Search

Dynamic typed languages are characterized by their expressiveness and flexibility to develop prototypes, while static typed languages allow early detection of errors and the optimization of source code. Gradual typing languages allow programmers to make use of both approaches, static and dynamic typing, and thus, obtaining the advantages that both represent. The objective here is to revisit the static part of the approach to a gradual interpretation of union types based on the design of Gradual Union Types through an extension with the record data-structure. This contributes to understand the abstraction and reasoning behind Gradual Typing in order to have useful future extensions for other data-structures.

Resumen La Seccion de Via Aerea de la Sociedad Catalana de Anestesiologia, Reanimacion y Terapeutica del Dolor (SCARTD) presenta la actualizacion de las recomendaciones para la evaluacion y manejo de la via aerea dificil con el fin de incorporar los avances tecnicos y los cambios observados en la practica clinica desde la publicacion de la primera edicion en 2008. La metodologia elegida fue la adaptacion de 5 guias internacionales recientemente publicadas, cuyo contenido fue previamente analizado y comparado de forma estructurada, y el consenso de expertos de los 19 centros participantes. El documento final fue sometido a la valoracion de los miembros de la SCARTD y a la revision por parte de 11 expertos independientes. Estas recomendaciones estan pues sustentadas en la evidencia cientifica actualmente disponible y en un amplio acuerdo de los profesionales de su ambito de aplicacion. En esta edicion se amplia la definicion de via aerea dificil, abarcando todas las tecnicas de manejo, y se hace mayor hincapie en la valoracion de la via aerea y en la clasificacion en 3 categorias segun el potencial grado de dificultad y las consideraciones de seguridad adicionales, que guiaran la planificacion de la estrategia a seguir. La preparacion previa al manejo de la via aerea, no solo relativa al paciente y al material, sino tambien a la comunicacion e interaccion entre todos los agentes implicados, ocupa un lugar destacado en todos los escenarios incluidos en el presente documento. El texto refleja el aumento progresivo del uso de los videolaringoscopios y de los dispositivos de segunda generacion en nuestro entorno y promueve tanto su uso electivo como el uso precoz en la via aerea no prevista. Tambien recoge la creciente utilizacion de la ecografia como herramienta de apoyo en la exploracion y toma de decisiones. Se han abordado nuevos escenarios como el riesgo de broncoaspiracion y la extubacion considerada dificil. Finalmente, se trazan las lineas maestras de los programas de entrenamiento y formacion continuada en via aerea necesarios para garantizar la implementacion efectiva y segura de las recomendaciones.

The Airway Division of the Catalan Society of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management (SCARTD) presents its latest guidelines for the evaluation and management of the difficult airway. This update includes the technical advances and changes observed in clinical practice since publication of the first edition of the guidelines in 2008. The recommendations were defined by a consensus of experts from the 19 participating hospitals, and were adapted from 5 recently published international guidelines following an in-depth analysis and systematic comparison of their recommendations. The final document was sent to the members of SCARTD for evaluation, and was reviewed by 11 independent experts. The recommendations, therefore, are supported by the latest scientific evidence and endorsed by professionals in the field. This edition develops the definition of the difficult airway, including all airway management techniques, and places emphasis on evaluating and classifying the airway into 3 categories according to the anticipated degree of difficulty and additional safety considerations in order to plan the management strategy. Pre-management planning, in terms of preparing patients and resources and optimising communication and interaction between all professionals involved, plays a pivotal role in all the scenarios addressed. The guidelines reflect the increased presence of video laryngoscopes and second-generation devices in our setting, and promotes their routine use in intubation and their prompt use in cases of unanticipated difficult airway. They also address the increased use of ultrasound imaging as an aid to evaluation and decision-making. New scenarios have also been included, such as the risk of bronchoaspiration and difficult extubation Finally, the document outlines the training and continuing professional development programmes required to guarantee effective and safe implementation of the guidelines.

