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Background Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are bio-inspired synthetic materials capable of being selectively attached to a target molecule. These materials are synthesized by using a template molecule (the same target molecule or a dummy template molecule (similar structure to the target molecule)), a crosslinker, a functional monomer and an initiator via different polymerization mechanisms (mainly free radical polymerization (FRP) and reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP, such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), iniferter polymerization, nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization)) and methods (e.g. bulk polymerization, emulsion polymerization, Pickering emulsion polymerization, precipitation, surface imprinting, suspension polymerization). Scope and approach Different MIP structures (hydrogels, membranes (electrospun nanofibers and films) and particles (core-shell and hollow-shell nanoparticles, microbeads, nanopillars and nanotubes)) for food applications (sensors for the detection of food contaminants and the quantification of food nutrients and nutraceuticals, active food packaging applications and sample preparation: removal, preconcentration and detection of target analytes) were comprehensively reviewed and analyzed based on the literature published during the last six years (2016–2021), and highlighting other pioneering or interesting works from other dates. Key findings and conclusions MIPs have been used primarily in food chemistry as a valuable tool for sample preparation, and other food applications are booming. Finally, the final properties of the resulting MIPs are determined by the selected polymerization method, the ratio of the reagents used and the designed structure.

The aim of this research work was to investigate novel tools given by nanotechnology and green chemistry for improving the disadvantages typically associated to the starch-based films: water susceptibility and brittle mechanical behavior. With this in mind, four food packaging film systems were developed from corn starch or corn starch nanocrystals (SNCs), and modified by phosphating under reactive extrusion (REx) conditions using sodium tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10 - TPP) as a crosslinker. The structural, physicochemical, thermal, rheological and mechanical properties, as well as studies associated with the management of carbohydrate polymer-based plastic wastes (biodegradability and compostability) were carried out in this study. The hierarchical structure and the modification of the starch were dependent on the amylose content and degree of substitution (DS), which in turn depended on the hydrogen (H)-bonding interactions. In both cases, a higher molecular ordering of the starch chains in parallel was decisive to obtain the self-assembled thermoplastic starches. Beyond the valuable results obtained and scientifically analyzed, unfortunately none of the manufactured materials achieved to improve their performance compared to the control film (thermoplastic starch - TPS). It was even thought that the phosphated starch-based films could fertilize lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedlings during their biodegradation, and this was not achieved either. This possibly due to the low content of phosphorus or its poor bioavailability.

The RIETE Investigators., [Background] The optimal therapy of patients with acute subsegmental pulmonary embolism (PE) is controversial., [Methods] We used the RIETE (Registro Informatizado Enfermedad TromboEmbólica) database to compare the rate of symptomatic PE recurrences during anticoagulation in patients with subsegmental, segmental, or more central PEs. [Results] Among 15 963 patients with a first episode of symptomatic PE, 834 (5.2%) had subsegmental PE, 3797 (24%) segmental, and 11 332 (71%) more central PE. Most patients in all subgroups received initial therapy with low‐molecular‐weight heparin, and then most switched to vitamin K antagonists. Median duration of therapy was 179, 185, and 204 days, respectively. During anticoagulation, 183 patients developed PE recurrences, 131 developed deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 543 bled, and 1718 died (fatal PE, 135). The rate of PE recurrences was twofold higher in patients with subsegmental PE than in those with segmental (hazard ratio [HR], 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16‐3.85) or more central PE (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.12‐3.13). On multivariable analysis, patients with subsegmental PE had a higher risk for PE recurrences than those with central PE (adjusted HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.02‐3.03). After stratifying patients with subsegmental PE according to ultrasound imaging in the lower limbs, the rate of PE recurrences was similar in patients with DVT, in patients without DVT, and in those with no ultrasound imaging. [Conclusions] Our study reveals that the risk for PE recurrences in patients with segmental PE is not lower than in those with more central PE, thus suggesting that the risk of PE recurrences is not influenced by the anatomic location of PE.

Background Molecular sieves are materials with selective sorption properties, and are used to separate or load mixtures of compounds based on their molecular shape and size. These materials are usually made from porous materials and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Scope and approach Although molecular matrices can be manufactured from either inorganic porous materials or MIPs, the former have been used more widely in the different fields of science and technology. Specifically, MIPs have been little studied as molecular sieves for food applications, as they have only very recently been introduced materials in this field. For this reason, in this review we focus on molecular sieves prepared from porous materials. Key findings and conclusions Molecular matrices have been mainly used as materials for food packaging, food nanoreactors, the absorption of pathogens, the controlled and sustained release of active compounds and enzymes, the stabilization and immobilization of active substances and enzymes, the detection and removal of food contaminants, and in the development of intelligent food contact materials. All these aspects are extensively reviewed in this manuscript, with particular emphasis on the literature published during the last five years.

Background: The development of advanced food materials necessarily involves the building of well-known and oriented micro- and nanoarchitectures, which are obtained through the self-assembly of food grade (edible) polymers.Scope and approachKeeping this in view, proteins have proven to be more versatile building blocks than carbohydrate polymers for the manufacture of multifaceted and advanced systems for food applications.Key findings and conclusionsProteins from different sources (animal, vegetal and microbiological) can be self-assembled in several forms (films, hydrogels, micelles/vesicles and particles) to be targeted and tuned for various food applications such as biosensors, coatings, emulsions, controlled and sustained release of active food additives, development of functional foods, etc. Proteins can be self-assembled with each other, with carbohydrates or other proteins, and includes the use of enzymes and essential oils have achieved this physicochemical phenomenon that occurs between macromolecules via chemical interactions, mainly by hydrogen, hydrophilic and ionic bonding, which are determined by the conditions of ionic strength, mechanical force, pH, salt concentration and type, temperature, among others. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and concise analysis of the state of the art of self-assembled proteins for food applications, which have had a significant boom over the past five years in terms of the development of nanotechnology within the food industry. Fil: Tomadoni, Bárbara María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; Argentina Fil: Capello, Cristiane. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Ayala Valencia, Germán. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Gutiérrez Carmona, Tomy José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; Argentina

