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S. grandis Freitag, Vural & N. Adiguzel is an endemic plant species to Turkey. Since some other Salsola species have been reported to exert cholinesterase inhibitory effect, we aimed to investigate its inhibitory potential against AChE. The EtOH extract and thirteen constituents [ ten flavonol derivatives; e.g. isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (1), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (2), quercetin-3-O-metylether (3), tiliroside (4), isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide (5), isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside (6), quercetin-3-O-galactoside (7), quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (8), quercetin (9), and manghaslin (10), two oleanane-type saponosides; e. g. momordin II b (11) and IIc (12) as well as one amino acid derivative, N-acetyltryptophan (13)] isolated from the aerial parts of Salsola grandis (Chenopodiaceae) were tested for their possible inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), related to pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Although the EtOH extract was inactive, among the isolated compounds, only compound 13 exerted a notable inhibition of 64.90 +/- 1.61% at 50 mu g mL (1), while compound 12 displayed a low inhibition (21.72 +/- 0.99%). Then, compound 13 was further subjected to molecular modeling experiments in order to give insights about its interactions at atomic level with AChE. The data indicated that N-acetyltryptophan (13) could be a promising model molecule for AD treatment. a 2016 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Sideritis species are widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatism, cough, the common cold and as a diuretic, and they are commonly used as an herbal tea in folk medicine in Turkey. The teas of Sideritis have unique tastes, pleasant aromas and a transparent yellow colour, and are preferred as a hot beverage. In order to evaluate this information, the crude methanolic extract and the water soluble part of the methanolic extract after partition with chloroform and n-butanol were investigated for their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. Phytochemical studies performed on the n-butanol extract of the overground parts of Sidentis brevibracteata, which is rich in phenolic compounds with promising activities, resulted in the isolation of six acetylated allose containing 8-hydroxyflavone glycosides and a phenylethanoid glycoside. The structures of the compounds were established by spectroscopic evidence (UV, IR, NMR, MS). Furthermore, these phenolic compounds of S. brevibracteato were studied for anti-inflammatory, anti nociceptive, antioxidant and aldose reductase inhibitory activities. The experimental data demonstrated that S. brevibracteata displayed remarkable anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Rhododendron ponticum L. (Ericaceae) is used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and to alleviate rheumatic pain and against toothache in Turkish traditional medicine. Aim of the study: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Rhododendron ponticum leaves using in vivo models, and isolation and chemical characterization of the biologically active constituents through bioassay-guided fractionation procedures. Material and Methods: Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model was used for anti-inflammatory activity and p-benzoquinone induced abdominal contractions model for the antinociceptive activity assessment. Results: The ethylacetate fraction displayed marked anti-inflammatory (28.4-40.7% inhibition) and antinociceptive (50.7% inhibition) effects as compared to reference compounds. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures flavonol glycosides [a mixture of hyperoside and isoquercitrin (1) and quercitrin (2)] along with one flavanone glycoside [6-C-glycosylnaringenin (3)] were isolated as the active ingredients of ethylacetate extract against carrageenan-induced edema and p-benzoquinone-induced writhes and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. 1 and 2 also showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity against 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA)- induced mouse ear edema model. Conclusion: Results of the present study supported the utilization of the plant in Turkish folk medicine and revealed that flavones are the major anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive principles of the leaves. © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. This study is financially supported by The Scientific Research Fund of Gazi University.

WOS: 000245699500023, PubMed ID: 17125946, Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) known as "Tibbi hevhulma" in Turkish is used for its several beneficial health effects against as diarrhea, chronic intestinal catarrh, hemorrhoid and eczema in the form of a decoction or a fluid extract and to treat varicose veins, bleeding of the gums, hemorrhoid and eczema, externally. Dried herbal parts of Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) were sequentially extracted with different solvents such as petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and 50% aqueous methanol. Water extract of Lythrum salicaria was also prepared under reflux. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of all the extracts were investigated using in vitro and in vivo methods, respectively. Free radical scavenging activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH center dot assay), iron(III) reductive activity, capacity of the inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation and MDA formation, anti-nociceptive activity (p-benzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction test) and anti-inflammatory activity (carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model) were used for all the extracts. In addition, the content of total phenolics, flavonoids and flavonols in all the extracts were determined with spectrophotometric methods. Results were compared with reference antioxidants via ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, and gallic acid. Qualitative and quantitative compositions of all the extracts were analysed using a HPLC-PDA system. Polar fractions were found to be rich in flavonoids such as isovitexin and isoorientin