We present a proof of the equivalence between two deductive systems for the constructive modal logic S4. On one side, an axiomatic characterization inspired by Hakli and Negri's Hilbert-style system of derivations from assumptions for modal logic K. On the other side, the judgmental reconstruction given by Pfenning and Davies by means of a so-called dual natural deduction approach that makes a distinction between valid, true and possible formulas. Both systems and the proof of their equivalence are formally verified using the Coq proof assistant.

Available online 30 April 2019. Behavioral adaptations during performance rely on predicting and evaluating the consequences of our actions through action monitoring. Previous studies revealed that proprioceptive and exteroceptive signals contribute to error-monitoring processes, which are implemented in the posterior medial frontal cortex. Interestingly, errors also trigger changes in autonomic nervous system activity such as pupil dilation or heartbeat deceleration. Yet, the contribution of implicit interoceptive signals of bodily states to error-monitoring during ongoing performance has been overlooked. This study investigated whether cardiovascular interoceptive signals influence the neural correlates of error processing during performance, with an emphasis on the early stages of error processing. We recorded musicians’ electroencephalography and electrocardiogram signals during the performance of highly-trained music pieces. Previous event-related potential (ERP) studies revealed that pitch errors during skilled musical performance are preceded by an error detection signal, the pre-error-negativity (preERN), and followed by a later error positivity (PE). In this study, by combining ERP, source localization and multivariate pattern classification analysis, we found that the error-minus-correct ERP waveform had an enhanced amplitude within 40–100 ms following errors in the systolic period of the cardiac cycle. This component could be decoded from single-trials, was dissociated from the preERN and PE, and stemmed from the inferior parietal cortex, which is a region implicated in cardiac autonomic regulation. In addition, the phase of the cardiac cycle influenced behavioral alterations resulting from errors, with a smaller post-error slowing and less perturbed velocity in keystrokes following pitch errors in the systole relative to the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle. Lastly, changes in the heart rate anticipated the upcoming occurrence of errors. This study provides the first evidence of preconscious visceral information modulating neural and behavioral responses related to early error monitoring during skilled performance. The study was supported by Goldsmiths University of London, the British Academy, through grant SG161006, and the German Research Foundation, through project HE 6013/1-2 to MHR.

Recently, the SEA research community has started to pay attention to countries of the Global South. Yet, the international literature has rarely explored Latin American Environmental Assessment (EA) systems in contrast to EA systems in countries of the Global North. This article aims at analysing the Peruvian Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) system. Research was conducted in 2015 as part of the project ‘ProAmbiente’ initiated by the German-Peruvian development co-operation (APCI and GIZ) with the objective to analyse and strengthen the SEA practice in Peru. A combination of methods was used for meta- and micro-level analyses, characterising both the intended SEA system and practical performance. Ultimately, the analysis of the SEA implementation was based on a review of state-of-the-art international literature and led to the formulation of a set of recommendations. Recommendations have been clustered in nine priority areas and were assigned an implementation horizon from mid- to long-term.

MTHFR is a key enzyme in folate metabolism. Some genetic polymorphisms code for a less efficient enzyme, increasing serum concentrations of homocysteine. This has been associated with inadequate feto-maternal circulation and increased risk of spontaneous abortion. Paroxonase 1 (PON1) is a multifunctional enzyme that can detoxify homocysteine through its homocysteine thiolactonase activity. We evaluate the association between MTHFR 677 C>T polymorphisms and non-recurrent spontaneous abortion and its interaction with PON1 polymorphisms involved in homocysteine metabolism in women living in floricultural areas in Mexico. Sociodemographic, reproductive history, folic acid consumption during pregnancy and environmental exposure data of 264 women who had been pregnant sometime during the 10 years prior to study enrolment were collected. MTHFR 677 C>T, PON1 192Q>R and PON1 55L>M genotypes were determined by PCR amplification. Information on pregnancy outcome and maternal genotypes was obtained for 484 pregnancies: 34 non-recurrent spontaneous abortions (gestational age After adjusting for potential confounders, no significant association was found between the MTHFR 677 C>T maternal polymorphism and non-recurrent spontaneous abortion (OR CT vs CC= 0.39, 95% CI: 0.14-1.05; OR TT vs CC = 0.63, 95% CI: 1.22–1.80). No interactions with PON1 192Q>R or PON1 55L>M polymorphisms were identified (p for interaction = 0.88 and 0.41, respectively). PON1 55L>M maternal polymorphism was associated with higher risk of spontaneous abortion (OR LM/MM vs LL = 4.14, 95% CI: 1.49–11.54). Our results do not demonstrate an interaction between the MTHFR 677 C>T and PON1 192Q>R or PON1 55L>M maternal polymorphisms neither an independent association of MTHFR 677 C>T polymorphism with non-recurrent spontaneous abortion, whereas PON1 55LM/MM maternal genotype increase the odds of this event.