Background Epilepsy is the most common neurological disease in childhood; depending on the definition of drug-resistant epilepsy, incidence varies from 10% to 23% in the paediatric population. The objective of this study was to account for the decrease in the frequency and/or monthly duration of epileptic seizures in paediatric patients with drug-resistant epilepsy treated with antiepileptic drugs, before and after adding intravenous immunoglobulin G (iIV IgG). Methods This is an analytic, observational, retrospective case–control study. We studied paediatric patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who were treated with IV IgG at the Centro Medico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, in Mexico City, from 2003 to 2013. Results One hundred and sixty seven patients (19.5%) had drug-resistant epilepsy and 44 (5.1%) started adjuvant treatment with IV IgG. The mean age of patients at the beginning of treatment was 6.12 years (5.14); aetiology was structural acquired in 28 patients (73.6%), genetic in 5 (13.1%), immune in 1 (2.6%), and unknown in 4 (10.5%). At 2 months from starting IV IgG, seizure duration had reduced to 66.66%; the frequency of seizures was reduced by 64% at 4 months after starting treatment ( P Conclusions According to the results of this study, intravenous immunoglobulin may be an effective therapy for reducing the frequency and duration of seizures in paediatric patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.

Resumen: Introducción y objetivo: La manga gástrica laparoscópica (MGL) es la cirugía bariátrica más realizada en el mundo. Sin embargo, sus complicaciones y fallas del procedimiento están aumentado. Objetivos: Determinar los motivos de falla de MGL y observar los resultados de conversión a bypass gástrico, comparándolos con bypass gástrico primario. Material y métodos: Se consultaron pacientes con falla de MGL, operados de cirugía de conversión a bypass gástrico asistido por robot y laparoscópico (técnica híbrida). Los resultados y el seguimiento por falla de pérdida de peso (FPP) se compararon con pacientes operados de bypass gástrico laparoscópico primario (BGLp). Resultados: Trece pacientes se operaron de conversión por FPP, 3 por enfermedad de reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) intratable y 2 por estenosis gástrica. No hubo diferencias entre las características preoperatorias de los pacientes con FPP y BGLp antes del bypass gástrico. Treinta y seis meses después de la cirugía, el porcentaje de exceso de peso perdido fue mayor en BGLp que en FPP (54.17 ± 12.48 vs. 69.17 ± 23.73, respectivamente; p =

Introduction: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is the most widely performed bariatric surgery worldwide but complications and failed procedures are on the rise. Aims: To determine the reasons for failed LSGs and report the results of conversion to gastric bypass surgery, comparing the outcomes with those of primary gastric bypass surgery. Materials and methods: Patients with failed LSG that underwent conversion to gastric bypass surgery through a robotic-assisted and laparoscopic (hybrid) technique were evaluated. Outcomes and follow-up related to weight loss failure (WLF) were compared with those in patients that underwent primary laparoscopic gastric bypass (pLGB) surgery. Results: Revisional surgery was performed on 13 patients due to WLF, on 3 patients because of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease, and on 2 patients due to gastric stricture. There were no differences between the preoperative characteristics of the patients with WLF before undergoing conversion to gastric bypass and the patients that underwent pLGB surgery. At postoperative month 36, the percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) was greater in the patients that underwent pLGB surgery, than in those with WLF that underwent conversion to gastric bypass (69.17 ± 23.73 vs. 54.17 ± 12.48, respectively; p

Several studies have demonstrated that the underlying mechanism of insulin resistance (IR) is linked with developing diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome. In turn, the dysfunction of female gonadal hormones (especially 17β-estradiol) may be related to the development of IR complications since different studies have shown that 17β-estradiol has a cardioprotector and vasorelaxant effect. This study aimed was to determine the effect of the 17β-estradiol administration in insulin-resistant rats and its effects on cardiovascular responses in pithed rats. Thus, the vasopressor responses are induced by sympathetic stimulation or i.v. bolus injections of noradrenaline (α

Recent studies regarding the development of high efficiency grain non-oriented (GNO) electrical steels demonstrate that development of columnar-grained microstructures prior to cold rolling is an efficient method to improve the magnetic behavior of the final product. However, the columnar morphology obtained by annealing of the hot-rolled bands was not developed after further processing by cold rolling and final annealing. Understanding the effects of plastic deformation on the development of such microstructures will help to promote them during the final annealing and improve even more the magnetic behavior of these materials. The present research reports the effects of small plastic deformations (0–25%) and annealing time (10–180 min) on the development of columnar microstructures in GNO electrical steels. The columnar grain growth is explained in terms of the strain induced grain boundary migration (SIBM) mechanism, based on the changes in the grain average misorientation (GAM) maps obtained by electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD).