The ethanolic root extract of Scrophularia lepidota, an endemic plant of the Turkish flora, has been investigated for its anti-protozoal and inhibitory effect towards plasmodial enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI), a key enzyme of fatty acid biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum. Chromatographic separation of the extract yielded 10 iridoids (1–10), two of which are new, and a known phenylethanoid glycoside (11). The structures of the new compounds were determined as 3,4-dihydro-methylcatalpol (8) and 6-O-[4″-O-trans-(3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl]aucubin (scrolepidoside, 9) by spectroscopic means. The remaining metabolites were characterized as catalpol (1), 6-O-methylcatalpol (2), aucubin (3), 6-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-aucubin (sinuatol, 4), 6-O-β-d-xylopyranosylaucubin (5), ajugol (6), ajugoside (7), an iridoid-related aglycone (10) and angoroside C (11). Nine isolates were active against Leishmania donovani, with the new compound 9 being most potent (IC50 6.1 μg/ml). Except for 4, all pure compounds revealed some trypanocidal potential against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (IC50 values 29.3–73.0 μg/ml). Only compound 10 showed moderate anti-plasmodial (IC50 40.6 μg/ml) and FabI enzyme inhibitory activity (IC50 100 μg/ml). 10 is the second natural product inhibiting the fatty acid biosynthesis of Plasmodium falciparum.

Two new coumarin glycosides (1 and 2) along withtwo known coumarin glucosides, daph nin ( 3) and daphnetin glucoside (4) were isolated from the aerial parts of Cruciata taurica. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectral methods and chemical means as 7-O-(6 0 -acetoxy-b-d-glucopyranosyl)-8-hydroxycoumarin (1) and 7-O-[6 0 -O-(3 00 ,4 00 -dihydroxycinnamoyl)-bd-glucopyranosyl]-8-hydroxycoumarin (2). The phylogenetic significance of coumarins in C. taurica was discussed. # 2002 Elsevier

Two new (6S)-hydroxy-3-oxo-alpha-ionol glucosides, together with corchoionoside C ((6S,9S)-roseoside) and a prenyl glucoside, were isolated from mature fruits of Capparis spinosa. The structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic, chiroptic and chemical evidence. In addition, the 13C-resonance of C-9 was found to be of particular diagnostic value in assigning the absolute configuration at that center in ionol glycosides. The alpha-ionol derivatives are metabolites of (+)-(S)-abscisic acid.

Three new benzophenone glucosides, 2,3′-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone-6-O-β-glucopyranoside (1), 2,4,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-benzophenone-6-O-β-glucopyranoside (maclurin-6-O-β-glucopyranoside) (2) and 2,4,3′-trihydroxy-benzophenone-6-O-β-glucopyranoside (3) were isolated from the aerial parts of Gentiana verna subsp. pontica. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. This is the first report of the isolation of benzophenone glucosides from G. verna subsp. pontica.

Two novel cycloartane-type glycosides (1–2), 16-O-β- d -glucopyranosyl-20(S),24(R)-5(α),9-diepoxy-2α,3β,16β,25-tetrahydroxy-9,10-seco-cycloarta-1(10),6(7)-diene and 3-O-β- d -xylopyranosyl-16-O-β- d -glucopyranosyl-20(S),24(R)-epoxy-3β,16β,25-trihydroxycycloartane, were isolated from the roots of Astragalus prusianus. The 5α,9-epoxy structural feature in 1 is encountered for the first time.

2,6-Dimethylocta-2,7-diene-1,6-diol 6-O-[6'-O-beta -D-apiofuranosyl]-beta -D-glucopyranoside (1) was isolated from Viscum album ssp. album. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Two new polyphenolic compounds, myricetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and (-)-6-chloroepicatechin, were isolated from the aerial parts of Geranium pratense subsp. finitimum (Woronow) Knuth, along with three known polyphenolic compounds [quercetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside, methyl gallate] and tryptophan. Quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and quercetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside were found to be effective against free radical induced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation in isolated rat aorta.

Two new oleanene glycosides (1-2) possessing hederagenin as the aglycone were isolated from the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Caltha polypetala together with four known glycosides. The saccharide portion linked to C-3 of the aglycone is made up of alpha-L-arabinopyranose, alpha-L-rhamnopyranose and galactopyranose in the new compounds; while compound 1 possesses linked to C-28 a trisaccharide moiety made up of two beta-D-glucopyranose and one alpha-L-rhamnopyranose unit, in compound 2 the 28-COOH group is free. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR experiments including H-1-H-1 (DQF-COSY, 1D-TOCSY, 2D-ROESY) and H-1-C-13 (HSQC, HMBC) spectroscopy. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Two new neo-clerodane type diterpenoids, teulolin A (15,16-epoxy-6,7,18,19-tetrahydroxy-neo-cleroda-3(4),13(16),14-trien-20, 12(S)-olide, 1) and teulolin B (15,16-epoxy-3α, 6,7,18,19-tetrahydroxy-neo-cleroda-4(18),13(16),14- trien-20,12(S)-olide, 2) were isolated from the aerial parts of Teucrium polium. The structures of 1-2 were proposed on the basis of extensive NMR experiments and molecular modeling studies

Two new glucose-containing 1 H -indole-3-acetonitrile compounds, capparilosides A and B, were isolated from mature fruits of Capparis spinosa . On the basis of spectral and chemical evidence, they were shown to be 1 H -indole-3-acetonitrile 4- O - β -glucopyranoside and 1 H -indole-3-acetonitrile 4- O - β - (6′- O - β -glucopyranosyl)-glucopyranoside, respectively.