State-space thermodynamic modeling of vanilla ethanolic extracts spray drying with heat pump and N 2 was developed. Thermodynamic modeling considers activity coefficients for Raoult law deviations of ethanol vapor pressure, water vapor pressure, ethanol evaporation latent heat and water evaporation latent heat in a N 2 -ethanol-water-vanilla solids system. State space considers 12 ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for ethanol and water concentrations in solid, N 2 and condensed liquid; temperatures and condensed liquid rate. The model was validated with 32 treatments of vanilla ethanolic extract experimentally spray dried with heat pump and N 2 . The mathematical model reproduced the experimental gas outlet temperature with 4% of averaged error. An additional two parameters fit reached 11.4% of averaged error with respect to product outlet moisture and gas outlet temperature simultaneously. Proposed model demonstrated that heat pump spray drying can reach a 58% of thermal efficiency and a conventional spray drying can reach only 30%.

Context: Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a rare hematopoietic stem cell disorder that predominantly affects the elderly. Previous genetic analysis supports the presence of mutations including ASXL1, TET2, spliceosome components (SF3B1, SRSF2, U2AF1, and ZRSR2), and the oncogenic RAS pathway (NRAS, KRAS, CBL, PTPN11, and NF1). Objective: As part of a precision cancer surveillance to increase our basic, translational, and clinical understanding of rare diseases at the Huntsman Cancer Institute, we identified a cohort of patients with CMML treated at our institution. This report reports their clinical and molecular characteristics based on standard of care molecular profiling with myeloid next-generation sequencing. We also describe the overall survival of patients with molecular profiles of interest. Design: We extracted data from 57 CMML patients from the Huntsman Cancer Institute electronic health record system. We categorized the patients using their first bone marrow myeloid malignancy panel diagnosis between October 2009 and September 2020. We reviewed their charts for the following information elements: date of birth, sex, vital status, bone marrow biopsy, CMML diagnosis, and date of death or last follow-up. Our analysis was performed by producing Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Results: We identified a total of 34 gene mutationstal Saint-Louis, Paris, France

Breast cancer is one of the most common neoplasias and the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Its high mortality rate is linked to a great metastatic capacity associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). During this process, a decrease in epithelial proteins expression and an increase of mesenchymal proteins are observed. On the other hand, it has been shown that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the most abundant steroid in human plasma, inhibits migration of breast cancer cells; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, the in vitro effect of DHEA on the expression pattern of some EMT-related proteins, such as E-cadherin (epithelial), N-cadherin, vimentin and Snail (mesenchymal) was measured by Western blot and immunofluorescence in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with invasive, metastatic and mesenchymal phenotype. Also, the in vivo effect of DHEA on xenograft tumor growth in nude mice (nu-/nu-) and on expression of the same epithelial and mesenchymal proteins in generated tumors was evaluated. We found that DHEA increased expression of E-cadherin and decreased N-cadherin, vimentin and Snail expression both in MD-MB-231 cells and in the formed tumors, possibly by DHEA-induced reversion of mesenchymal phenotype. These results were correlated with a tumor size reduction in mouse xenografts following DHEA administration either a week earlier or concurrent with breast cancer cells inoculation. In conclusion, DHEA could be useful in the treatment of breast cancer with mesenchymal phenotype.