A wide variety of smart polymer systems such as thermosensitive polymers (TSPs)have been developed and applied mimicking nature. TSPs are a class of macromolecules that exhibit bio-inspired behavior and have various applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, theranostic particles and bioseparation. An inherent feature of a living system is its ability to react in response to an external stimulus. The temperature dependence of polymer properties is the reason behind dramatic changes in morphology, solubility, shape and sol-gel transition. TSPs can be synthesized as hydrogel, micro- and nanoparticles, film, micelle and mussel-inspired materials. The architecture of TSPs determines their biomimetic patterns and allows one to expand their uses. TSPs can be used as systems for the controlled release of drugs to a specific organ, as well as scaffolds in tissue engineering. Multi-responsive and thermosensitive features of TSPs give rise to design of smart systems for special applications. For example, pH- and photo-responsive abilities in combination with temperature sensitivity can play a vital role in drug delivery and tissue engineering. In-depth knowledge about the structure-property relationship is a key factor to design a smart biomimetic polymer. In this review paper, the functional design of the TSPs, their biomedical applications and the road ahead for their developments are comprehensively overviewed. Fil: Zarrintaj, Payam. Urmia University; Irán. Amirkabir University Of Technology; Irán Fil: Jouyandeh, Maryam. University Of Tehran; Irán Fil: Reza Ganjali, Mohammad. Biosensor Research Center; Irán. University Of Tehran; Irán Fil: Shirkavand Hadavand, Behzad. Institute For Color Science And Technology; Irán Fil: Mozafari, Masoud. Iran University Of Medical Sciences; Irán Fil: Sheiko, Sergei S.. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos Fil: Vatankhah Varnoosfaderani, Mohammad. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos Fil: Gutiérrez Carmona, Tomy José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; Argentina Fil: Reza Saeb, Mohammad. Institute For Color Science And Technology; Irán. University Of Tehran; Irán

Environmental exposure to metals among women, revealed their adverse effects on pregnancy. The fetus is exposed to these toxic elements only via the placenta which are able to accumulate there or cross it, compromising the protective functions of this organ. Numerous studies have shown associations between the prenatal exposition to some metals and an impact on cognitive, motor and intellectual development of the child. Sixty two placental samples were taken at delivery to determine the mineral content (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn) by ICP-OES. Among these metals, essential ones (B, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Zn) can have health beneficial effects at low levels however, in high concentration are potentially toxic. On the other hand, elements such as Al, Cd, Pb, are classified as toxic metals, no matter what its concentration is. The aim of this study is to find the potential relationships between these metals levels, newborn's parameters, pregnancy details and the epidemiologic information obtained using a questionnaire data from the participant pregnant women from Seville (Spain). The main maternal determinant of detectable placenta Cd levels was smoking during pregnancy. Other maternal factors that may affect placenta metal levels were gestational age (Al, B, Ba, and Pb) or dietary supplement (Fe). It has to be stressed that our results have to be interpreted with caution, because of the small study group and the low exposure levels, along with the lack of information on potential sources of exposure to these metals. The use of placenta samples obtained at delivery can be considered strength of this study since the concentration of some metals in placenta can indicate the extent of maternal exposure during gestation.

Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the leading cause of infection in hospitalised patients. In this study, we describe the most common pathogens involved in the development of UTIs in hospitalised patients, their antibiotic-sensitivity profile and the activity evolution of antibiotics in standard use for treating these infections. Methods We retrospectively assessed the results of cultures and antibiograms from urine samples from adult patients hospitalised in the Hospital Complex Virgen de la Nieves (Granada, Spain) with a microbiological confirmation of UTI between January 2013 and December 2016. Results We identified 4347 microorganisms (3969 bacteria and 378 yeasts). During the 4 years of the study, Escherichia coli was the most common species isolated in both sexes; however, 62.9% of the UTIs were caused by other microorganisms. The presence of multiresistant microorganisms such as Acinetobacter spp. (1.2%) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria (10.0%) and carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria (0.3%) were also relevant findings. Imipenem, piperacillin–tazobactam and fosfomycin presented activity rates above 80%, considering all causal microorganisms of UTI, while the other tested antibiotics presented activity rates below 70%. Conclusion Imipenem and piperacillin–tazobactam were the most active antibiotics in hospital use, which makes them first-line antibiotics in the empiric treatment of UTIs in this healthcare setting. The use of other antibiotics should be limited to conditions of demonstrated or highly probable sensitivity.

Resumen Antecedentes La infeccion del tracto urinario (ITU) es la primera causa de infeccion en pacientes con ingreso hospitalario. En este trabajo describimos los patogenos mas frecuentemente implicados en el desarrollo de ITU en pacientes hospitalizados, su perfil de sensibilidad antibiotica y la evolucion de la actividad de los antibioticos de uso habitual en el tratamiento de estas infecciones. Metodos Se evaluaron retrospectivamente los resultados de los cultivos y antibiogramas de las muestras de orina procedentes de pacientes adultos ingresados en el Complejo Hospitalario Virgen de las Nieves (Granada, Espana) con confirmacion microbiologica de ITU entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2016. Resultados Se identificaron 4.347 microorganismos (3.969 bacterias y 378 levaduras). Durante los 4 anos de estudio, y en ambos sexos, Escherichia coli fue la especie mas frecuentemente aislada; sin embargo, el 62,9% de las ITU estuvieron causadas por microorganismos diferentes a este. La presencia de microorganismos multirresistentes como Acinetobacter spp. (1,2%) y de enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (10,0%) y de carbapenemasas (0,3%) fueron tambien hallazgos relevantes. Imipenem, piperacilina-tazobactam y fosfomicina presentaron tasas de actividad por encima del 80%, considerando todos los microorganismos causantes de ITU, mientras que el resto de antibioticos ensayados presentaron porcentajes de actividad inferiores al 70%. Conclusion Imipenem y piperacilina-tazobactam fueron los antibioticos de uso hospitalario mas activos, lo que los convierte en antibioticos de primera linea en el tratamiento empirico de la ITU en este ambito sanitario. El uso de otros antibioticos deberia estar limitado a situaciones de sensibilidad demostrada o muy probable.