A new tridesmosidic cycloartane type glycoside, cephalotoside A was isolated from the roots of Astragalus cephalotes var. brevicalyx in addition to the known glycosides cyclocanthosides A, D and E. The structure of the new compound was determined by spectral (IR, 1 H- and 13 C-NMR, and FABMS) and chemical (acetylation) methods and established as 3 β - ( β - d -xylopyranosyl)oxy-16 β - ( β - d -glucopyranosyl)oxy-24- ( β - d -xylopyranosyl)oxy-cycloartane-6a,25-diol.

Eight new diterpenoids of labdane class, leopersin M-Q (1-3, 5, 6), 15-epi-leopersin O and Q (4, 7) and 19-hydroxygaleopsin (8) were isolated from the aerial parts of Leonurus persicus, besides a flavone, genkwanin (9). Their structures were established by spectroscopic means, mainly by 1D and 2D NMR.

The known glucoside nuezhenide, and a new secoiridoid glucoside, angustifolioside C [ 6′-O-β- d - glucopyranosyl)-neooleuropein ], were isolated from a methanolic extract of the leaves of Fraxinus angustifolia . Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral data.

From the berries of Rhamnus petiolaris a new acylated flavonol glycoside was isolated and identified as rhamnetin 3-O-[3""-O-(p-coumaroyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->3)- alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->6)]-beta-D-galactopyranoside. Additionally, five known flavonol glycosides, rhamnetin, rhamnazin, quercetin and kaempferol 3-rhamninosides, and quercetin 3-rhamnoside were isolated.

A new nonglycosidic secoiridoid, ligstral, and two new secoiridoid diglucosides, angustifolioside A [6″- O -(β- d -glucopyranosyl)-oleuropein] and angustifolioside B [6″- O -(β- d -glucopyranosyl)-ligstroside], were isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of Fraxinus angustifolia along with the two known secoiridoid glucosides, ligstroside and oleuropein. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were established by chemical and spectral evidence.

Two new phenethyl alcohol glycosides, darendoside A and B (= deacyl martynoside) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Scutellaria orientalis subsp. pinnatifida , along with four known glycosides, syringin, martynoside, leucosceptoside A and verbascoside. On the basis of chemical and spectral evidence the structures of darendoside A and B were determined as β-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl O -β- d -apiofuranosyl-(1→ 2)- O -β- d -glucopyranoside and β-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl O -α- l -rhamnopyranosyl- (1→3)- O -β- d -glucopyranoside (=deacyl martynoside), respectively.

From a methanol extract ofStachys macrantha, a new iridoid glucoside named macranthoside, six known iridoid glycosides, harpagide, allobetonicoside, ajugol, 8-O-acetyl-harpagide, ajugoside and reptoside have been isolated together with four known phenylpropanoid glycosides, lavandulifolioside, verbascoside, leucosceptoside A and martynoside. The structure of the new compound, macranthoside, has been elucidated on the basis of its chemical and spectral data as 8-O-(3,4-dimethoxy-cinnamoyl)-harpagide.

Two new phenylpropanoid glycosides, phlinosides D and E were isolated from the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Phlomis linearis, along with the known iridoid glucosides, lamiide, ipolamiide and auroside (= 5-hydroxy-8-epiloganin). On the basis of chemical and spectral evidence the structures of phlinosides D and E were determined as 3,4-dihydroxy-beta-phenylethoxy-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1----2)-al pha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1----3)-4-O-feruloyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 3,4-dihydroxy-beta-phenylethoxy-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1----2) -alpha-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1----3)-4-O-feruloyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively.

Two new phenylpropanoid glycosides, angoroside B and angoroside C, were isolated from the roots of Scrophularia scopolii var. scopolii . On the basis of chemical and spectral data, their structures were determined to be 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-β-phenylethoxy- O -α- l -arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-α- l -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-4- O -caffeoyl-β- d -glucopyranoside and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-β-phenylethoxy- O -α- l -arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-α- l -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-4- O -feruloyl-β- d -glucopyranoside, respectively.

The structure of isomartynoside, a new phenylpropanoid glycoside, isolated along with the known martynoside from Galeopsis pubescens, has been elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral data as 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-β-phenylethoxy-O-α- L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-6-O-feruloyl-β- D -glucopyranoside.

The stems of Lonicera periclymenum have been investigated for secoiridoid glycosides. In addition to two well-known glucosides, secologanin and morroniside, two rare secoiridoids, secoxyloganin and secologanoside, have been isolated and characterized by chemical and spectroscopic means. Secologanoside has been isolated for the first time as a genuine, non-derivatized compound.