The mechanism for the photocatalytic inactivation of highly resistant microorganisms (i.e., Bacillus subtilis spores) in water was studied using a kinetic approach. This required characterizing the basic processes that occur within the photoreactor. The radiative intensity that entered the photocatalytic system was estimated using the ferrioxalate actinometrical process, the amount of hydroxyl radical produced under a specific photo-assisted Fenton reaction was measured, and a kinetic model to predict the hydroxyl radical generation was proposed to fit the experimental values. These results were then used to suggest new assessment related to the spore inactivation mechanism under controlled photo Fenton reaction conditions. The kinetic model was found to fit the experimental data fairly well (r2 > 0.99) and hydroxyl radical generation was determined to significantly affect the inactivation process. It was determined that a specific amount of hydroxyl radical is required to overwhelm the self-repairing mechanisms of the cell and cause cell death. The amount of hydroxyl radicals generated was found to be a function of radiative intensity and reagent concentration, as previously reported. The proposed relationship between the amount of hydroxyl radical and the inactivation process was supported by adding chloride ions to acting as radical scavengers. It was observed that even the lowest chloride ion concentration was capable of producing a significant delay in the inactivation process by scavenging hydroxyl radicals and generating low reactive species at the pH conditions tested.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of morphological awareness (MA) in Spanish heritage language speakers in terms of two cognitive processing components—analysis of linguistic knowledge and control of linguistic processes—as well as the effects of these two components in the processing of orthography. Forty-one Spanish heritage language college students participated in the study. Participants completed two MA tasks and one spelling task. The results show that the control component played a bigger role in the MA tasks than analysis did. The results also identify some strategies employed by the participants when facing conflicting phonemic, morphemic, and graphemic demands. Finally, results evidence the interaction between morphological awareness and spelling, supported by the correlation found between the MA and the spelling task.

Background Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is considered a rare disease characterized by nonspecific inflammation of the large arteries, especially the aorta and its major branches. Because TAK is an autoimmune disease (AD), it could share susceptibility loci with other pathologies such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), among others. Widely explored polymorphisms in non-HLA genes, including TNFAIP3, STAT4, TNFSF4, BANK1, and BLK have been consistently associated with both SLE and RA, but they have not been evaluated in TAK. Objective The aim of our study was to investigate whether TNFAIP3, STAT4, BANK1, BLK, and TNFSF4 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to TAK. Methods The TNFAIP3 rs2230926T/G and rs5029924C/T, STAT4 rs7574865G/T, BANK1 10516487G/A, BLK rs2736340T/C, rs13277113A/G, and TNFS4 rs2205960G/T polymorphisms were genotyped in 101 cases and 276 controls by using a TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. An association analysis was performed. Results The TNFAIP3 rs2230926T/G and rs5029924C/T polymorphisms were in complete linkage disequilibrium and turned out to be risk factors for TAK (OR = 4.88, p = 0.0001). The STAT4, BANK1, BLK, and TNFSF4 polymorphisms were not associated with the disease. Conclusions This is the first study documenting an association of TNFAIP3 rs2230926T/G and rs5029924C/T with TAK. Our results provide new information on the genetic bases of TAK.

Our ability to measure and map plant function at multiple ecological scales is critical for understanding current and future changes in Earth's ecosystems and the global carbon budget. Conventional plant functional types (cPFTs) based on a few productivity-related traits have been previously used to simplify and represent major differences in global plant functions, but more recent research has directly focused on the use of functional trait information. Still, sampling limitations have constrained efforts to truly understand the variance and covariance of functional traits globally. Reflectance spectra offer a fast, repeatable, simultaneous measurement of a wide variety of leaf functional traits and could be used to optically define leaf functional types. To evaluate this concept, we measured leaf reflectance from a wide range of species in a diverse set of ecosystems across central and northern California, including observations from multiple individuals, sites, and seasons. Using principal components analysis, we analyzed spectral variation in relation to categorical attributes such as species and cPFTs, as well as to a set of functional trait metrics calculated from the spectra. We found the first three principal components (PCs) to be weakly related to categorical attributes and more strongly related to spectrally-derived functional metrics. Each PC was more strongly associated with different portions of the spectrum and contained different functional information. We applied a hybrid clustering algorithm to the PC coordinates of the observations to define potential optical leaf functional types. Twelve spectral clusters were identified, and these did not correspond directly to either single cPFTs or species. However, each cluster had a unique functional metric profile. Clusters represented both inter- and intra-species and cPFT functional differences driven by taxonomy, trait evolution and environmental responses, demonstrating their value as optical leaf functional types and the value of the clustering approach used here for defining optical types from leaf spectra. Our findings support the notion that cPFTs do not adequately capture differences in leaf function. They demonstrate that spectral measurements can be used to improve both the definition of PFTs as well as our knowledge regarding the covariance of functional traits within these classes.

