cool rapidly from 24 to 19 degrees C, then cool slowly from 19 to 8 degrees C, and then resume rapid cooling to storage temperatures of either 6, 4, 2 or 0 degrees C. Storage at 6 or 4 degrees C resulted in higher (P0.05) total and progressive motility over 48 hours of storage than 0 or 2 degrees C.

Cyclic mares were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (n=15 per group): Group 1 received equine pituitary extract (EPE; 25 mg, i.m.) on Day 5 after ovulation; Group 2 received EPE on Day 12 after ovulation; while Group 3 received 3.3 mg of GnRH analogue (buserelin implant) on the day of ovulation and 25 mg, i.m. EPE on Day 12. Mares in each group were given 10 mg PGF2alpha on the first and second day of EPE treatment. The EPE treatment was continued daily until the first spontaneous ovulation, at which time 3,300 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were given to induce further ovulations. Mares in estrus with aor=35 mm follicle were inseminated every other day with pooled semen from 2 stallions. Embryo recovery was attempted 7 days after the last ovulation. Follicular changes and embryo recovery during 15 estrous cycles prior to treatment were used as control data. During treatment, the number of folliclesor=25 mm was higher (P0.05) for Day 5 than for Day 12 or control mares, but the number for Day-5 mares was similar (P0.05) to that of mares treated with buserelin implants (Group 3). Initiation of EPE treatment on Day 5 resulted in a greater (P0.05) number of ovulation (2.9) than on Day 12 (1.1) or in the control mares (1.3) but not in the buserelin-treated mares (1.8). The number of embryos recovered from mares in the Day 5 (1.2), Day 12 (1.0), buserelin (0.9) and control (0.9) groups was similar (P0.05). The conclusions were 1) EPE initiated in early diestrus increased follicular development and ovulation and 2) treatment with GnRH analogue marginally improved response to EPE treatment.

Equine embryo transfer has become commonplace in the past decade. One of the major reasons for embryo transfer in horses is as a treatment for infertile mares. Unfortunately, embryo recovery rate by conventional uterine lavage 7 days postovulation is extremely low in the older mare. The ability to collect oocytes directly from the follicle of the live mare would allow in vitro fertilization to be used as a technique for obtaining foals from older mares with poor reproductive histories. Several investigators have reported on collection of oocytes from slaughterhouse ovaries with subsequent maturation 9'11 and fe~ilization of these oocytes.2.s.1 z To date, only one foal has been produced by in vitro fertilization in horses. 9 Progress in in vitro fertilization is dependent upon a readily available supply of equine oocytes. Unfortunately, collection of oocytes at time of slaughter is an irreversible process. Several investigators have reported collection of equine oocytes via a standing flank laparotomy. 4,7,1° Recently, however, techniques have been developed for collection of oocytes from humans 3 and cattle e using a transvaginal ultrasonically guided follicular aspiration technique. This technique allows repeated collection of cocytes from both women and cows. Apparently, only one brief report on transvaginal collection of equine oocytes using ultrasonography has been reperted? The purpose of this study was to develop techniques for routine collection of equine oocytes using transvaginal ultrasonically guided follicular aspiration.

Two experiments were conducted to determine 1) if an insemination volume of 50 ml yielded a lower embryo recovery rate than an insemination volume of 10 ml, when both volumes contained a total of 250 million progressively motile spermatozoa, and 2) if an insemination volume of 50 ml yielded a lower embryo recovery rate than an insemination volume of 10 ml, when both volumes contained 25 million motile spermatozoa/ml of extended semen. Mares exhibiting estrus for 2 or more days and having a follicle ≥ 35 mm were inseminated every other day throughout estrus with extended semen. For the first experiment, insemination volumes (10 or 50 ml) of extended semen contained 250 million progressively motile spermatozoa. There was a significant (P

This study on extended, cooled spermatozoa was designed to determine 1) the concentration of seminal plasma required for the preservation of sperm motility, 2) whether the addition of egg yolk to a milk based semen extender improved the maintenance of sperm motility, and 3) whether there was a beneficial interaction of seminal plasma and egg yolk in the maintenance of sperm motility. For all experiments, semen was centrifuged for the removal or reduction of seminal plasma and spermatozoa were resuspended in a nonfat, dried skim milk - glucose extender. In Experiment 1, removal of all seminal plasma from spermatozoa and suspension in the extender resulted in a significant (P