Bionanocomposite films processed by twin screw extrusion followed by thermo molding were prepared from corn starch (Zea mays) and pH-sensitive nano-clayspackaged with Jamaica flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa) extract (JFE). The hydrogen (H)-bonding interactions of the materials obtained were evaluated by ATR/FTIRspectroscopy, and their influence on the physicochemical and surface properties of the materials was analyzed. The degree of biodegradability and compostability of the films was also recorded. This latter was analyzed in terms of the ecotoxicity of the films using the variations in the growth of the primary root of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedlings exposed to three concentrations (1, 10 and 100 μg/mL) of the powdered films as a biomarker. The addition of the JFE-containing nano-fillers strengthened the H-bonding interactions with the thermoplastic starch (TPS) matrix, and these interactions were more efficient when there were fewer steric impediments between the JFE and the TPS. Additionally, stronger H-bonding interactions produced more hydrophilic surfaces, with greater surface energy and rougher surface morphology. All the films tested were biodegradable. Our research group had previously encountered high cytotoxicity in one of the evaluated nano-clay systems, and in this study, we confirmed that this same nanoclay system produced a non-compostable material at high concentrations (100 μg/mL), as measured by its effect on lettuce seedlings. This confirms that biodegradable materials are not necessarily compostable. Fil: Gutiérrez Carmona, Tomy José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; Argentina Fil: Toro Márquez, Luis A.. Universidad Simon Bolivar; Venezuela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; Argentina Fil: Merino, Danila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; Argentina Fil: Mendieta, Julieta Renee. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; Argentina

Peripheral neuropathy is one of the main complications of diabetes. The pathogenesis of this affectation is not completely understood. Several studies refer to hyperglycemia as the principal cause of diabetic neuropathy. Nonetheless, there are changes in the expression of insulin receptor during the progress of diabetic neuropathy, suggesting that this disorder begins before high glucose blood levels are established. In this study, we investigated fructose-induced insulin resistance as a model of neuropathic pain. Insulin resistance was induced by 15% fructose in drinking water for 16 weeks. Fructose slightly enhanced blood glucose levels. In contrast, chronic fructose increased insulin plasma levels and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index. Moreover, fructose induced hyperalgesia (to 0.5% formalin) and tactile allodynia. Interestingly, gabapentin and metformin, but not diclofenac, reversed in a dose-dependent manner fructose-induced tactile allodynia. Fructose enhanced activating factor transcription 3 (ATF3), but not caspase-3 and α2δ-1 subunit, in individual L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and sciatic nerve. Chronic fructose also increased anoctamin-1 and ASIC3 whereas it reduced insulin receptor-β, α5GABAA receptors and TASK-3 channels protein expression in DRG and sciatic nerve. In contrast, fructose did not change TRPV1 channel protein expression. Treatment with metformin for 4 weeks reversed some of the fructose-induced changes in protein expression. Taken together, these data suggest that insulin resistance induced by fructose reproduces several aspects of neuropathic-like pain. Our data also suggest that nociceptive hypersensitivity in this model is due to the modulation of several ionic channels at the primary afferent neurons.

Health-promoting starchy noodles (spaghetti-type pastas) were manufactured from organocatalytically esterified regular and waxy corn starches. The noodles were obtained via reactive extrusion (REx) using sodium propionate (NaPro) as a precursor of propionic acid (PAc – short-chain fatty acid, SCFA) and tartaric acid (TAc) as a food-grade green organocatalyst. The values of degree of substitution (DS) determined by titration varied between 0.78 and 1.22. Solid-state 13C CP MAS NMR spectra evidenced that all Pro-containing noodle systems were propionylated, regardless of the use of the organocatalyst. However, the determination of DS values could not be adequately calculated from the solid-state 13C CP MAS NMR spectra, since the organocatalyst and the unreacted Pro inevitably remained embedded in the REx-processed noodle systems. The results also suggest that amylose (amorphous regions of starch) is more susceptible to being esterified by Pro than amylopectin (crystalline regions of starch). Greater thermal resistance, more compact morphologies and higher crystallinity values were evidenced by increasing the DS values. The long-range ordered structure was dominated by the A-type crystalline structure for all noodle systems studied. Notwithstanding, V-type structure was also evidenced, and related to short-range ordered crystalline structures. Organocatalytically propionylated corn starch-based noodle systems had lower free Pro values compared to non-organocatalyzed propionylated corn starch-based noodle systems upon pancreatic digestion, thus confirming the positive effect of the use of organocatalyst for the esterification of Pro onto starch. All propionylated corn starch-based noodle systems showed slower starch digestibility, regardless of amylose content., O. Hernandez-Hernandez is grateful for the funding received from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement GLYCO-WAY No 843950). L. C. Julio-Gonzalez thanks the Ministry of Universities, the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan, and Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM) as funding entities of the grant (CA1/RSUE/2021-00760). T. J. Gutiérrez would like to thank the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) (grant PIP 2021–2023), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) (grant UNMdP 15/G618 - ING622/21) and Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT) (grant PICT-2020-SERIEA-03137) for financial support.

In this work, the adsorption capacity of the biochar obtained from Pinus patula biomass micro-gasification was studied using malachite green (MG) as the probe pollutant. For this purpose, the biomass type (wood pellets and chips) was selected to produce two kinds of biochar (BC). Afterwards, the effects of the adsorbent dose (6, 9 and 12 g/L), the solution pH (4, 7 and 10) and the BC particle size distribution (150–300, 300–450 and 450–600 μ m) for the maximization of the MG retention by the selected BC were evaluated using a faced-centered central composite design, as response surface methodology. The results indicated that the BC derived from wood chips (BWC) exhibited a higher MG dye adsorption capacity than the BC obtained from the wood pellets (BWP) gasification under the same operating conditions after having reached the equilibrium. A second-order regression model was built for describing the MG adsorption behaviour by BWC under the considered experimental domain. The model, which was validated, resulted to be statistically significant and suitable to represent the MG adsorption by the studied BC with a p-value of 0.00 and a correlation coefficient (R2) of 95.59%. Additionally, a three-dimensional response surface graph and a contour plot were utilized to analyze the interaction effects between the factors influencing the adsorption system and to discern the optimal operating conditions for the use of BWC. The maximal MG dye retention (99.70%) was found to be at an adsorbent dose, pH solution and a particle size distribution of 9.80 g/L, 10 and from 150 to 300 μ m, respectively. Therefore, the BWC tested can be utilized for the treatment of water polluted with dyes, contributing to the establishment of a circular economy.

