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Polyploidization of plants occurs in nature but it is a slow and gradual process that has driven evolution and speciation throughout the ages. As time is important, polyploidization can be induced in a shorter period by using colchicine that interferes with mitosis of cells. To develop an efficient polyploidization protocol of a species, up to date research is paramount. The efficiency of polyploidization induction system depends on the advancement of propagation techniques of the species which consist of in vitro, ex vitro and in vivo systems. During polyploidization induction, several parameters can be manipulated to obtain highest percentage of polyploids. These parameters include colchicine concentration, treatment duration and explant type. Several other factors that enhance these parameters include usage of shaker, DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) and medium types. Induced putative polyploids are selected indirectly based on morphological parameters, anatomical parameters and flow cytometry. Selected putative polyploid can be verified directly and accurately using chromosome counting. Polyploidization has been practised for decades with notable breakthrough recently in terms of polyploidization system and polyploid identification. Current trend in polyploidization has included polyploid characterization in their protocol in terms of polyploid ultrastructure, bioactive compounds, photosynthetic capabilities and metabolomics studies. Establishment of methodologies in polyploid characterization will help the plant breeder to assess noble phenotype among polyploids which can be beneficial for commercial purpose. This paper seeks to provide an overview on an array of current best practices in polyploidization using colchicine.

In this research, intake runner length, and valve timing are varied individually and simultaneously over a range of values to capitalize the induction pressure waves to boost volumetric efficiency. 1-D model of the stock engine built in Ricardo Wave software is validated with 90% accuracy against experimental test results. The volumetric efficiency of the engine is boosted by an average of 3.2% over the speed range of the engine when infinitely variable runner lengths are used. When only two variations in runner length are used, the volumetric efficiency has boosted by around 1.4% on average. On the other hand, when infinitely variable valve timings along with two variations in runner lengths are used, the volumetric efficiency has boosted by an average of 7.78 %. Due to the existence of two different runner lengths, the span of variations required in valve timing is reduced further optimizing the volumetric efficiency. However, to ensure feasibility of the design, manufacturing, assembly and operation, it is better to use only two valve timings. The co-presence of only two different runner lengths and two different valve-opening timings, the average boost of 5.40 % in volumetric efficiency throughout the operating speed range of the engine is encountered Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The kidney develops in three stages: pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. Molecular mechanisms underlying these three steps are similar, and we can thus examine genetic cascades occurring during development. The induction system for pronephros in vitro has been established in Xenopus. Using this system, we isolated Sall1 that is essential for the initial step in metanephros formation. The potential mechanisms involved and future directions regarding kidney development are discussed.

This paper describes an application of two rough sets based systems, namely generalized distribution table and rough set (GDT-RS) and rough sets with Boolean reasoning (RSBR) respectively, for mining if-then rules in a meningitis dataset. GDT-RS is a soft hybrid induction system, and RSBR is used for discretization of real valued attributes as a pre-processing step realized before the GDT-RS starts. We argue that discretization of continuous valued attributes is an important pre-processing step in the rule discovery process. We illustrate the quality of rules discovered by GDT-RS is strongly affected by the result of discretization.

The intake system of a modern internal combustion engine is a complex combination of ducts, volume expansions and contractions, orifices, junctions, and terminations. Plane wave theory analytical simulations have proven useful in predicting the noise transmission properties of such systems. To illustrate the applicability of optimum design techniques to problems of this type, a plane wave approach is applied, within a constrained mutli-parameter optimization routine, to the induction system of a typical four-cylinder engine. The dimensions of the system are optimized to minimize the low frequency noise transmission. Significant noise reductions, relative to the present stock engine design, are predicted analytically, and are verified experimentally.

Studies of fuel droplets entrained in air flow are deemed to be important in the understanding of fuel transportation and evaporation in the induction system of spark-ignition engines. So far the studies by other authors were restricted to steady air flow, however, the air flow in the induction system is pulsative unsteady air flow. This paper presents a theoretical model and the computational solution for the fuel liquid droplets entrained in the transient unidimensional air flow in a pipe.