ResumenEl presente artículo expone la importancia de los impuestos ambientales para la mitigación del cambio climático con un breve esbozo de su historia, y elabora una descripción distributiva de su posible impacto para México. Se realiza un análisis de la implementación de un impuesto a la gasolina, concluyendo que en países como México un impuesto de este tipo tiende a no ser regresivo. Asimismo, se estudia al ieps e iva en gasolinas para considerar cual sería el mejor modelo de imposición ambiental para México.AbstractThis article shows the relevance of environmental taxes in order to mitigate the climate change and adds a brief application of its distributive effect for Mexico. We elaborate an analysis of the implementation and impact from taxes on gasoline, concluding that in countries like Mexico a gasoline tax tends to be less regressive. vat and ieps are also considered to evaluate what kind of environmental taxation reform suits better for Mexico.

This paper reviews the social implications of wind energy from four points of view: socio-environmental, socio-economic, socio-cultural, and stakeholder’s involvement, and analyzes wind power projects in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, alongside the background of the literature review. Local economy, geographic conditions, culture, and stakeholders are fundamental when planning a wind project. Technology implementation for sustainable development must recognize the importance of reducing emissions and other environmental impacts, and maximizing socio-economic benefits. The aim of this paper is to review social implications of wind energy, with special emphasis on a disadvantaged region in Mexico, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, with some of the world׳s highest wind energy potential, but one of the poorest areas in the country and with a large indigenous population. Wind energy development in Mexico has been complex and contentious; the large increase of wind energy in Oaxaca has created social conflicts in Oaxaca, which even might stop further wind project development in the region. Ultimately, local communities need to be considered in the planning and development process of wind power worldwide and the Mexican case shows the need for a national and regional policy, and a comprehensible on-site participatory planning.

En este artículo se analizan los resultados de la implementación del Programa de Apoyo Alimentario entre los años de 2010 y 2012 en México, considerando sus reglas básicas de operación que buscaban mejorar la alimentación y la nutrición de las familias beneficiarias (en particular de los niños menores de 5 años y de las mujeres embarazadas o en período de lactancia). Utilizando técnicas no paramétricas y de curvas de intensidad de pobreza, los resultados muestran que el programa es complementario y al mismo tiempo carece de cobertura total para llegar a los beneficiarios potenciales en el país. En el contexto de la Cruzada contra el Hambre presentada por el gobierno de Enrique Peña Nieto, el Programa de Apoyo Alimentario en el 2012 logra cubrir poco más de una cuarta parte (25.6%) de los beneficiarios potenciales. Se concluye que el programa por sí solo contribuye al bienestar de un porcentaje de la población pero no logra reducir la pobreza alimentaria. Finalmente, se proponen una serie de recomendaciones. This paper examines the results of the implementation of the Programa de Apoyo Alimentario (Food Support Program) between 2010 and 2012 in Mexico, taking into account its basic operational rules, which had the goal of improving the food intake and nourishment of target families (particularly with children under 5 and with pregnant or breastfeeding women). Utilizing non-parametric techniques and poverty intensity curves, results show that the program is supplementary while also lacking total coverage to reach all potential recipients in the country. In the context of the Crusade against Hunger presented by the government of Enrique Peña Nieto, the Programa de Apoyo Alimentario achieved coverage of a little over a quarter (25,6%) of potential recipients in 2012. Thus it concludes that the program by itself contributes to the wellbeing of a percentage of the population, but it does not attain a decrease in food poverty. Lastly, a series of recommendations are put forth.