La pandemia COVID-19 ha puesto de manifiesto un déficit de ventiladores en el sistema sanitario para estas situaciones. Por ello, varios proyectos a nivel nacional e internacional se han desarrollado en pocas semanas para producir prototipos de ventiladores de fácil y rápida fabricación. Una de las exigencias de la AEMPS para la realización de estudios clínicos con nuevos prototipos pasa por la validación en un modelo animal. Para ello es importante poder utilizar un modelo animal que permita reproducir diferentes situaciones clínicas de forma fácil. En este artículo describimos el uso de la oveja como modelo animal para evaluar un prototipo de ventilador. El animal estuvo anestesiado durante diez horas en las que el prototipo fue utilizado hasta en seis escenarios. Este modelo pareció eficaz y es fácilmente reproducible, por lo que es una excelente opción para este tipo de investigación.

Introducción Las deficiencias congénitas en la visión del color afectan a un 8% de la población masculina y a un 0, 5% de la femenina. El estudio de la visión del color es un proceso complejo debido a diversos factores: la propia psicofísica de la visión y la dificultad de establecer modelos matemáticos para su análisis, la vaga correlación de los resultados entre unos test y otros y la influencia de factores externos como la iluminación, la condición de los test o la experiencia del examinador y del paciente. En el presente documento se realiza una revisión simplificada de los principales test disponibles en la práctica clínica para evaluar la visión del color. Material y métodos Tras realizar una filtrada revisión preliminar de la bibliografía relacionada con el estudio de la visión del color en el motor de búsqueda PubMed, se determinaron los test mayormente utilizados en la práctica clínica. Se realizó una interpretación atendiendo a su frecuencia de uso y el propósito para el que eran utilizados. A continuación, se procedió con un estudio bibliográfico de cada test en particular, atendiendo al diseño de los estímulos presentados, su población diana y su sensibilidad y especificidad. Resultados De las 95 publicaciones que mostró el buscador PubMed, en 41 de ellas los investigadores utilizaron test de colores en su metodología. De los 64 test de color utilizados, 19 eran diferentes (contando como distintos los test adaptados por grupos de investigación, 4, y aquellos realizados online, 2). El orden de empleo de los test es el siguiente: test de Ishihara (10, 88%), Farnsworth-Munsell (7, 04%), Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue (6, 4%), Cambridge Colour Test (3, 84%), Hardy-Rand-Rittler (3, 2%), test propios desarrollados por los grupos (2, 56%), el anomaloscopio (1, 28%), los test online (1, 28%) y, finalmente, Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (0, 64%), Pflüger Trident Colour Plates (0, 64%), Toothguide Training Box (0, 64%), Lanthony Desaturated D-15 (0, 64%), City University Test (0, 64%), Universal Colour Discrimination Test (0, 64%) y Rabin Cone Contrast Test (0, 64%). Conclusiones El gold standard en cuanto a la evaluación de la visión del color es el anomaloscopio, instrumento incompatible con la práctica clínica diaria. Su manejo es relativamente complicado, exige disponibilidad de tiempo para su aplicación y es difícilmente comprensible por población infantil. Sin embargo, es posible alcanzar una fiel aproximación mediante la combinación de algunos de los test enumerados en este artículo. Los test expuestos son una buena alternativa para determinar la presencia de discromatopsias en ambientes cercanos a la práctica clínica diaria o en entornos menos controlados que un estudio clínico. El inconveniente principal del amplio elenco de test disponibles para el estudio de la visión del color es la dificultad para comparar los resultados entre test, ya que los datos publicados suelen tener unidades distintas, requiriendo experiencia para su correcta interpretación. En la actualidad, no existe unanimidad sobre qué test de color resulta ser el más completo; es recomendable utilizar al menos 2 para asegurar los diagnósticos y tener una información más completa sobre la percepción visual de los pacientes. Introduction: Congenital colour vision deficiencies affect 8% of the male and 0.5% of the female population. The study of colour vision is a complex process due to several factors: the psychophysics of vision itself, the difficulty to establish mathematical models for its analysis, the vague correlation of results between different tests, and the influence of external factors such as lighting, the tests condition, or the experience of the examiner and the patient. In the present document, a simplified review was carried out on the main colour vision tests available in clinical practice. Material and methods: Once a filtered preliminary review was made of the bibliography related to the study of colour vision using the PubMed search tool, the most used tests in clinical practice were selected according to their frequency of use and the purpose for which they were applied. A bibliographic study was then carried out on each particular test according to the design of the shown stimuli, its target population, and its sensitivity and specificity. Results: From the 95 publications found using the PubMed search tool, in 41 of them, colour tests were used by researchers in their methodology. From the 64 colour tests used, 19 of them were different (with 4 of them being different tests adapted by research groups, and 2 of them carried out online). The most used tests were the following: Ishihara test (10.88%), Farnsworth-Munsell (7.04%), Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue (6.4%), Cambridge Colour Test (3.84%), Hardy-Rand-Rittler (3.2%), tests developed by the groups (2.56%), the Anomaloscope (1.28%), the online tests (1.28%) and, finally, Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (0.64%), Pflüger Trident Colour Plates (0.64%), Toothguide Training Box (0.64%), Lanthony Desaturated D-15 (0.64%), City University Test (0.64%), Universal Colour Discrimination Test (0.64%), and Rabin Cone Contrast Test (0.64%). Conclusions: The Anomaloscope is the “gold standard” in terms of colour vision testing, despite its incompatibility with daily clinical practice. It is fairly complex to use, difficult to understand for children, and its practice requires having the time available. Nevertheless, it is possible to reach an accurate approximation through the combination of some of the tests listed in this article. The above mentioned tests are a good alternative to determine the presence of dyschromatopsia in settings closer to daily clinical practice or in less controlled settings than a clinical study. The major drawback among the wide range of tests available for the study of colour vision is the difficulty to compare results between tests, since units of the reported data are usually different, and experience is required for its correct interpretation. Currently, there is no consensus on which colour test is the most complete. It is, therefore, advisable to use at least 2 tests in order to ensure diagnoses, and have more extensive information about the visual perception of patients.