This article outlines a basic method for conducting a stallion semen evaluation. After the removal of the gel fraction of the ejaculate, semen gel-free volume is determined, and any abnormality in appearance is noted. Concentration of sperm cells in semen can be determined with the use of either a hemacytometer or spectrophotometer after appropriate dilution of raw semen. The percentage of progressively motile sperm is evaluated promptly after collection of semen with the use of a phase-contrast microscope. The total numbers of sperm and progressively motile sperm in the ejaculate are calculated. The determination of seminal pH and the classification of sperm morphologic features are additional seminal characteristics evaluated during a semen evaluation. Sperm motion characteristics can be further evaluated with the use of computerized sperm image analysis systems and may add additional information concerning the quality of ejaculated sperm. Unfortunately, no single seminal characteristic has in itself been shown to be highly correlated with fertility, although various seminal characteristics are known to affect fertility. Therefore, to properly interpret the fertility of a semen sample, a complete and thorough semen evaluation must be performed.

Summary A study involving 60 light-horse mares was conducted both to evaluate the response of mares to injectable progester- one or altrenogest and to determine ifestradiol in combination with either progestogen provided any added benefit. Treatments were initiated at either early estrus, late estrus, early diestrus, mid-diestrus or late diestrus in order to assess the effect of stage of cycle at onset of treatment. Within each of these stages of the cycle, mares were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 150 mg progesterone injected i.m. (P); 150 mg progesterone + 10 mg estradio11713 injected i.m. (P+); .044 mg altrenogest per kg body weight orally (A); and .044 mg per kg body weight orally plus 10 mg estradiol 1713 i.m. (A+). All treatments were given daily for 7 days with 10 mg PGFaCt given on day 7 to all mares. The number of mares ovulating by day 14 after treatment (N=15/group) was 13, 7,11 and 8 forA, A+, P and P+, respectively. The response of mares to progesterone and altrenogest was similar. Fewer (Pi0.05) mares given combined steroid treatments ovulated within 14 days (15 of 30) than those given progestogen treatments. Stage of cycle had no affect (Pi0.05) on response of mares ovulating within 14 days or after 14 days of treatment. Mares that ovulated within 14 days of treatment had larger foUieles after progestogen treatment than those not ovulating by 14 days.

Summary A 3-year-old Quarter Horse stallion was presented for evaluation of potential fertility. An impairment in spermatogenesis was suspected as the stallion produced semen with reduced percentages of progressively motile and morphologically normal spermatozoa. In addition, when semen was collected daily from the stallion, daily spermatozoal output (DSO) was found to be below normal. Semen from this stallion also contained spherical cells of unknown origin. The following report describes the identification of these cells as degenerating spermatids by the use of light and electron microscopy.

Centrifugation of stallion semen to remove seminal plasma was hypothesized to be potentially beneficial in maintaining spermatozoal motility during cooled storage of extended semen. This hypothesis was tested using a series of experiments that evaluated spermatozoal motion characteristics, as determined by computerized semen analysis, of extended, cooled stallion semen. In the first experiment, aliquots of semen were extended to 50 × 10 6 sperm/ml with a nonfat, dried skim milk solids-glucose semen extender and subsequently were cooled slowly to 5°C and stored for 24 hours. Those aliquots utilizing high dilution ratios of extender (>1:2.1, volume of semen: volume of extender) maintained higher spermatozoal motility and mean velocity than aliquots using a lower dilution ratio. In the second experiment, semen was extended to 50 × 10 6 sperm/ml and centrifuged at 500 × g for 18 minutes. The sperm pellet was resuspended without the removal of extended seminal plasma. An immediate and significant (P 6 sperm/ml and centrifuged at 500 × g for 18 minutes, with the subsequent removal of extended seminal plasma and resuspension of the sperm pellet in fresh extender. A significant (P 6 sperm/ml.