Purpose Autosomal recessive non-syndromic deafness (ARNSD) is characterized by a high degree of genetic heterogeneity with reported mutations in 58 different genes. This study was designed to detect deafness causing variants in a multiethnic cohort with ARNSD by using whole-exome sequencing (WES). Methods After excluding mutations in the most common gene, GJB2, we performed WES in 160 multiplex families with ARNSD from Turkey, Iran, Mexico, Ecuador and Puerto Rico to screen for mutations in all known ARNSD genes. Results We detected ARNSD-causing variants in 90 (56%) families, 54% of which had not been previously reported. Identified mutations were located in 31 known ARNSD genes. The most common genes with mutations were MYO15A (13%), MYO7A (11%), SLC26A4 (10%), TMPRSS3 (9%), TMC1 (8%), ILDR1 (6%) and CDH23 (4%). Nine mutations were detected in multiple families with shared haplotypes suggesting founder effects. Conclusion We report on a large multiethnic cohort with ARNSD in which comprehensive analysis of all known ARNSD genes identifies causative DNA variants in 56% of the families. In the remaining families, WES allows us to search for causative variants in novel genes, thus improving our ability to explain the underlying etiology in more families.

A three-dimensional P and S-wave travel-time tomography, as well as Vp/Vs ratio images, were obtained for the southernmost tip of the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico. The area analyzed include Los Cabos block and part of the Gulf coast. The tomography obtained reveals in detail the heterogeneities of the crustal seismic velocity structure of the Los Cabos block. Results show an overall low velocity structure for both P- and S-waves under the Baja California peninsula down to a depth of ~25 km around the peninsular axis, particularly under Sierra La Laguna and near the Gulf of California (GoC) coast. Low P- and S-wave velocities are also present under the Gulf near the coast whereas fast velocities are observed under the Gulf away from the shoreline. Low and high Vp/Vs ratios are observed to alternate throughout the study area. The low seismic velocities may be explained because the crust in Los Cabos block is highly fractured and fluid-saturated, and has a high heat flux which is manifested as geothermal activity (e.g. hot springs observed all along the block). These low body wave velocities coincide with the existence of an asthenospheric mantle sandwiched by the continental crust of the Los Cabos block and a stalled subducted slab reported by Di Luccio et al. (2014). This mantle strip may be chemically depleted or dry inhibiting the development of active post-subduction volcanism.

Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were co-transfected with plasmids for the expression of mCherry fluorescent protein-tagged FFA4 receptors and the enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged Rab proteins involved in retrograde transport and recycling, to study their possible interaction through Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), under the action of agents that induce FFA4 receptor phosphorylation and internalization through different processes, i.e., the agonist, docosahexaenoic acid, the protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate, and insulin. Data indicate that FFA4 receptor internalization varied depending on the agent that induced the process. Agonist activation (docosahexaenoic acid) induced an association with early endosomes (as suggested by interaction with Rab5) and rapid recycling to the plasma membrane (as indicated by receptor interaction with Rab4). More prolonged agonist stimulation also appears to allow the FFA4 receptors to interact with late endosomes (interaction with Rab9), slow recycling (interaction with Rab 11), and target to degradation (Rab7). Phorbol myristate acetate, triggered a rapid association with early endosomes (Rab5), slow recycling to the plasma membrane (Rab11), and some receptor degradation (Rab7). Insulin-induced FFA4 receptor internalization appears to be associated with interaction with early endosomes (Rab5) and late endosomes (Rab9) and fast and slow recycling to the plasma membrane (Rab4, Rab11). Additionally, we observed that agonist- and PMA-induced FFA4 internalization was markedly reduced by paroxetine, which suggests a possible role of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is composed of distinct structural domains that perform diverse essential functions, including the synthesis of membrane lipids and proteins of the cell endomembrane system. The polarized growth of fungal hyphal cells depends on a polarized secretory system, which delivers vesicles to the hyphal apex for localized cell expansion, and that involves a polarized distribution of the secretory compartments, including the ER. Here we show that, additionally, the ER of the ascomycete Podospora anserina possesses a peripheral ER domain consisting of highly dynamic pleomorphic ER sub-compartments, which are specifically associated with the polarized growing apical hyphal cells.