Introduction Congenital colour vision deficiencies affect 8% of the male and 0.5% of the female population. The study of colour vision is a complex process due to several factors: the psychophysics of vision itself, the difficulty to establish mathematical models for its analysis, the vague correlation of results between different tests, and the influence of external factors such as lighting, the tests condition, or the experience of the examiner and the patient. In the present document, a simplified review was carried out on the main colour vision tests available in clinical practice. Material and methods Once a filtered preliminary review was made of the bibliography related to the study of colour vision using the PubMed search tool, the most used tests in clinical practice were selected according to their frequency of use and the purpose for which they were applied. A bibliographic study was then carried out on each particular test according to the design of the shown stimuli, its target population, and its sensitivity and specificity. Results From the 95 publications found using the PubMed search tool, in 41 of them, colour tests were used by researchers in their methodology. From the 64 colour tests used, 19 of them were different (with 4 of them being different tests adapted by research groups, and 2 of them carried out online). The most used tests were the following: Ishihara test (10.88%), Farnsworth–Munsell (7.04%), Farnsworth–Munsell 100 Hue (6.4%), Cambridge Colour Test (3.84%), Hardy–Rand–Rittler (3.2%), tests developed by the groups (2.56%), the Anomaloscope (1.28%), the online tests (1.28%) and, finally, Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (0.64%), Pfluger Trident Colour Plates (0.64%), Toothguide Training Box (0.64%), Lanthony Desaturated D-15 (0.64%), City University Test (0.64%), Universal Colour Discrimination Test (0.64%), and Rabin Cone Contrast Test (0.64%). Conclusions The Anomaloscope is the “gold standard” in terms of colour vision testing, despite its incompatibility with daily clinical practice. It is fairly complex to use, difficult to understand for children, and its practice requires having the time available. Nevertheless, it is possible to reach an accurate approximation through the combination of some of the tests listed in this article. The above mentioned tests are a good alternative to determine the presence of dyschromatopsia in settings closer to daily clinical practice or in less controlled settings than a clinical study. The major drawback among the wide range of tests available for the study of colour vision is the difficulty to compare results between tests, since units of the reported data are usually different, and experience is required for its correct interpretation. Currently, there is no consensus on which colour test is the most complete. It is, therefore, advisable to use at least 2 tests in order to ensure diagnoses, and have more extensive information about the visual perception of patients.

The goal of this research is the study of the thermomagnetic behavior of isotropic type-II superconductors, subjected to an external magnetic field H a = H ay y ^ + H az z ^ , throughout the instability field H if calculation which is closely related with a flux jump. At the critical-state model framework the Lorentz F L and pinning forces F P are at equilibrium, the current density reaches a critical value j c and a stationary magnetic induction distribution B is established therein the sample. In this work, the equilibrium of forces is solved analytically; for this purpose is considered that the pinning force depends on the temperature, meanwhile changes on the latter are produced by energy dissipation at the adiabatic regime. It is obtained a set of instability fields H if and they are compared with experimental flux jumps, a good agreement is found suggesting that such instabilities are intrinsic to the superconducting material properties.

The development of functional foods has increased in the last decade, and recently assembled and self-assembled starch-polyphenol V-type complexes (according to the methodology used to obtain them) have emerged and demonstrated their potential in this field, since they are capable of reducing the rate of starch digestibility associated with the increase in the resistant starch (RS) content. These complexes can be produced from isolated starch and polyphenol extract, although novel naturally polyphenol-containing starch-rich sources such as blue corn flour, green banana flour, among others, can also be highlighted. Starch-polyphenol V-type complexes have a crystalline arrangement like starch-lipid V-type complexes, which are well recognized as type 5 RS (RS5). However, the mechanism that affects the digestion of starch from them, as well as their categorization, has not been well discussed so far. The possible mechanisms of starch digestibility from starch-polyphenol V-type complexes were discussed based on recent advances in this field of starch science and technology. Some important guidelines for the good understanding of these complexes were also given, as well as the starch-polyphenol V-type complexes from potential natural sources and their possibilities for industrial scaling were analyzed. At least three possible mechanisms of starch digestibility from starch-polyphenol V-type complexes were distinguished, and the next future advances could elucidate whether these complexes can be considered as RS itself. In this case, a new type of RS must be given to this type of complex or be classified or subclassified as RS5. The research works critically analyzed here also suggest the possibility of obtaining starch-polyphenol V-type complexes from natural sources, which until now had not been considered and analyzed.