s The Journal of Pain S7 (124) Adherence and usability of a wrist-worn device for recording pain scores B Hardy, J Jasko, J Powers, W Booth, B Peterson, and M Reed; Philips Home Healthcare Solutions, Monroeville, PA A recording of patient pain perception is required for proper assessment of pain therapies. A wrist-worn device for collecting patient reported pain scores could be more convenient than paper diaries or electronic tablets that could be misplaced, but the usability and adherence of a wrist worn device needs validation. Twenty subjects from a pain clinic (54 6 7 yo, 60% female) were asked to wear a prototype of a new wrist-worn actigraphy device for 5 days. The device allowed the subjects to enter two scores, either spontaneously or in response to an alarm, several times per day. No entry after an alarm was followed by a reminder 5 minutes later. They were asked to enter scores for pain (0-10) and fatigue levels (0-10) when the device sounded/vibrated 4 times each day and to also record the same value in a paper diary. The subjects entered pain and fatigue scores on cue 90% of the time and with the reminder 5% of the time for a total of 95% adherence. Data was available from at least 3 of the 4 daily time points every day for all subjects. The electronic recordings agreed with the paper recording 80% of the time which suggests that 20% of the paper entries may not have been recorded at the proper time. Subjects gave favorable scores for device readability (90-95%), and comfort (90%). The device scores demonstrated the expected increase in pain and fatigue during the course of the day (Murphy, Arthritis & Rheum., 59: 849, 2008). This wrist-worn device for recording pain and fatigue was well accepted by pain patients and, with the help of the electronic reminder, delivered excellent adherence. This research was sponsored by Philips Home Healthcare Solutions. (125) Stratifying Patient Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) scores using genetic predisposition of dopaminergic imbalances (S.P.O.R.T. Study) T Onojighofia, B Akindele, B Meshkin, D Schwarz, S Chang, J Hubbard, M Zoleikhaeian, and M Hua; Proove Biosciences Inc., Fulton, MD Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) is one of several subjective assessments used to stratify patient risk for misuse of opioids. Unlike ORT, genetic testing is not contingent upon the honesty of patient responses. The American Society of Addiction Medicine suggests that genetic factors are involved in half of substance abuse. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) and a panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms in themesolimbic dopamine system to stratify patients between high, moderate, and low risk to misuse opioid pain medications. The study evaluated 290 subjects across 15 clinical research sites. Patients completed the ORT questionnaire, and were genotyped with TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) assays using the proprietary Proove Narcotic Risk Genetics Profile Test (Proove Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, California). Based on a stratification of low, moderate, and high risk, comparisons between ORTand Proove test was made to determine correlation and association. In the results, the average Dependence Risk Index scores (DRI) for high risk ORT scores was 20 (n=47) compared to 19 for low risk ORT scores (n=182). However, when looking at individual SNPs, a genotype of 4 homozygous mutations was found to stratify between high, moderate, and low risk for opioid abuse, when correlated to the ORT. Homozygous mutations in the dopamine d2 receptor A1 allele (23.91% v. 11.48%, p C (25.53% v. 13.66%, (p 5 apnea/hypopnea events/hour. Data show that, as expected, opioid use in the GA was more prevalent than in the SA group (73% vs. 33% of the patients). Interestingly, the total opioid dose in these groups was similar (5.6 61.2 vs. 5.1 61.4, p>0.1) and, surprisingly, the rate of OIRD in the GA group was significantly lower than in the SA group (0/8 vs. 5/17, p < 0.05). Similar disparity was also observed in the patients who received no opioids: 0% of patients in the GA group had POA compared to 24% of patients in the SA group. Using the noninvasive, real-time, quantitative MV measurements provided by the RVM we quantified two known side-effects of opioids: OIRD and POA in four different anesthesia cohorts. Our results suggest that while patients receiving SA and regional block may receive fewer opioids, they are not at lower risk for OIRD and POA. This suggests that careful monitoring of ventilation in all post-operative patients should be considered.

Summary A 4-year-old Arabian stallion was presented for a routine fertility evaluation. Seminal characteristics of ejaculates collected from the stallion were similar to those of other fertile stallions; however, a mass (2.5 cm 3 ) was palpable within the cranial portion of the left testicle. At castration a presumptive diagnosis of testicular teratoma was made and later confirmed by histopathological examination.