Plantain flour (Musa ssp., group AAB, sub-group clone Harton) was modified by acetylation, carboxymethylation, methylation, oxidation and phosphation, in order to determine which of these modifications produce a material with potential for the development of gluten-free products with improved nutritional properties. The structural, rheological and nutritional properties of the modified flours were investigated. The phosphated plantain flour, cross-linked with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP), had a lower in vitro digestibility rate associated with resistant starch (RS) types RS2, RS4 and RS5. This latter was confirmed by the formation of the amylose-lipid complex as determined by XRD. All the flours tested had a C-type structure with the exception of the methylated plantain flour which produced a large quantity of reaction by-product (BaSO4). The phosphated plantain flour represents a raw material with great potential for the development of gluten-free food (bread and cookie) with functional properties, i.e. health benefits. Fil: Gutiérrez Carmona, Tomy José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; Argentina

Cheeses are an important source of essential elements. Nevertheless, the level of some metals could pose a health risk. Therefore, the concentration of trace elements and toxic metals (Cr, Cu, Li, Ni, Sr, Pb, Cd, and Al) has been determined in artisanal cheeses from different geographical locations, and the intake of these metals from cheese consumption has been evaluated. The metal concentration was determined in a total of 90 cheese samples from different locations by using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The highest concentration of Al (35.1 ± 4.42 mg/kg, wet weight) was found in artisanal cheeses from Zamora (Spain), followed by Sr (6.85 ± 0.35 mg/kg, wet weight) in artisanal cheeses from Cadiz (Spain). A daily consumption of 23.2 g of cheese provides a significant dietary contribution for Al of 0.82% of its tolerable weekly intake of 1 mg/kg of body weight per week. Canary Islands cheeses have a higher metal content than the non-Canary cheese, which could be because of the volcanic characteristics of the island soils. The intake of toxic metals and trace elements poses no risk to the health of adults.

Objective To evaluate and compare the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of dexketoprofen and methadone using a noninferiority trial, during the first 24 postoperative hours in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Study design Randomized, blinded clinical study. Animals A total of 38 healthy dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Methods Dogs were premedicated with dexmedetomidine [1 μg kg–1 intravenously (IV)] followed by dexketoprofen (1 mg kg–1 IV; group DK) or methadone (0.2 mg kg–1 IV; group M). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in 60% oxygen. Postoperatively, dexketoprofen was administered every 8 hours (group DK) and methadone every 4 hours (group M). Analgesia was assessed at baseline and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 18 and 24 hours after extubation using a dynamic and interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS), the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF), mechanical wound thresholds (MWTs) and plasma cortisol levels. If CMPS-SF score was ≥5, rescue analgesia was administered. Data were analysed using a general linear mixed model, Mann–Whitney U test and chi-squared test as appropriate; a p value Results The CMPS-SF and DIVAS scores were significantly higher in group M compared with group DK and remained higher for a longer period in group M, although the differences were not clinically significant. No significant differences were found in MWT assessment between groups. Plasma cortisol level significantly increased 2 hours after extubation, without significant differences between treatments. Rescue analgesia was administered to three animals (one in group DK; two in group M). Conclusion and clinical relevance We conclude that 1 mg kg–1 IV dexketoprofen administered every 8 hours during the first 24 hours postoperatively is noninferior to methadone in controlling pain after orthopaedic surgery in dog, although frequent pain assessments are recommended to adjust the analgesia plan.

Resumen Antecedentes Hay escasa evidencia sobre el pronostico de la tromboembolia venosa en pacientes sometidos a cirugia ortopedica y en pacientes que sufren un trauma no quirurgico. Metodos Utilizamos la base de datos RIETE (Registro Informatizado de pacientes con Enfermedad TromboEmbolica) para comparar el pronostico del tromboembolismo venoso y el uso de tromboprofilaxis en pacientes sometidos a diferentes procedimientos ortopedicos y en pacientes con traumatismo que no requiere cirugia. Resultados Desde marzo de 2001 a marzo de 2015, se inscribieron un total de 61.789 pacientes en RIETE. De estos, 943 (1.52%) desarrollaron tromboembolismo venoso despues de artroplastia electiva, 445 (0.72%) despues de fractura de cadera, 1.045 (1.69%) despues de cirugia ortopedica no mayor y 2,136 (3.46%) despues de trauma no quirurgico. En general, 2.283 pacientes (50%) presentaron inicialmente embolia pulmonar. En los primeros 90 dias de tratamiento, 30 pacientes (0.66%, IC 95% 0.45-0.93) murieron por embolia pulmonar. La tasa de embolia pulmonar fatal fue significativamente mayor despues de cirugia de fractura de cadera (n = 9 [2.02%]) que despues de la artroplastia electiva (n = 5 [0.53%]), cirugia ortopedica no mayor (n = 5 [0.48%]) o traumatismo no quirurgico (n = 11 [0,48%]). La tromboprofilaxis se utilizo con mayor frecuencia para la fractura de cadera (93%) o la artroplastia electiva (94%) que para la cirugia ortopedica no mayor (71%) o traumatismo no quirurgico (32%). La hemorragia mayor fue significativamente mayor despues de la cirugia de fractura de cadera (4%) que despues de artroplastia electiva (1,6%), cirugia ortopedica no mayor (1,5%) o traumatismo no quirurgico (1,4%). Conclusiones La tromboprofilaxis se utilizo con menos frecuencia en los procedimientos de menor riesgo a pesar del numero absoluto de embolia pulmonar fatal despues de cirugia ortopedica no mayor o traumatismo no quirurgico, excedieron los observados despues de procedimientos de alto riesgo.

Fluoride plays an important role in the prevention of dental decay and in the reduction of osteoporosis. However, due to the multiple dietary sources of fluoride, the recommended intake can be exceeded on a prolonged basis and may have a harmful effect on health. In particular, high intakes of fluoride can cause dental fluorosis in the child population. For the above reason, the fluoride content was determined in 65 samples of different refreshment drinks and natural juices by potentiometry using a selective ion electrode in order to evaluate the dietary intake of this anion from the consumption of these drinks. The mean concentrations of fluoride obtained were 0.47 and 0.39 mg/L for soft drinks and natural juices, respectively. The major contribution to the recommended daily intake (RDI) of fluoride comes from samples of tea based drinks (8.25% men, 11.0% women, 47.1% children). The largest contribution to the RDI of fluoride in natural juices comes from grape juices (9.5% men, 12.7% women, 54.3% children). The intake of fluoride from the consumption of these drinks is below the RDI. However, in the case of children, more control is needed given the numerous dietary sources of fluoride that can contribute to a high intake, thereby increasing the risk of dental fluorosis.

Brewer’s yeast, sesame seeds, wheat bran, oat bran, flaxseeds and chia seeds have gained popularity. Twenty metals were determined by ICP-OES for a nutritional and toxicological evaluation of the metal content of these foods. K is the most abundant macroelement in brewer’s yeast (4959 mg/kg), followed by Ca in sesame seeds (4349 mg/kg). Regarding the micronutrients, the Zn level in brewer’s yeast (132 mg/kg) is the highest, followed by Fe in wheat bran (56.8 mg/kg). Al is found in larger quantities in sesame seeds (14.1 mg/kg). These novel foods contribute notably to the dietary intake of Zn and Fe. The intake of Mn and Mo is nearly 100% of the daily reference intake. Regulations on the maximum limits of these elements should be implemented. The analyzed foods seem to offer higher contributions to the RDIs when it comes to micronutrients, rather than macronutrients. The metal contents pose no health risk.

Seaweeds are being consumed more often worldwide and are a source of essential minerals, fiber, vitamins, amino acids, and various bioactive compounds that have many beneficial effects on human health. However, marine pollution and the high capacity of seaweed to absorb metals may mean this food can also be dangerous to human health. The concentrations of some trace elements (B, Ba, Fe, Ni, Li, and V) and toxic metals (Al, Cd, and Pb) were determined in various species of wild seaweeds in the Phaeophyta group of brown algae from the Atlantic Ocean. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry revealed high concentrations of Al (256 mg/kg dry weight), Pb (3.92 mg/kg dry weight), and Cd (0.20 mg/kg dry weight) in Padina pavonica. Pb contributed the most to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of toxic metals in these samples; 57.2 and 45.3% of the TDI for Pb was found in 5 g of dehydrated P. pavonica and Halopteris scoparia, respectively. This percent contribution is half of the recommended TDI for this metal, which is 34.24 μg/day; therefore, high consumption of these species is discouraged. The maximum TDIs established by various institutions for the other metals were not exceeded from the daily consumption of 5 g of the other dehydrated seaweeds evaluated in this study.

This work investigates whether a submarine volcanic eruption off El Hierro (Canary Islands) in October 2011 influenced the metal contents of two deep water cephalopod species: Abraliopsis morisii and Pyroteuthis margaritifera. This was assessed by comparing metal contents in specimens collected off the island of El Hierro and in the neighbouring islands of La Palma and Tenerife during an experimental deep water fishing trip. The concentration of 20 heavy metals was analyzed in 180 specimens of A. morisii and P. margaritifera collected around the three islands to test for inter-island differences for each species and metal. While both species showed geographical differences in metal concentrations, the main finding was that A. morisii could be a bioindicator species for metals such as Li, Sr and Ca.

Panga (Pangasius hypophthalmus), originating from Vietnam, is one of the most consumed fish because of its low cost, mild taste and presentation (fillets without skin and bones). Nevertheless, due to the high levels of contamination of the rivers where it lives, and to the fact that the panga is a predator, whereby it will accumulate a higher mercury concentration, the main objectives of the present study were to evaluate the toxic risk from mercury ingestion as a result of the consumption of this fish. A total of 80 frozen panga samples natural and marinade from different commercial establishments have been analyzed using cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS). The results obtained show a wide range of mercury concentrations between 0.10 and 0.69 mg/kg, with an average value of 0.22 mg/kg. In addition, it has been found that the average mercury concentration in the marinated presentation (0.18 mg/kg) is higher than that obtained in the natural panga (0.16 mg/kg). However, no significant differences were found between commercial establishments or in the presentation formats, with the conclusion that they did not influence the mercury content in the samples. Assuming a weekly consumption of 350 g of panga, the contribution rate to Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI) of mercury (4 μg/kg bw/week) is 32% and 27.5% for women and men, respectively. Based on the results obtained in this study, an exhaustive control of the mercury content in this type of fish is necessary. In addition, a consumption restriction to children will be established.

Three mononuclear metal complexes of Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ with the Salen type ligand ((2,2′-[(1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl) bis(nitriloethylidyne)] bis(1-naphthalenol)), H2Naphpren or L) were synthesized and structurally characterized. All metal complexes have square planar geometries and crystallize in the P21/c space group. Structural characterization of the ligand shows contribution of the bis(ketone) tautomer in the crystalline phase, in agreement with density functional theory (DFT) computations. However, according to the UV-vis spectrum, there is a stronger influence of the bis(phenol) tautomer in solution. Cyclic voltammetry experiments showed that the ligand undergoes a single irreversible oxidation process at 0.434 V (vs Fc/Fc+) while the complexes with Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ suffer electroxidative process on the surface of the working electrode in addition to solution-assigned redox processes. The CoL oxidation is localized on the metal center, however, the CuL and NiL oxidations are considered as metal-ligand based processes. DFT calculations confirmed our experimental findings. The UV-vis spectra of the complexes illustrate ligand characteristic bands: in the case of the Cu2+ complex, the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) band is present at 385 nm, while in the case of Co2+ complex this same type of MLCT band appears at 377 nm.